Microsoft PowerPoint - 05-Reservoir Pressure - PPT (Read-Only)

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING
Determination of Reservoir Pressure
Determination
of
Reservoir Pressure
ΓΧ Gamma Experts
Petroleum Engineering
September 2002 Yves Chauvel

Methods for Determining Reservoir Pressure
• From field production data (average reservoir pressure)

• Field pressure isobaric maps (average reservoir pressure)
• Reservoir limit tests
• Build-up tests
• Wireline tester pretests
• Distributed layer pressures in multilayer reservoirs
• Selective Inflow Performance (SIP)
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Reservoir Pressure
from
Field Production Data
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Average Reservoir Pressure from Field Production Data
The average reservoir pressure in a

producing field can be estimated by
performing a global material balance
over the field.
(P(j)Q(j))
P(j) is the static pressure of well (j). ∑
dP(j) dt
Q(j) is the flow rate of well (j). Pavg =
Q(j)
∑
dP(j) dt
The fluid must be of constant
compressibility, and the reservoir
must be isotropic.
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Reservoir Pressure
from
Isobaric Maps
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Average Reservoir Pressure from Isobaric Maps
Using updated single well reservoir pressures over the

entire field:
- Draw the field-wide isobaric maps, with as narrow
a curve spacing as possible.
- Using a planimeter, measure the differential areas,
Ai, within contiguous isobars of pressure Pi.
- The average pressure is calculated as
Σ(Ai.Pi)
Pavg =
Σ(Ai)
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Reservoir Pressure
from
Limit Tests
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Reservoir Limit Tests
No-flow boundary
A reservoir limit test is a well test that has as a
main objective the determination of the drainage
volume of the well.
For this, the drawdown must be extended until the
reservoir boundaries are felt.
Boundaries can be
- A no-flow contour surrounding the well Constant pressure
boundary
(closed system).
- A surrounding pressure condition imposed
by other producing wells in the field.
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Reservoir Limit Tests
The reservoir pressure, and the drainage

volume of the reservoir, can be estimated on
the condition that the reservoir achieve
- Steady-state flow regime (constant
pressure and flow),
or
- Semi-steady-state flow regime (linear

pressure decline with time), also called
‘depletion’ regime.
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Drawdown Pressure in Semi-Steady State Flow
In semi-steady-state flow
Pi − Pwf = mt + 70.6
Qµ
Kh
[
ln 2.2458 A + 2S
CARw²
]
with
m = −0.23395 Q
φCthA
determined from a plot of Pwf versus time, from which A is calculated.
Q
The connected reservoir volume is: φhA = −0.23395
Ctm
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Material Balance in Semi-Steady State Flow
In semi-steady-state flow
Q.tp
Pi − Pwf = −0.23395
φCthA
where tp is the production (drawdown) time at rate Q.

This can be written as
dP = m = −0.23395 Q
dt φCthA
ΓΧ Gamma Experts

Average Pressure of a Bounded Reservoir: the MBH Plot
The Matthews, Brons and Hazebroek (MBH) method consists

in plotting
PD versus tDA, with tDA = .000264 Kt = tD A
φµCtA Rw²
The MBH plot provides the value of P* - Pavg, where P* is

the extrapolated pressure obtained from a Horner plot
following IARF during the buildup.
This supposes that the tDA function can be built, which means
that A can be extracted from the semi steady-state portion of
the drawdown.
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Dietz Shape Factor, CA
CA depends on the geometry of the reservoir and on the position of the well within
this geometry.
Catalogs of CA values can be consulted, which besides give the minimum value of
tDA to reach semi steady-state flow regime.
CA can be evaluated as follows
- Evaluate kh and S from the radial flow regime
- Evaluate A from the semi-steady state decline (material balance)
- Bring these values into
Pi − Pwf = mt + 70.6
Qµ
Kh
[
ln 2.2458 A + 2S
CARw²
]
to solve in reverse for CA.
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Reservoir Pressure
from
Buildup Tests
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Single Flow Period Superposition for Build-up Analysis
Considering a single flow period of duration tp:
∆pBu= pi− pwf +∆pDd(∆t )−∆pDd(tp+∆t )
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Build-up Semi-Log Analysis: the Horner Plot
For a single flow period, the superposition

function is the Horner time:
tp + ∆t
∆t
On a semi-log plot, the extrapolated pressure
is the static reservoir pressure, provided that
- The reservoir has not entered
depletion regime during the drawdown.
- No late-time effects will affect the
buildup after the end of the buildup (this
is impossible to ascertain without
testing longer).
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Generalized Superposition for Build-up Analysis
When the well has been submitted to a series of flow periods prior to build-up, one
must consider a ‘generalized superposition function’ as follows:
Sn( t ) =  ( qi − qi −
i = N( t ) 1 ) ln( t − ti ) 
∑ 
i =1  qN( t ) 
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Multi-Rate Build-up Analysis
When the pressures are plotted versus

Sn(∆t), the solution is identical to the
case of a single flow period (Horner
plot).
On a semi-log plot, the extrapolated

pressure is the static reservoir pressure,
with the same restrictions as apply to
the Horner plot.
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Reservoir Pressure
from
Wireline Tester Pretests
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History of Wireline Testing Tools
FT RFT MDT Modular
Formation Repeat Formation Dynamics
Tester Formation Tester Tester
Electrical Power
Hydraulic Power
Probe
Dual-probe Dual
Packer
Flow control
Optical Fluid Analyzer
Multisample
Sample
Sample
Pumpout
1955 - 1975 1975 - Present 1991 - Present
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Pretest – Formation Pressures
If the pretest buildup pressure stabilizes,

it can be taken as the reservoir pressure
(except supercharged tests).
If the pressure does not stabilize, the

reservoir pressure must be found by
extrapolation. For this, radial flow must
be detected (rather infrequent).
The same restrictions to the validity of

the extrapolated pressure apply as in the
analysis of standard buildup tests.
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Pretest Flow Regime Identification: Theory
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Pretest Flow Regime Identification: Example
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Spherical and Radial Flow Regimes Identification
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Wettability and Contact Angle
• Wettability expresses the relative tendency of one fluid to displace the other from
the surface of a solid. It can be characterized by the measure of the contact angle, Θ.
• In presence of two fluids, if the contact angle is less than 70° (fluid A), that fluid
will displace the other (fluid B). The rock is said to be wetted by fluid A.
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Capillary Pressure in Reservoirs
Po + ρogH = P
• For a given
capillary (pore Pw + ρwgH = P
throat) size, the
water rises above the Po − Pw = Pc = ∆ρgH
point where the
capillary pressure is Pc = 2σ cos θ = ∆ρgH
zero. rcap
• The rise depends

on the density
difference, on the
pore throat size, and
on the wettability.
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Vertical Distribution of Saturation in Reservoirs
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Capillary Pressure Example
Po + ρogH = P
What is the capillary rise in an oil reservoir with
• ρw = 1.0 g/cm3, ρo = 0.8 g/cm3 Pw + ρwgH = P
• rcap = 0.001 mm Po − Pw = Pc = ∆ρgH
• σ = 30 dyne/cm (oil-water)
Pc = 2σ cos θ = ∆ρgH
• cosθ = 1. rcap
Answer ?
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Capillary Pressure Example
Po + ρogH = P
What is the capillary rise in an oil reservoir with
• ρw = 1.0 g/cm3, ρo = 0.8 g/cm3 Pw + ρwgH = P
• rcap = 0.001 mm Po − Pw = Pc = ∆ρgH
• σ = 30 dyne/cm (oil-water)
Pc = 2σ cos θ = ∆ρgH
• cosθ = 1. rcap
Answer
• Pc = (2 x 30)/ 0.0001 = 6E5 dyne/cm2 = 6E5 x 1.45E-5 psi = 8.7 psi
• Pc = 0.0135 (1.0 – 0.8)gH, with g = 32.17 ft/s²
• From which H = 100 ft.
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Capillary Pressure
Effect on
Formation Pressures
(Water-Wet Rock)
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Capillary Pressure
Effect on
Formation Pressures
(Oil-Wet Rock)
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Supercharging
Supercharging is the extra

3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 pressure read by a wireline
8200
tester due to mud pressure
8250
charging the near wellbore
8300 region.
8350
8400 It depends on overbalance,
Depth
8450 Supercharged mud and formation

8500 points permeability, fluid
8550 saturations and time of
8600 survey after exposing the
8650 zone to mud.
8700
Formation Pressure (psia)
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Supercharging Correction by Multiple Pretests
Hydrostatic
Transients
Tool set Tool
retract
Initial buildup
(Supercharged)
Step4
Step3
Pretest
Step 2
Bleed off
Step 1
Hydrostatic
Time
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Supercharging Correction: Extrapolation Plot
EXTRAPOLATION PLOT
2949.00
2948.50
2948.00
PROBE PRESSURE
Vprobe = Vhyd LINE

2947.50
2947.00
2946.50
2946.00 Extrapolation LINE
2945.50
2945.00
2944.50
2944.00
2940 2990 3040 3090 3140
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
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Packer Pretests Overcome Supercharging
Test No Packer Depth Overbalance Packer Pressure Probe Pressure Drawdown

Mobility
ft psi psi psi md/cp
1* xx428 1000 2459 2470 1.3
2* xx551 1000 2449 2465 1.0
3* xx570 1000 2381 2647 0.1
4* xx587 1000 2306 2552 0.1
5 xx03 1600 2409 2443 0.8
6 xx58 1222 2775 2773 7
7 xx48 557 3102 3115 0.3
8 xx30 1400 2308 2305 7
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Layer Pressures
in
Multilayer Reservoirs
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Pressure Profile in a
Development Well:
the Montrose Field
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Pressure Profiles
in a
Developing Field:
Montrose
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Correlation between Wells
in a Developed Reservoir
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Measured versus
Simulated Pressures
in a Developing
Field: Jene
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Pressure Gradient Exercise: Shengli
MDT data have given the following formation pressures in this vertical well:
Depth (ft) Pressure (psi)

• 4280 1050
• 4415 1095
• 4520 1130
• 6702 2104
• 7940 2940
• 9095 3745
Plot the pressures versus depth, and draw fluid gradients where appropriate.
Calculate the corresponding fluid densities (water gradient is 0.433 psi/ft).
Does this data set come from a virgin reservoir or from a development well?
Answers:
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Layer Pressures in Multilayer Reservoirs
• Some multilayer reservoirs (deltaic deposits) can be composed literally of

hundreds of different layers.
• Because of differential depletion, the layer pressures are never uniform.
• Differential depletion can cause severe production engineering problems:

crossflows, changes in fluid contacts, by-passed oil, lost reserves.
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Layer Pressures in Multilayer Reservoirs (cont’d)
• Wireline formation testing is the only method for complete layer

pressure profiling when a new well is drilled in a field being
developed.
• When a new well is put on line, it is no longer possible to measure

directly the individual layer pressures, except sparsely by cased hole
wireline testing.
• The SIP (Selective Inflow Performance) technique offers a practical

method to determine individual layer pressures when production logs
are run.
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Crossflow in a Multilayer Gas Well
Which is the
producing
interval with the
highest pressure?
The lowest?
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Crossflow in a Multilayer Gas Well
Which is the
producing interval
with the highest
pressure? The
lowest?
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Two-Phase Crossflow in a Shut-in Producing Well
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Crossflow in a Producing Well
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Crossflow in a Multilayer Injection Well
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Hydrostatic Potential
and
Prediction of Crossflows
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Hydrostatic Potential Ψ Depth
1800
The hydrostatic potential of a layer is z0
its pressure corrected to an arbitrary
1825
datum depth reference z0.
1840
Ψ = P – ρg (z – z0)
1860
1870
1890
P is reservoir pressure
ρ is reservoir fluid density 2005
z is the depth (TVD) z

z0 is any reference depth (TVD)
2040
For a layer or group of layers in
hydrostatic equilibrium, the Pressure
hydrostatic potential has a unique Ψ = 1800 psi Potential
value. ΓΧ Gamma Experts


Four Layers in Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Depth
z0
1825
1870
2005
z
2040
Ψ = 1800 psi Pressure

Potential ΓΧ Gamma Experts

Depth
Four Layers Affected
by Differential Depletion z0 Original pressure gradient
A
What will be the crossflow
pattern in this well?
B
- Well flowing?
- Well shut-in? C
D
z
Original
hydrostatic potential

Potential
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Flowing Crossflow Pattern Depth
in Depleted Layers
z0 Original pressure gradient
A
pattern in this flowing well?
Answer: B
C
Flowing
wellbore pressure
D
z
Original
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in Depleted Layers
A
Each of A, C and D will
produce.
B will take some fluid. B
C
In order to get B to also
Flowing
produce, the flowing pressure wellbore pressure
must be reduced further. D
z
The same conclusion can be Original
reached by analyzing the hydrostatic potential
hydrostatic potential values.
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in Depleted Layers
A
Each of A, C and D will
produce.
B will take some fluid. B

Flowing well C
In order to get B to also hydrostatic
potential
produce, the flowing pressure
must be reduced further. D
z
Original
Ψ = 1800 psi Potential
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Shut-in Crossflow Pattern Depth
in Depleted Layers
A
pattern in this shut-in well?
Answer: B
C
Shut-in
wellbore pressure
D
z
Original
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in Depleted Layers
A
C will flow into B.
A and D will be about neutral.

B
The same conclusion can be C
reached by analyzing the
Shut-in
hydrostatic potential values. wellbore pressure
D
z
Original
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in Depleted Layers
A
C will flow into B.
A and D will be about neutral.

B
D
z
Original
Shut-in well Ψ = 1800 psi Potential

hydrostatic
potential ΓΧ Gamma Experts

Exercise: Calculation of the Hydrostatic Potential
Example:
P = 2335 psi
z – z0 = 500 ft Ψ = P – ρg (z – z0)
ρ = 0.785 g/cm3
or
Answer?
Ψ = P – .433ρ (z – z0)
(The gradient of water is 0.433 psi per foot)
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Exercise: Calculation of the Hydrostatic Potential
Example:
P = 2335 psi
z – z0 = 500 ft Ψ = P – ρg (z – z0)
ρ = 0.785 g/cm3
or
Answer:
Ψ = P – .433ρ (z – z0)
Ψ = 2335 – 0.785 x 500 x 0.433
Ψ= 2335 – 170
(The gradient of water is 0.433 psi per foot)
Ψ = 2165 psi
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Layer Pressures
from
Selective Inflow Performance
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Single Layer Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)
Pressure The Inflow Performance

of a well represents its
Pr ability to produce the
reservoir fluids.
1/PI
The IPR represents the
Pwf
reservoir performance in
a P vs Q plane. The IPR
IP has a slope equal to 1/PI.
R
Q
PI = . AOF
(Pr - Pwf)
1 atm.
Q
Rate ΓΧ Gamma Experts

Layer IPRs for a System in Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Pressure
(datum corrected)
Pr
1/PI
Pwf
IPR
Zone A Zone B Zone C
Qa Qb Qc
Rate ΓΧ Gamma Experts

Multi-Rate PL Data with SIP Plot
SELECTIVE INFLOW PERFORMANCE (SIP)
L8-14 Wintershall Noordzee BV
480
470 4196-4206m
4216-4230m
460
4233-4245m
450 4247-4252m
4212-4231m
440
4232-4252m
Linear (4216-4230m )
430
Linear (4212-4231m )
420 Linear (4232-4252m )
Linear (4196-4206m )
410
400
390
Pressure (bar)
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
-250 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
Flow rate at dow nhole conditions (m 3/d)
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SIP on a High Rate Producer
Shut-in
52000 B/D
84000 B/D
145000 B/D
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Wellbore Pressure and Crossflow Rates when Shutting-in
Pressure
(datum corrected)
P1
Pwf Pwf is such that (+ Q – Q) = 0
P2
Zone A Zone B
-Q +Q Rate ΓΧ Gamma Experts


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PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING

Determination of Reservoir Pressure

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

• From field production data (average reservoir pressure)

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

The average reservoir pressure in a

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

Using updated single well reservoir pressures over the

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

The reservoir pressure, and the drainage

- Semi-steady-state flow regime (linear

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

where tp is the production (drawdown) time at rate Q.

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

The Matthews, Brons and Hazebroek (MBH) method consists

The MBH plot provides the value of P* - Pavg, where P* is

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

Considering a single flow period of duration tp:

∆pBu= pi− pwf +∆pDd(∆t )−∆pDd(tp+∆t )

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

For a single flow period, the superposition

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

When the pressures are plotted versus

On a semi-log plot, the extrapolated

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

Optical Fluid Analyzer

1955 - 1975 1975 - Present 1991 - Present

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

If the pretest buildup pressure stabilizes,

If the pressure does not stabilize, the

The same restrictions to the validity of

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

• The rise depends

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

• rcap = 0.001 mm Po − Pw = Pc = ∆ρgH

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

• rcap = 0.001 mm Po − Pw = Pc = ∆ρgH

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

Supercharging is the extra

8450 Supercharged mud and formation

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

Vprobe = Vhyd LINE

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

Test No Packer Depth Overbalance Packer Pressure Probe Pressure Drawdown

September 2002 Yves Chauvel

September 2002 Yves Chauvel