RANGKAIAN LISTRIK

Topik :

CH10 : AC STEADY-STATE POWER.

1.Average Power.
2.RMS values.
3.Complex Power.
4.Superposition And Power.
5.Maximum Power Transfer.
6.Conservation of Power.
7.Reactive Power And Power Factor.

1
1.Average Power.

2
Instantaneous Power and Average Power(cont.)

Average Power
t0 T
1
P
T 
t0
p(t ) dt
Arbitrary point in time
If v(t) is a sinusoidal function

v(t )  Vm cos(t  V )
For a linear circuit i(t) is also a sinusoidal function

i(t )  I m cos(t   I )
p(t )  Vm I m cos(t  V ) cos(t   I ) 3
 Vm I m
p (t )  cos(V   I )  cos(2 t  V   I )
2
T
1 Vm I m
P  cos(V   I )  cos(2 t  V   I ) dt
T 0 2
T T
1 Vm I m 1 Vm I m
  cos(V   I ) dt   cos(2 t  V   I ) dt
T 0 2 T 0 2
T T
Vm I m 1 Vm I m
 cos(V   I )  dt   cos(2 t  V   I ) dt
2T 0
T 0 2
Vm I m
 cos(V   I )  0 average value of the cosine
2 function over a complete
Vm I m period is zero
 cos(V   I )
2 4
Example 3-1 P=?
Using the period from
t = 0 to t = T
Im
i  t ;0t T
i(t) through a resistor R
T

The instantaneous power is

2
Im R 2
pi R 2 t
2
;0t T
T
The average power is
1 T Im2 R 2 I m2 R T 2
P  2
t dt  3  t dt
T 0 T T 0

Im2 R T 3 Im2 R
 3  W
T 3 3 5
 Example 3-2 PL = ? PR = ?

i(t )  721cos(100t  41) mA

The element voltages are
vs (t )  20cos(100t  15) V
vR (t )  18cos(100t  41) V
vL (t )  8.66cos(100t  49) V
The average power delivered by the voltage source is
(20)(0.721)
Ps  cos( 15  ( 41))  6.5 W
2
The average power delivered to the voltage source is
-6.5W.
6
Example 3-2 (cont.)
The average power delivered to the resistor is
(18)(0.721)
PR  cos( 41  ( 41))  6.5 W
2
The average power delivered to the inductor is

(8.66)(0.721)
PL  cos(49  ( 41))  0 W
2
WHY the average power delivered to the inductor
equal to 0 ?

The angle of vL always be 90 degrees larger than the

angle of iL and cos(90°) = 0.

7
 Example
Source: Textbook
Find the average power delivered to the load to the right of
the interface

8
 Example

Solution:
Equivalent impedance
1 to the right of the interface:
Z L  j 250   36  j 202 
1 1

 j 75 100
Current delivered to the load :
150 0 
IL   0.683  66.9  A
50  Z L
The average power across the interface :
1 36
P  0.682  8.40 W
2 2
RL I L
2 2
9
 Example
Source: Textbook
Calculate the average power delivered to the load in the
circuit where R=RL=200 Ω, C=10nF and vs(t)=5cos(106t)
V.

10
 Example

ZC  j100
Open Circuit vo ltage : VT  VS  50   1  j 2  5  63.4  V
Z R  ZC 200  j100
50 
Short Circuit Current : I N   0.025  j 0 A
200
VT 1  j 2
ZT    40  j80 
IN 0.025

VT 5  63.4 
I   8.84  45  mA
Z T  Z L 40  j80  200
Therefore the average power delivered to the load resistor is :

P
1
2

RL I  100 8.84  10 3
2

2
 7.81 mW
11
 Example

PMAX 
VT
2


 5 2

 15.6mW
8RT 840

Z L  Z T*  40  j80  40  j80 

*

12
 2.RMS values.

To introduce the concept of the root-

mean-square values

13
 Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform

The goal is to find a dc voltage, Veff (or dc current, Ieff), for a

specified vs(t) that will deliver the same average power
to R as would be delivered by the ac source.

The energy delivered in a period T is

W  PT
The average power delivered to the resistor by a
periodic current is 1 T
P
T 0
i 2 Rdt
14
Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform (cont.)

The power delivered by a direct current is

P  I eff
2
R
1 T
P   i 2 Rdt  I eff
2
R
T 0

Solve for Ieff

1 T 2
I eff 
T 0 i dt

 I rms rms = root-mean-square

The effective value of a current is the steady

current (dc) that transfer the same average power
as the given time varying current.
15
Example 3 Ieff = ?
Express the waveform over
the period of t = 0 to t = T
Im
i  t ;0t T
T
i(t) = sawtooth waveform

1 T 2 1 T I m2 2
I eff  
T 0
i dt  
T 0T 2
t dt

T
I t 
2 3
I m2
 m

3  
T  3 0 3
Im
 I eff 
3 16
3.Complex Power.

17
 Complex Power

A linear circuit is excited by a sinusoidal input and

the circuit has reached steady state.

The element voltage and current can be

represented in

(a) the time domain or (b) the frequency domain

18
 Complex Power (cont.)
To calculate average power from frequency domain
representation of voltage and current i.e. their phasors

I( )  I m I and V( )  VmV

The complex power delivered to the element is
defined to be *
VI ( I m   I )(VmV )
S 
2 2
I mVm
 (V   I )
2
Apparent power

where I* = complex conjugate of I

19
 Complex Power (cont.)
The complex power in rectangular form is

I mVm I mVm
S cos(V   I )  j sin(V   I )
2 2
P Q
or
S  P  jQ
real or average power reactive power

Units S : VA, P:W, Q:VAR

Volt-Amp Volt-Amp Reactive 20
 Complex Power (cont.)
The impedance of the element can be expressed as

V( ) VmV Vm
Z( )    (V   I )
I( ) I m I I m
In rectangular form
Vm Vm
Z( )  cos(V   I )  j sin(V   I )
Im Im
R X
or
Z( )  R  jX
resistance reactance
21
 Complex Power (cont.)
The complex power can also be expressed in
terms of the impedance

I mVm I mVm
S cos(V   I )  j sin(V   I )
2 2
 I m2  Vm  I m2  Vm
   cos(V   I )  j   sin(V   I )
 2  Im  2  Im
I 2
 I2

  Re Z   Im Z
m m
j
 2   2 
P Q
22
4.Superposition And Power.

23
The Power Superposition Principle for
Multi-Frequency Sinusoidal Excitation

i  i1  i2

p  i R  (i1  i2 ) R  (i  i  2i1i2 ) R
2 2 2
1
2
2
1 T R T 2 2
P   pdt   (i1  i2  2i1i2 )dt
T 0 T 0
R T 2 R T 2 2R T
  i1 dt   i2 dt   i1i2dt
T 0 T 0 T 0
2R T
 P1  P2 
T 0 i1i2dt 0
24
The Power Superposition Principle (cont.)

2R T

T 0
i1i2dt  0 ?

Let the radian frequency of the 1st source = m and

the radian frequency of the 2nd source = n
i1  I1 cos(m t   ) integer
i2  I 2 cos(n t   )

2R T
P12  
T 0
i1i2 dt

2R T
 
T 0
I1 I 2 cos(mt   ) cos(nt   )dt
25
The Power Superposition Principle (cont.)
2 RI1 I 2 T
 P12 
T 0
cos(m t   ) cos(n t   )dt

2 RI1 I 2 T

T 0
(cos(( m  n ) t  (   ))  cos(( m  n ) t  (   )))dt

0 ;m  n

  RI1 I 2 cos(   )
 ;m  n
2
For the case that m and n are not integer
for example m = 1, n = 1.5     0
1 2t 1 2t
P12  lim  t pdt  lim  t 2 RI1 I 2 cos  t cos(1.5 t )dt
t  T  t  T 
2 2
t
1
 lim
t  T 

2

2
t 2 RI1 I 2 (cos 0.5 t  cos 2.5 t )dt  0
26
The Power Superposition Principle (cont.)
The superposition of average power
The average power delivered to a circuit by
several sinusoidal sources, acting together, is equal
to the sum of the average power delivered to
the circuit by each source acting alone, if and only
if, no two of the source have the same frequency.

If two or more sources are operating at the same

frequency the principle of power superposition is not
valid but the principle of superposition remains
valid.
I m2 R
For N sources I  I1  I2  I3   IN P
2
27
Example 8 P=?

(1) v A (t )  12 cos3t V and iB (t )  2 cos 4t A

(2) v A (t )  12 cos 4t V and iB (t )  2 cos 4t A
28
Example 8(cont.)
Case I I1 ( )  1.414  45 and I 2 ( )  1.6  143
These phasors correspond to different frequencies and
cannot be added.
i1 (t )  1.414 cos(3t  45) and i2 ( t )  1.6cos(4t  143)
Using the superposition
i(t )  1.414cos(3t  45)  1.6cos(4t  143)
The average power can be calculated as
R T
P   (1.414 cos(3t  45)  1.6cos(4t  143)) 2 dt
T 0
Since the two sinusoidal sources have different
frequencies
1.4142 1.62
P  P1  P2  6 6  13.7 W
2 2
29
Example 8(cont.)
Case II I1 ( )  1.2  53.1 and I 2 ( )  1.6  143
Both phasors correspond to the same frequency and
can be added.
I ( )  1.2  53.1+1.6  143  2.0  106.3
The sinusoidal current is
i(t )  2.0cos(4t  106.3)
The average power can be calculated as
2.02
P 6  12 W
2
Power superposition cannot be used here because
both sources have same frequencies.

30
5.Maximum Power Transfer.

31
 Maximum Power Transfer
If the load can take on any complex value,
maximum power transfer is attained for a load
impedance equal to the complex conjugate of
the Thévenin impedance.

If the load is required to be a pure

resistance, maximum power transfer is
attained for a load resistance equal to the
magnitude of the Thévenin impedance.

32
Maximum power transfer.

33
 The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Zt  Rt  jX t and Z L  RL  jX L
Vt
I
( Rt  jX t )  ( RL  jX L )
2 2
I 1 Vt RL
P  RL 
m

2 2 ( Rt  RL ) 2  ( X t  X L ) 2
We wish to maximize P set X L   X t
2
1 Vt RL
P
2 ( Rt  RL )2
dP
For  0 we get RL  Rt
dRL
 ZL  Rt  jX t  Z*t  Maximum Power Transfer
34
6.Conservation of Power.

35
36
 Complex Power (cont.)

The impedance triangle The complex power triangle

The complex power is conserved

Vk I*k
all 2
0
elements

The sum of complex power absorbed by all

elements of a circuit is zero.
37
 Complex Power (cont.)
The complex power is conserved implies that
both average power and reactive power are conserved.

*  *  *
VI  V I  V I
 k k
 0  Re
  k k
  Re k k
0
all 2  all 2 all 2
elements  elements  elements
 *  *
 Im   k k 
V I V I
and
 all 2  all
Im k k
2
0
 elements  elements

or 
all
Pk  0 and all
Qk  0
elements elements 38
Example 4 S is conserved ?

vs  100 cos1000t V
=1000 V

Solving for the mesh current

Vs
I( )   7.07  45 A
1
R  j L  j
C
Use Ohm’s law to get the element voltage phasors
VR ( )  RI( )  70.7  45 V
VL ( )  j LI( )  141.445 V
j
VC ( )  I( )  70.7  135 V
C 39
Example 4 (cont.)
Consider the voltage source
Vs I*
SV  supplied by the source
2
 353.545 VA
For the resistor
VR I*
SR  absorbed by the resistor
2
 2500 VA
For the inductor
*
VL I
SL  delivered to the inductor
2
 50090 VA
40
Example 5-1 (cont.)
For the capacitor
VC I* delivered to the capacitor
SC 
2
 250  90 VA
The total power absorbed by all elements (except
source)
S R  S L  SC  2500  50090  250  90
 353.545  SV
Vk I*k
For all elements  all 2
0
elements

41
Example 5 P is conserved ?

vs  100cos1000t V
=1000

The average power for the resistor, inductor, and

capacitor is
 Im 
2
P    Re( Z)
 2 
 I m2 
PR    R  250 W PL  PC  0
 2 
The average power supplied by the voltage source is
 Vs I* 
PV  Re  SV   Re    Re(353.545)  250 W
 2 
42
7.Reactive Power And Power Factor.

43
 Power Factor
The ratio of the average power to the apparent
power is called the power factor(pf).

I mVm
Average power P  cos(V   I )
2
S apparent power

 pf  cos (V   I )
pf angle
Therefore the average power

I mVm
P  pf
2 44
 Power Factor (cont.)
The cosine is an even function cos(  )  cos( )
 pf  cos(V   I )  cos( I  V )
Need additional information in order to find the angle

Ex pf  0.8 leading for V   I  0  36.87

and pf  0.8 lagging for V   I  0  36.87
Ex The transmission of electric power

Time
domain

45
 Power Factor (cont.)

Frequency
domain

We will adjust the power factor by adding compensating

impedance to the load. The objective is to minimize the power
loss (i.e. absorbed) in the transmission line.

The line R1 L1 R1 L1
impedance Z LINE ( )   j   j
2 2 2 2
 R1  j L1
46
 Power Factor (cont.)
The average power absorbed by the line is
I m2 I m2
PLINE  Re( Z LINE )  R1
2 2
The customer requires average power delivered to
the load P at the load voltage Vm
Vm I m
P pf
2
Solving for Im
2P
Im 
Vm pf
2
 P 
 PLINE  2  R1 max pf =1
 Vm pf 
47
 Power Factor (cont.)

compensating
impedance

A compensating impedance has been attached

across the terminals of the customer’s load. (pf 1)
pfc  cos c
corrected
The load impedance is Z  R  jX and the
compensating impedance is ZC  RC  jX C
We want ZC to absorb no average power so ZC  jX C
48
 Power Factor (cont.)
The impedance of the parallel combination ZP
ZZC
ZP   RP  jX P  Z P P
Z  ZC
The power factor of the new combination
 1 X P 
pfc  cos P  cos  tan 
 RP 
Calculate for RP and XP
ZZC ( R  jX ) jX C
ZP  
Z  ZC ( R  jX )  jX C
RX C2  j  R 2 X C  ( X C  X ) XX C 

R 2  ( X  X C )2
RX C2 R 2 X C  ( X C  X ) XX C
 2 j
R  (X  XC ) 2
R 2  ( X  X C )2
49
 Power Factor (cont.)
X P R2  ( X C  X ) X

RP RX C
 1 X P  XP 1
From pfc  cos  tan   tan(cos pfc)
 RP  RP
Solving for XC
R2  X 2
XC 
R tan(cos 1 pfc )  X
Typically the customer’s load is inductive.
 ZC = capacitive
j
ZC   jX C
C
1 R2  X 2

 C R tan(cos 1 pfc )  X
50
 Power Factor (cont.)

Solving for C
X  R tan(cos 1 pfc)
C 
R2  X 2
R X 1 
 2 2 
 tan(cos pfc) 
R X R 
X
Let   tan 1  
R
R
2 
C  2 tan   tan  C 
R X
where
  cos1  pf  and C  cos1  pfc 
51
Example 6 I and pf = ?
Load = 50 kW of heating (resistive) and motor 0.86
lagging pf

Load 1 50 kW resistive load

S1  P1  50 kW
Load 2 motor 0.86 lagging pf  2  0
 2  cos1 ( pf 2 )  cos1 (0.86)  30.7 
P Q
S2  S2  2  10030.7  86  j51 kVA 52
Example 6 (cont.)
S  S1  S 2  136  j51  145.220.6 kVA
pf  cos(20.6)  0.94
To calculate the current
Vm I m
S  Vrms I rms
2
S
 I rms 
Vrms
145200

104
 14.52 Arms
53
Example 7 pf ==> 0.95 and 1, C = ?
  377 rad/s
Z=100+j100 

cos  cos45  0.707 pf lagging

We wish to correct the pf to be pfc
pfc  0.95 lagging
R X
2 2
XC  1
R tan(cos pfc )  X
 297.9
1
C  8.9 μF
 XC 54
Example 7 (cont.)
pfc  1
R2  X 2
XC 
R tan(cos 1 pfc )  X
 200
1
C  13.3 μF
 XC
Or use
R
2 
C  2 tan   tan  C 
R X

C  13.3 μF
55
finish

56