LT Adm 4-8

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF BATANGAS
Batangas Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, Batangas City
Module 1
CELL
A. How to use this module?
1. Take the pretest.
2. Read the instructions carefully.
3. Perform all activities and exercises.
4. Use the concepts discussed in each lessons.
5. Take the posttest after you have finished the lessons.
B. Introduction
The observations and conclusions of many scientists helped to acquire current

understanding of the cell. As the basic unit of life, cell, is very necessary to learn. This
module will focus on how cell works. It includes the following competency:
explain how cells carry out functions required for life
S11/12LT-IIbd-4
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. examine the principle of cell theory through comics;
2. identify the components of a cell using a diagram; and
3. describe the function of components of a cell using a diagram.
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C. PRETEST
Directions: Read each statement and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Shade the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. Cell membrane is mainly composed of

A B C D A.carbohydrates. B. free moving proteins.
C. lipid bilayer. D. protein pumps
2.In general, cell activities are controlled by

A B C D A.cell wall B.cell membrane
C.nucleolus D. .nucleus
3.The cytoplasm is the part of the cell that

A B C D A. is between the cell membrane and the cell wall
B. is found only on non-photosynthetic organisms.
C. contains most of the cell’s organelles
D. in and outside the nucleus
4.In which of the following organelle does conversion of chemical energy

A B C D in food into a form that cell can use occur?
A.Chloroplast B.Chromosome
C. Mitochondrion D. Nucleus
5.All of the following are found in both plant and animal cell except:
A B C D A.cell membrane B.cell wall
Answer on
C. nucleus D. ribosomes page 15
Did you take the pretest? SCORE:

Yes, continue to the next page
2
D. SELF LEARNING KIT PROPER
Engage. Scientists Behind the Cell Theory
Read and analyze the following comics.
Look! I observed tiny living I also observed thousands of

organisms in drops of water tiny empty chambers when I put
under my simple microscope. tiny and thin slice of cork under
my compound microscope.
That’s really amazing!

I will call this
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
‘cell’.
Robert Hooke
That’s very true! Did you
know that all plants are
made of cells?
Same with animals.

They are all made up of
cells!
Matthias Schleiden
In addition to your
discoveries, I have found that
all cells are produced
through dividing of existing Theodore Schwann
cells.
Rodulf Virchow
3
MATCHING TYPE. Match the statements on column A to the scientists on column B.
1. First scientist to observe cell as tiny empty A. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek.
chambers under the microscope. B. Matthias Schleiden
2. Observes tiny living organisms under a simple C. Robert Hooke
Microscope. D. Rudolf Virchow
3. All plants are made up of cells. E. Theodore Schwann
4. Proposes that all cells come from F. Joseph Lister
pre-existing cell.
5. All animals are made up of cells.
Answer on
page 15
The conversation of the scientists presented the different discoveries and

development on cell and supports the Cell Theory. The theory states that:
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
3. New cells are produced from pre-existing cells.
4
Cell as the basic unit of life comes in great variation. They differ in shapes and sizes
as well as in components. Cells fall into two classifications: prokaryotes ( do not contain
nuclei) and eukaryotes (contain true nuclei).
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic cells are generally simpler and smaller compare to eukaryotic. It Has
genetic material but it is not contained in a membrane nucleus. They are simplest but
still carry out activities like reproduction.
Examine the following picture.
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane-
Cell wall
Nucleoid region
5
Figure 1. Bacterial cell (prokaryote)
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. It is composed of number
of structures and membrane bound organelles. Plants and animals are eukaryotic.
Study the next pictures.
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
6
Figure 2. Animal
Batangas (above)
Provincial Sports and Plant
Complex, Cell
Bolbok, Batangas City
(bottom)
Nucleus
Fi itochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
reticulumGolgi
apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vacoules
Explore. Draw it!
Refer to the above figures to complete the table.
7
Structure/ Organelle Drawing/Illustration Properties and Functions

Cytoplasm Largely water, contains all the
Structure/ Organelle Drawing/Illustration Properties
necessary and Functions
life-sustaining
Mitochondria components and reservoir for
Double membrane,
the entry and of
powerhouse extthe
of cell,
materials
site ofin
the
the cell
cellular respiration, it
Cell Membrane Double layer of fats and lipids
harness energy by breaking
with scattered proteins,
down food molecules to make
deferentially permeable,
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Ribosomes separates
Some are the contents
bound of the
or attached
cell from the external
to endoplasmic reticulum and
environment,
some are freeregulates the
in cytosol, site
passage
of proteinofsynthesis
materials into and
Endoplasmic reticulum out
Withofflattened
the cell sheets, sacs
Nucleus Oval/spherical shaped
and tubes of membrane that
structure, control center of the
extend throughout the
cell because it regulates and
cytoplasm, transport lipids and
coordinates all the activities of
membrane proteins
the cell
Smooth ER- without attached
ribosomes
Golgi apparatus System of flattened sacs which is
ROUGH ER- with ribosomes
involved in modifying, sorting and
packaging macromolecules for
. secretion or deliver to other
organelles
Lysosomes Produced by Golgi apparatus,
digestive sacs in the cell, play a
role in destruction and repair
defective parts of the cell
Peroxisome Membrane bound vesicles which
contain oxidative enzymes which
oxidizes molecules which are
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found in liver and germinating
seeds.

Cell wall A cellulose layer that surrounds the
plasma membrane of plant cells,
protects and support plant cell
Chloroplasts Membrane bound organelle, Contain
chlorophyll and other pigments
SCORE:
Explain. Let us check!!!
Enumerate the structures found in bacteria, animal and plant cell.
Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell
9
Answer on
page 15
Did you get the activity right? SCORE:

No, go back to the activity.
Elaborate. Compare and Contrast
Analyze the data on the table. Use the data to make a Venn
diagram to show the similarities and difference among animal, plant
and bacterial cell.
Animal Plant
Cell a b c Cell
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Write all the structures on specific d e f

area:
a. animal cell only

g
b. plant and animal cell,
c. plant cell only
d. plant, animal and bacterial
cells
Bacterial
e. animal and bacterial cell Cell
f. plant and bacterial cell

g. bacterial cell only
Answer on
page 15

Evaluate. Who’s role ?
The activities/ functions of the different cell organelles are responsible

for the occurrence of many natural processes. Explain the role of:
Answer on pp.
A. Lysosome in the disintegration of tails in tadpoles
B. Mitochondria in arm muscle
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Explain. Let us
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C. Vacoules in plant cell
Reflection. What is the importance of knowing the function of each

organelle?
Answer on
page 15

No, read again the comics and go back to the activity.
E. Posttest
1. 1. Cell wall is mainly composed of

A B C D A. carbohydrates. B. free moving proteins.
C. lipid bilayer. D. protein pumps.
2.In general, the structure which regulates molecules movement

A B C D into and out of the cell is called
A.cell wall. B. cell membrane.
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C.nucleolus. D. nucleus.
3. The cytoplasm is the part of the cell that
A B C D A. is between the cell membrane and the cell wall
B. is found only on non-photosynthetic organisms.
C. contains most of the cell’s chromatin
D. outside the nucleus
4. In which of the following organelle does conversion of water,

A B C D carbon dioxide and light into food occur?
A. chloroplast B. chromosome
C. mitochondrion D. nucleus
5. Which of the following is found in plant but not in animal cell ?

A B C D A. cell membrane B. cell wall
C. nucleus D. ribosomes
Answer
on pp.16
SCORE:
Did you take the posttest?
Congratulations you are now ready to move to the next module
F. Next Steps
Learner’s Notes
13
G. Answer Key
Module 1
Pretest Engage Explore
1. C 1. C Bacterial Cell Plant Cell
2.D 2.A e.Cell membrane e. Cell membrane
3.C 3.B f.Cell wall f.Cell wall
4.C 4.D g. Capsule f.Chloroplast
5.B 5.E e.Ribosome c.large vacoules
e.Cytoplasm b.Lysosome
g.Flagellum b.Mitochondrion
b.Golgi bodies
b.Nucleus
e.Cytoplasm
b.Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Ribosomes
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Animal Cell Posttest
a.Centrioles 1.A
B.Vacoules 2.B
B.Lysosome 3.D
B.Mitochondrion 4.A
b.Golgi bodies 5.B
b.Nucleus
e.Cytoplasm
b.Endoplasmic reticulum
e.Ribosomes
References:
L.A. Cabading, A.T.Acena, M.C.O.Galban. Science and Technology

II.Biology.2000.FNB Educational Inc. Quezon City
M.P. Pagunsan, et.al., Connecting with Science Biology.2007. Salesiana Book Don
Bosco Press. Makati City.
Miller and Levine.Biology.Prentice Hall.Texas
N.M. Martinez.et.al.Biology.2002.JO-ES.Publishing House Inc. Valenzuela
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https://image.slidesharecdn.com/plant-animaldiagram-140227212116-phpapp02/95/crosssection-of-
labeled-plant-and-animal-cell-4-638.jpg?cb=1393536198
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/plant-celldiagram-140227212116-phpapp02/95/crosssection-of-
labeled-plant-and-animal-cell-4-638.jpg?cb=1393536198
Module 2
The Cell and Its Environment
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B. Introduction
A living organism is continually exchanging materials between itself and its

surroundings and between the cells and fluids within its body. The internal environment
of a cell remains relatively constant at all times. The ability of the cell to maintain this
condition is due to the properties of its plasma membrane.
This module will focus on how cell works. It includes the following competency:
explain how cells carry out functions required for life

S11/12LT-IIbd-4
C. Pretest
1. 1. Protein carriers and concentration gradient are requirements in

A B C D the passage of materials into and out of cells by
A. active transport. B. diffusion.
C. osmosis. D. passive transport.
2.Involves spontaneous and random movement of molecules from
A B C D one place to another
A B C D
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A B C D
3. The carrier molecules in the cell membrane which facilitates the
A B C D transport of large molecules in the cell are actually
__________________.
A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids
C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins
4. A cell placed in salt solution loses water and
A B C D A. burst B. digests
C. shrinks D. sprinkled
5. In osmosis if the concentration gradient is zero, the concentration

A B C D of water is
A. different. B. higher.
C. lower. D. same.
Answer
on pp.28
SCORE:
Did you take the pretest?
Yes, you are ready to move to the next module
SLK PROPER
Engage. Word Puzzle
Read the statements and try to identify the word being described. Put
your answers on the boxes provided.
1. c e m e
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- thin layer structure which protects and surrounds the cell , double layer
phospholipids molecules and proteins, semi-permeable
2. d f f n
- movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
3. o o i s
- diffusion of water across selectively permeable from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
4. i s t o n
- solution type which has same concentration of solutes as cell.
5. y p e r t n c
- solution type which has higher concentration of solutes than cell
Explore. In or Out?
Study the given illustrations and answer the guide questions.
oxygen oxygen carbon carbon

dioxide dioxide
Cell with low

concentration Cell with high
of oxygen concentration
of carbon
dioxide
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oxygen carbon
oxygen carbon
dioxide
dioxide
A B
1. Compare the movements of molecules
a) In picture A the oxygen is moving__________ cell.
b) In picture B the carbon dioxide is moving ________cell.
2. The molecules move into the cell when there is __________________concentration

of gradient compared to the outside environment.
3. The molecules move out of the cell when there is ________________concentration

of gradient compared to the outside environment .onAnswer
pp.28
Explain.
Read and analyze the following discussions.
Gas exchange occurs between the environment and the organism. The movement
of molecules shown in picture A and B illustrate diffusion. Picture A shows diffusion into
a cell which occur when solute or molecule concentration is low in cell than the
environment. On the other hand, picture A shows diffusion out of the cell. It happens
when there is high concentration of solutes in the cell than the environment. This
process is important in exchanges air in respiration and in photosynthesis. Gas
exchange in cells and air in spaces of leaf are also result of diffusion process.
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There are several factors which affect the diffusion pace. It is affected by property of
matter. The rate of diffusion of a substance is faster in gas than in liquid. The size of the
diffusing molecules also modify the process. The smaller the molecules the faster the
diffusion and becomes slower when there are larger molecules. Moreover, it is also
affected by temperature and pressure. The higher the temperature and pressure the
faster the diffusion process will be.
Explore.Effects of Osmosis in Cell
Analyze the data on the table below.
Solution BEFORE AFTER EFFECT

ISOTONIC
(same No net gain Cell attained
concentration or loss of same shape
of solutes as water
cell)
HYPOTONIC
(lower Water go Cell burst e.g.
concentration into the cell cytolosis
of solutes as
cell)
HYPERTONIC
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(higher Water Cell shrink e.g.

concentration diffuse out of plasmolysis
of solutes as the cell
cell)
Based on the data observed and presented on the table answer the following
questions:
1. Differentiate isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solution.
2. What is the effect on cells of the following type of solution:
Isotonic -
Hypotonic -
Hypertonic-
3.What do you think will happen if a person takes in a large amount of seawater?
Answer
on pp.28
Explain.
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discussions.
Osmosis is the movement of molecules of solvent (water) from a less concentrated

to more concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane. This membrane is
permeable or allows only the entry and exit of water molecules and not the molecules of
solute. From the above activity, we have learned that the movement of the diffusable
substance is from an area of higher concentration of water to an area of low of
concentration of water. If the water concentration of water on both sides of the plasma
membrane is the same, diffusion is not possible. When cell is put on the hypotonic
solution, vacoules will be filled by water, swell and eventually burst. In plant cell it lead
to turgor pressure. On the other hand, when animal cell is placed on hypertonic solution,
it will shrink. In plant it will result to plasmolysis of cell.
Facilitated diffusion is the transport of a substance across a membrane along the

concentration gradient with the assistance of protein carriers in the plasma membrane.
On the other hand, active transport is the movement of materials across a membrane
against the concentration gradient(from lower concentration toward higher
concentration) involving the use of cellular energy and protein carriers.
Elaborate
Read and briefly answer the question.
Explain how pouring salt water around plants became an effective way to get rid of
unnecessary weeds.
23
Evaluate. True or False

Who’s the culprit?
Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise false.
1. Diffusion involves the spontaneous and random movement of

molecules from one place to another.
2. Osmosis is a special term used for the diffusion of solvent molecules

through a differentially permeable membrane.
3. Active transport is the movement of materials across a membrane

against the concentration gradient(from lower concentration
toward higher concentration) involving the use of cellular
energy and protein carriers.
4.If the water concentration of water on both sides of the plasma

membrane is the same, diffusion is possible.
5. The movement of the diffusable substance is from an area of higher

concentration of water to an area of low of concentration of
water.
Reflection. There is a festival of talent and you are chosen to be
the representative of the class.You will act as a future writer and 24

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you are/ 722-1437
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appreciation of the function  depedbatangas.org
of cells on living organisms. It will be presented among Senior High

Answer
on pp.28

D. Posttest
1. 1. Concentration gradient is requirement in the passage of

A B C D materials into and out of cells by the following except
2.Involves spontaneous and random movement of molecules from
A B C D one place to another
3. The carrier molecules in the cell membrane which facilitates the
A B C D transport of large molecules in the cell are actually
__________________.
A. carbohydrates B. lipids
C. nucleic acids D. proteins
4. A cell placed in hypotonic solution gains water and
A B C D A. burst B. digests
C. shrinks D. sprinkled
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5. In osmosis with hypertonic solution, the concentration

A B C D of water is
B. different. B. higher.
C. lower. D. Same.
Answer
on pp.28
SCORE:
Congratulations, you are now ready to move to the next module!
F. Next Steps
Learner’s Notes
Module 2
Pretest Activity 2.1 Activity 2.2 Evaluation Posttest
1. A 1. Cell membrane into T A
26
2. C 2. Diffusion out T B
3. C 3. Osmosis lower T D
4. D 4. Isotonic higher F A
5. C 5. Hypertonic T C
References:

27
Module 3
Photosynthesis
B. Introduction
Plants play vital role in the ecosystem. It is an organism which has the ability to
produce food and make it available to other living organism. How do they make
food? This module includes the following competency:
28
explain how photosynthetic organisms use light energy to

combine carbon dioxide and water to form energy-rich compounds
S11/12LT-IIbd-5
After going through this module, you are expected to ;

1. examine a plant cell using diagram
2. describe the process of photosynthesis
3. differentiate light reaction and dark reaction
C. Pretest
1.The color of the leaves is green because they__________ green

light and ___________ the rest of the colors.
A B C D
A. absorb; reflect B. reflect; absorb
C. reflect ; reflect D. absorb;absorb
2.Chloroplast is a double membrane organelle. It has inner and

A B C D outer membrane. After inner membrane is the part which contains
enzymes and water which is called ______________.
A.chlorophyll B.sacs
B.C. stroma D. thyllakoid
3.Where do we find the chloropyll?

A B C D A.cell wall B. chloroplast
C. mitochondria D.vacoules
4.Which of the following is the product in light reaction and used in

A B C D dark reaction?
29
A.ATP B.oxygen
C.water D.NADPH
5.The following are products of dark reaction except

A B C D A. ADP B. Glucose
Answer
C. Oxygen D. PGA on pp 40.
SCORE:
Engage. The Leaf
Do the activities.
1. Get a pencil and a piece of paper.

2. Observe plants in your area and draw the leaf of each plant.
Questions:
1. Did you observe that leaf vary in size, shape, and composition?
30
2. What are the properties of leaf that help them to perform photosynthesis?
In your visit in your area, you must have seen several leaf characteristics. It is
supported on a stem and connected to roots. Leaves are flattened and arranged in a
way that it can capture light from the sun.It can absorb all light frequencies except
green. Thus, it reflects light and appear green to our eyes. These characteristics make
leaves efficient in trapping energy from the sun.
Plant is designed to make food. It has roots for absorption of water and nutrients. It
has stem to deliver water and food molecules from roots to other parts of the plant. Leaf
is the organ which absorb sunlight and serves as the passage way of gases. In order to
get enough light, leaf surfaces are flattened to have big area.
From the previous section, it was discussed that one of the difference of plant in a
animal cell is the presence of chloroplast. The picture below shows the cross section of
chloroplast.
Inner membrane
(tubelike structure)
Granum ( made of
sacs of thyllakoid)
31
Thyllakoid system (contains

photosynthetic pigment)
Stroma (contains
enzymes and water)
Explore The Process of Photosynthesis
Study the given set-up
Hydrilla in Hydrilla in Hydrilla in

water covered water covered water covered
with blue with red with white
cellophane cellophane cellophane
Color of Light Number of Bubbles released

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
Blue 2 3 7 4
Red 0 1 2 1
White 3 4 8 5
1. What did the appearance of bubbles indicate?
32
2. What did you notice to the number bubbles as the intensity of light changes?
3. Based on the results of experiment, what piece of evidence showed that

photosynthesis is affected by the intensity of light?
4. Aside from the light, what other factors may affect the rate of photosynthesis? To
answer this try to analyze the equation given below:
Light

CO 2  H 2O  C 6 H 1206  O 2
Answer
on pp 40.
Explain.The Process of Photosynthesis
33
Photosynthesis is divided into two phases: light and dark. Light reaction is the
first phase. As the name implies, it requires light. During this phase, light energy is
trapped and materials produced are required for the next phase called dark phase.
What happens during light reactions?
1. Proton strikes a chlorophyll molecule in the grana.
2. The electron in the grana is energized and moves from one molecule to another. This
reaction is called electron transport chain. Energy is released every time a transfer is
made.
3. The energy released is used to unit ADP and P to form ATP.
4. Electron from chlorophyll molecules are replaced by electrons from a water molecule
that pass through the xylem from the roots. Hydrogen ions and oxygen gas are released
when this process happens.
5. Hydrogen combines with a hydrogen acceptor and oxygen gas are released to the
atmosphere.
Qs.1. What are the materials needed in light reaction?
Qs.2. What are the products in this phase?
Answer
on pp 40.
What happens during dark reactions?
1. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere enters the leaves through the stomata with ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) as the source of energy, CO 2 combines with RUBP (ribulose
biphosphate) to form PGA (phosphoglyceric acid)
34
2. PGa reacts with hydrogen from the light reactions to form PGAL
(phosphoglyceraldehyde)
3. Most PGALs are used to form RUBP. RUBP combines with more CO 2. to begin
another Calvin Cycle.
Some PGALs are used to form glucose.
Elaborate. Let’s take it easy!
Study the given illustration and answer the questions as guide for
analysis.
35
Evaluate. Think it again!
Answer the following questions.
1. What do you think will happen to the glucose produced in the dark phase reaction?
2. What structures in plants make them efficient producers?
Reflection
Make a poster that will show the ways on how to increase
the production of food or photosynthesis?
36
Answer
on pp 40.

No, go back to the activity and try it again.
D. Posttest
Directions: Read each statement and choose the letter of the correct answer. Shade
the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. The color of the leaves is green because they reflect and

absorb .
A B C D
A. green; rest of the colors B. rest of the colors; green
C. green;red D.blue and yellow;green
2.Chloroplast is a double-membrane organelle. It has inner and outer
A B C D membrane. After inner membrane is the part called stroma which contains
_______________.
A.chlorophyll B.enzymes and proteins
C. enzymes and pigments D. water
3. Where do we find the chlorophyll?

A B C D A. cell wall B. chloroplast
C. mitochondria D. vacoules
4. Which of the following is the product in light reaction and released to the
A B C D atmosphere?
A.ATP B.oxygen
C.water D.NADPH
A B C D 37
5. The following are not products of dark reaction except

A. ATP B. Glucose
Answer
C. Oxygen D. Carbon dioxide on pp 40.
SCORE:
Congratulations, you are now ready to the next module?
F. Next Steps
Learner’s Notes
G. Answer Key
Module 3
Pretest
1. B
2.C
3.B
4.A
5.C
38
Activity 3.1 (answers may vary)
Activity 3.2
1. It indicates that gas were formed.Photosynthesis might occur.
2. The intensity of light affects the number of bubbles. As the intensity increases, the number of bubbles
also increases.
3. The number of bubbles indicates that reaction occur. The reaction is called photosynthesis.
4. Carbon dioxide, water
Activity 3.3
1. Water, light, ADP,chlorophyll
2. ATP, oxygen
Posttest
1. A
2.C
3.B
4.B
5.B
References:

39
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=g%2F2zc1Ow&id
Module 4
Energy Flow
1.Take the pretest.
2.Read the instructions carefully.
B. Introduction
Sun is the ultimate source of energy of all organisms. Photosynthetic organisms are
called producers because they can convert light, water and carbon dioxide into chemical
energy (glucose). Other organisms are called consumers because they rely on the
producers. There are different types of consumers, carnivores (meat eater),
herbivore(plant eater) and omnivore (meat and plants eater). The focus of this module is
the following competency:
trace the energy flow from the environment to the cells.

40
S11/12LT-IIbd-6
After going through this module the learner is expected to:
1. define the important words/keywords related to energy flow;
2. describe the energy flow from the environment to the cells through concept map; and
3. explain the food pyramid through illustrations.
C. PRETEST
1.Organisms that cannot produce their own food are considered as

A B C D A. Consumer. B. denitrifyier.
C. Decomposer. D. producer.
2.Relationship which shows series of one organism that feeds on one

A B C D organism and in turn provides food to the next organism is called
A. food chain B. food pyramid
C. food series D. food web
3. In a food pyramid, the organism that is on the top most part receive the
A B C D _____________ amount of energy.
A.ample B. generous
C. Highest D. least
4.A more complex relationship of organisms due to interconnected food

A B C D chains is considered as _______________.
41
5. Organisms that can produce their own food are considered as

A B C D A. consumer. B. denitrifyier.
Answer
C. decomposer. D. Producer. on pp. 54

Engage. Finding WORDS !

Find words on the given puzzle and try to match it to the definition
provided in the second column.
A J P I O D E IK L P H C
E N E R G Y P YR A M I D
B F C Y O U A RE D O G J
F O O D C H A IN M E E O
R O N P A G K A I N F F V
T D T R O P H IC T O I A
U W U C A R S HO W O R N
V E M E N E R GY C D O I
S B E A J P I OA R A T H
X O R O D U C ER Y O A J
F W X Y Z A F EA I S O I
WORDS DEFINITION
-Organisms in one trophic
level feed upon organisms
at a lower trophic level
-always start at producers
(aututrophs)
-Network of interacting food
chains intertwined
- shows the amount of
energy in calories found in
42
bodies of organisms
- produced by plants and
consumed by other
organisms used to perform
activities
-moves from one organism
to another
- level in the food pyramid,
showing how energy moves
from one to another
organisms
Answer
on pp. 54
Food Chain
To understand food chain, let us analyze the pictures below:
Corn Worm Bird Man
Producer 1st Order Consumer 2nd Order Consumer 3rd order Consumer
Producers are also called autotrophs. Consumers on the other hand is also
called heterotrophs. As you have seen in the food chain model, organisms in one
trophic level feed upon organisms at a lower trophic level.However, relationships
between various trophic levels are often become complex. When food chain tangled it
will result to food web.
Explore. Designing my own!

43
Make your own food web. Create intertwined food chain to form food
Using the above illustration, analyze and answer the following questions:
1. What is the producer?
2. Identify the first consumer/s?second consumer/s?
3. Which organism receive the highest amount of energy?how about the least
amount of energy?
Explain. Energy Pyramid

44

To visualize the amount of energy available in a trophic level, ecologists created

diagram called energy pyramid. Each level is called trophic level.It shows the amount of
energy in calories found in each representative organism.
Man
(100
cal)
Bird
(1000 cal)
Worm (10
000 cal)
Corn (100
000 cal)
Elaborate. Eating Analysis
Read, analyze and follow the procedure. Let us build a food web to show
the many relationships between producers and consumers.
1. Get pencil and paper.
2. List the main food items that you had for lunch.
45
3. Now, sort the items based on whether they are from animals or plants. Indicate the
name of plant and animal source.
Example: Chicken and Rice
Chicken - animal (chicken)
RIce - plant (Rice plant)
4. For every animal on the list, enumerate the foods that such animal eats.
Example:
Chicken - grass, corn, worm
5. Look at the materials eaten by animals, can you also eat these foods? What are
these?
6. On the space provided, write the names of all the plants you have mentioned. In the
column next to it, list down the herbivores that eat any of the plants in the first row. From
each plant, draw an arrow to the animal that eats it.
7. List the names of the carnivores. From each herbivore, draw an arrow to the
carnivore that eats the herbivore.
Example
PLANTS HERBIVORE CARNIVORES OMNIVORE

PLANTS
Corn HERBIVORE
chicken CARNIVORES
man OMNIVORE
man
Grass worm chicken chicken
46
Look at the table and observe the food web you have created. Illustrate it on the space
below.
8. Now, from the food web created choose a particular food chain.
9. Based on the food chain, draw a pyramid of energy. Explain your drawing.
47
Evaluate. Think about this!
Recall what you have learned about energy flow in an ecosystem by

completing the diagram below:
Recall what you have learned about energy flow in an ecosystem by completing the
diagram below:
Primary source of
energy
Decomposed
by

Reflection 48
Write an essay (500 words) about how will you consume energy in
effective and efficient way.
E. POSTTEST
1. Organisms that can produce their own food are considered as

A B C D
A. consumer. B. denitrifyier.
C. decomposer. D. producer.
2. Which of the following best describes food chain?

A B C D
A.Relationship which shows series of one organism that feeds on one
organism and in turn provides food to the next organism
B. Relationship which shows one organism that feeds on one organism.
C. Relationship of two aquatic organisms and food materials.
D. Relationship of biotic and abiotic factors
49
3. In a food pyramid, the organism that is on the second trophic from the
A B C D bottom part receive the _____________ amount of energy among
consumers.
A. Smallest B. richest
C. Highest D. least
4. A more complex relationship of organisms due to interconnected food

A B C D chains is considered as _______________.
5. Organisms that cannot produce their own food are considered as

A B C D
A. consumer. B. denitrifier.
C. decomposer. D. producer.
Answer
on pp. 54
Did you take the posttest? SCORE:
Congratulations you are now ready to the next module!
50
F. Next Step
Learner’s Notes
G. Answer Key
Module 4
Pretest
1. A
2.A
3.D
4.D
5.D
Activity 4.1
Food chain
Trophic
Food web
Food pyramid
Food
Energy
51
Activity 4.4
Sun
Producer
1st consumer
2nd Consumer
3rd Consumer
decomposer
Posttest
1. A
2.A
3.C
4.D
5.A
H. References
M.P. Pagunsan, et.al., Connecting with Science Biology.2007. Salesiana

Book Don Bosco Press. Makati City.
52
Module 5
Cellular Respiration
1.Take the pretest.
B. Introduction
Food provides living things with the chemical building blocks required for growth and
reproduction. Our bodies need food as source of energy. Food is the source of raw
materials from which the cells of the body can synthesize new molecules. How do cells
use food materials as source of energy? This module focuses on the following
competency:
describe how organisms obtain and utilize energy

S11/12LT-IIbd-7
After going through this module learners are expected to:
1. enumerate the properties that are unique to living organisms through illustrations
2. describe the step by step process of cellular respiration as define on the given
concept map
53
C. PRETEST
1 1. 1.The process that releases energy from food in the presence of

Aoxygen
B C isD A. ATP synthase. B. cellular respiration.
C. Photosynthesis. D. synthesis.
2. The following organisms perform cellular respiration except

A B C D A. Ant B. cat
C.fern D.fish
3.Fermentation occurs when there is no oxygen, so it is called

A B C D A. aerobic respiration. B. anaerobic respiration.
C. ATP synthase D. Cyclic process
4.Energy from food is used to produce energy rich compound called

A B C D A.ATP B.ADP
C.glucose D.oxygen gas
5.The first step in the process of cellular respiration is called

A B C D A.Alcohol fermentation B.Electron transport
C. Glycolysis D. The Kreb’s cycle

54
Engage. Try to figure it out!
Shown below are the pictures of living organisms. Try to identify the
characteristics being portrayed on each picture. Complete the statement in
the next column.Hint:use the jumbled letters given.
PICTURE CHARACTERISTICS
Living things .
Orducerep
Living things and

.
Wgro ; lopdeev
Living things to their

environment. Podnser
Living things and

materials and
energy. Otabni ; eus
To describe living organisms is not easy because no single characteristic is enough

to define them. From the activity above you have identified the different characteristics
of living organisms. Organisms reproduce,grow and develop, respond to the
environment, and obtain and use energy to survive. But how do organisms perform
these functions?
55
Body Requirements
.The energy source of organisms is the so called ATP or adenosine triphosphate

We obtain energy from food. Food material is converted to ATP through cellular
respiration.
Chemically ATP is made up of adenine (nitrogen base), ribose, ( five carbon sugar)
and three phosphate groups. When ATP is broken to form ATP. The bond between
phosphate groups is liberated and large amount of energy is released. This energy is
used by the cell to repair, movements, and other energy requiring activities.
To keep the cell perform its function, it should have continuous supply of ATP. The
cell must therefore find a way of filling up the supply.
Where do cells obtain the energy needed to replenish the ATP in our bodies?
Glucose is the main source of energy of cells. The chemical energy in glucose must
be transferred to ATP to make it available for the cell.
Cellular Respiration
There are several phases of cellular respiration namely;
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Electron Transport Chain
These processes occur in whether the respiration involve oxygen(aerobic) or

doesn’t involve oxygen (anaerobic respiration).
The first step is glycolysis which occurs in cytoplasm. The following diagram
illustrate the process of glycolysis. Glucose is broken into half producing two molecules
56
of pyruvic acid. Two ATPs are being utilized but 4 molecules have been produced
having a net gain of two molecules.
57
Aside from ATP production, glycolysis process involves also the release of 4 high
energy electron and pass to an electron carrier called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+ forming NADH.
The energy produced during the process seems so small but then, the glycolysis is
so fast that cells can yield thousands of ATP.
Pyruvic acid after glycolysis released one carbon atom and the remaining two
carbon atom joins coenzyme A forming acetyl COA.
Explore Let us check!
To help you analyze and understand the glycolysis, answer the

following guide questions.Refer to the diagram 4.1
To help you analyze and understand the glycolysis, answer the following guide
questions.Refer to the diagram 4.1
1. How many ATP molecules are needed to split glucose into two?
2. How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?
3. How many pyruvic acid is/are produced from one molecule of glucose?
The second stage of cellular respiration, illustrated below , is called Krebs Cycle named
after, Hans Kreb, the discoverer of the cycle .
58
The cycle occurs in the mitochondrion. During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is
broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions. ATP, NADH
and FADH( flavine adenine dinucleotide) are being produced during the reaction.

59
To help you analyze and understand the Krebs Cycle answer the
1. How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced in the cycle?
2. How many ATP molecules are formed?
The last stage involves the usage of high energy from Krebs Cycle to convert ADP
to ATP. Oxygen play a vital role in this stage. It is the final acceptor of the electron.
Thus, it is essential in getting rid of low energy electrons and hydrogen ions forming
water, the waste of cellular respiration.
To help you analyze and understand the Krebs Cycle answer the
following guide questions.Refer to the diagram 4.2
Explain. Sum it up!

60
Summarize the number of ATPs produced after one cycle of cellular

How many ATPs

are produced?
Glycolysis ____
Krebs Cycle ___
Electron Transport Chain ___
Total _____
Elaborate. Make your own!
Construct your own concept map using the keywords to master the61
basic /concept
(043) 722-1840 / 722-1796 / 722-1437 of cellular(043)
722-2675 / 722-1662 respiration.
723-2816  You may add words or
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph numbers
depedbatangas.org
to complete the map.
Keywords:
Glycolysis cellular respiration ADP electron transport chain
Cytoplasm Krebs cycle mitochondrion ATP
Evaluate. Yes or No!
62
Evaluate the following statement. Write Yes if it is correct and NO if it

Reflection
is wrong.
1. Oxygen play a vital role in electron transport chain.

2.There are several phases of cellular respiration namely; Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle
and Electron Transport Chain.
3. Glycolysis process involves also the release of 4 high energy electron and pass to an
electron carrier called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD + forming NADH.
4.The energy source of organisms is the so called ATP or adenosine triphosphate.
5.Water is released as waste of cellular respiration.
Reflection
Why do runners breathe heavily after a race?
Answer
on pp 69
Did you get the activity right?

SCORE:
Yes, continue to the next page.
No, go back and repeat the activities.
E. POSTTEST
63
1. The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen
A B C D is
A. ATP synthase. B. cellular respiration.
C. Photosynthesis. D. synthesis.
2. Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration to use

A B C D energy?
A. Adalia B. Bougainvellia
C.Fern D.Fish
3. Type of respiration which occurs when there is oxygen is

A B C D A. aerobic respiration. B. anaerobic respiration.
C. ATP synthase D. cyclic process
4. Energy from food is used to produce energy rich compound called

A B C D A. ATP B. ADP
C. Glucose D. oxygen gas
5. The second step in the process of cellular respiration is called

A B C D A. alcohol fermentation B. Electron transport
C. Glycolysis D. The Kreb’s cycle
Answer
on pp 69

64
F. Next Steps
Learner’s Notes
G. Answer Key
Module 5
1. B
2.C
3.B
4.A
5.C
Activity 5.1
Reproduce
Grow;develop
Respond
Obtain;use
65
Activity 5.2
2
4
2
Activity 4.3
Posttest
1. B
2.D
3.A
4.A
5.D
Module 6
66
ENERGY
1.Take the pretest.
B. Introduction
Force, power and strength are words commonly associated with energy.
However scientist define energy as the capacity to do work. So, we cannot separate
work from energy. The focus of this module is the following competency
recognize that organisms require energy to carry out functions required for life
S11/12LT-IIbd-8
After going through this module learners are expected to:
1. identify the importance of energy to all living organisms
2. make a realization (through drawing) about the importance of energy in life
C. PRETEST
67
1 1.Which of the following are autotrophs?

A B C D A. Cat B. Leopards
C.Mushroom D.Plants
2.One of the chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is
A B C D
A.ATP. B.CO2
C. DNA D. H2O
3.The following are products of photosynthesis except

A B C D
A. ATP B. ADP

A B C D
A. ATP B. ADP
5.The capacity to do work is

A B C D A. ATP B. energy
C.force D.gravity
Answer
on pp 80

68
Energy and the Environment
There are different forms of energy. Its transformations are manifested in all living
and non living interactions. It is manifested in nature. Fig 5.1 illustrates the energy
relationship in nature.
Engage. What do we have?
Analyze and try to explain how energy are related to each other.
Biologist have discovered that living things can use only one form of energy as a
direct source for their activities. Where does energy come from? Food is the answer.
69
From the previous modules photosynthesis was discussed as the process by which
food is produced by autotrophs like plants and other bacterial cell. They use light from
the sun to produce sugar or glucose.
Other organisms have the ability to obtain and use energy. They are called as
heterotrophs. They get their food from photosynthetic organisms and convert it to ATP
through the process of cellular respiration.
Explore. Putting Together!
Complete the cycle by filling in the connectors and boxes with the
appropriate words/statements given in the charity box
Complete the cycle by filling in the connectors and boxes with the appropriate
words/statements given in the charity box.
RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Answer
on pp 80
70
Charity Box
Connectors: Box:
produces oxygen, glucose
used in carbon dioxide, water
Explain. Let us check!
1. Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?
2. What is the role of ATP in cellular activities?
Answer
on pp 80
71
Elaborate.Let’s try to figure it out!
Compare the process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
RAW END WHERE

MATERIALS PRODUCTS PROCESS
HAPPENS
Photosynthesis
Cellular
Respiration
Answer
on pp 80
Evaluate. Let us check!
72
1. How do photosynthesis and respiration differ?
2. How are photosynthesis and cellular related to each other?
Reflection
Make a poster that will show the importance of energy

to your daily life. Make it creative and relevant.
Answer
on pp 80

No, read again the comics and go back to the activity.
E. POSTTEST
1 1. Which of the following is heterotroph?

A B C D
73
A. Algae B. Cat
C.Palay D.Water lily
2. One of the chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is
A B C D
A. ATP. B. CO2
C. DNA D. H2O
3. Which of the following is product of cellular respiration ?

A B C D
A. ATP B. Hydrogen gas

A B C D
A.ATP B.ADP
C.Glucose D.oxygen gas
5. The capacity to do work is

A B C D
A. ATP B. energy
C.force D.gravity
Answer
on pp 80

F. Next Steps
Learner’s Notes
74
Module 6
Pretest
1. D
75
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. B
Activity 6.1
Carbon dioxide, water
Used in
Produces
Oxygen glucose
Used in
Produces
Activity 6.2
Sun
Provide/supply energy
Activity 6.3
Water, carbon dioxide oxygen, glucose
Oxygen, glucose water, Carbon dioxide
Posttest
1. B
2. A
76
3. A
4. A
5. B
References

77

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A. How to use this module?

1. Take the pretest.

2. Read the instructions carefully.

3. Perform all activities and exercises.

4. Use the concepts discussed in each lessons.

5. Take the posttest after you have finished the lessons.

The observations and conclusions of many scientists helped to acquire current

explain how cells carry out functions required for life

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. examine the principle of cell theory through comics;

2. identify the components of a cell using a diagram; and

3. describe the function of components of a cell using a diagram.

1. Cell membrane is mainly composed of

2.In general, cell activities are controlled by

3.The cytoplasm is the part of the cell that

4.In which of the following organelle does conversion of chemical energy

Did you take the pretest? SCORE:

D. SELF LEARNING KIT PROPER

Engage. Scientists Behind the Cell Theory

Read and analyze the following comics.

Look! I observed tiny living I also observed thousands of

That’s really amazing!

Same with animals.

MATCHING TYPE. Match the statements on column A to the scientists on column B.

1. First scientist to observe cell as tiny empty A. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek.

chambers under the microscope. B. Matthias Schleiden

2. Observes tiny living organisms under a simple C. Robert Hooke

Microscope. D. Rudolf Virchow

3. All plants are made up of cells. E. Theodore Schwann

4. Proposes that all cells come from F. Joseph Lister

5. All animals are made up of cells.

The conversation of the scientists presented the different discoveries and

1. All living things are composed of cells.

3. New cells are produced from pre-existing cells.

Examine the following picture.

Figure 1. Bacterial cell (prokaryote)

Explore. Draw it!

Refer to the above figures to complete the table.

Structure/ Organelle Drawing/Illustration Properties and Functions

Structure/ Organelle Drawing/Illustration Properties and Functions

Explain. Let us check!!!

Enumerate the structures found in bacteria, animal and plant cell.

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Did you get the activity right? SCORE:

Elaborate. Compare and Contrast

Write all the structures on specific d e f

a. animal cell only

f. plant and bacterial cell

Did you get the activity right? SCORE:

Evaluate. Who’s role ?

The activities/ functions of the different cell organelles are responsible

A. Lysosome in the disintegration of tails in tadpoles

B. Mitochondria in arm muscle

C. Vacoules in plant cell

Reflection. What is the importance of knowing the function of each

Did you get the activity right? SCORE:

1. 1. Cell wall is mainly composed of

2.In general, the structure which regulates molecules movement

4. In which of the following organelle does conversion of water,

5. Which of the following is found in plant but not in animal cell ?

Congratulations you are now ready to move to the next module

Pretest Engage Explore