Climate change : Most pressing issue

Global Warming : a natural extension of climate change

Climate Change – Challenges and Recommendations

Climate change is one of the most pressing concerns humanity is facing at large . A multitude of factors
lead to the situation where perpetual change in local , regional and global climate patterns is being
observed. This phenomenon has already adversely affected most part of the world and is in the process
of becoming more pronounced thereby causing further devastation in the long run. However, a well
thought-out course of action may change the course of events and clamp down on the lingering threat.

Effects/Conseuqences / Repurcussions/outcome / ramifications /results/

Examples of climate change include increases in global surface temperature (global warming), changes
in rainfall patterns, and changes in the frequency of extreme weather events. Changes in climate may be
due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due to human activities, e.g., changing the
composition of the atmosphere

Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat,[2] changes in the
timing of seasonal events[2] (e.g., earlier flowering of plants) Anthropogenic forcing has likely
contributed to some of the observed changes, including sea level rise, changes in climate extremes,
declines in Arctic sea ice extent and glacier retreat.[4]

Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels[10] might lead to global
warming of around 4 °C

Bioshpere:

Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced
diversity of ecosystems.[167] Rising temperatures have been found to push bees to their physiological
limits, and could cause the extinction of bee populations. A 2012 study concluded that continued ocean
uptake of CO2 affects the brains and central nervous system of certain fish species and this impacts their
ability to hear, smell, and evade predators.

Environmntal :

-Arctic sea ice decline, sea level rise, retreat of glaciers: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking
and thinning in a warm climate that has put the Arctic sea ice in a precarious position, it is now
vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies
-Projections suggest a probable increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather events,
such as heat waves.[180] Extreme weather, extreme events, tropical cyclones:

-Ecosystem changes, changes in ocean properties: Expansion of deserts in the subtropics is probably
linked to global warming.[17] The physical effect of global warming on oceans include an increase in
acidity, and a reduction of oxygen levels (ocean deoxygenation).

Social systems :

In small islands and mega deltas, inundation as a result of sea level rise is expected to threaten vital
infrastructure and human settlements.[202][203] This could lead to issues of homelessness in countries
with low-lying areas such as Bangladesh, as well as statelessness for populations in countries such as the
Maldives and Tuvalu

-Estimates in 2015 based on the IPCC A1B emission scenario from additional greenhouse gases released
from permafrost, found associated impact damages to the economy to be US$43 trillion

-Crop production will probably be negatively affected in low latitude countries, while effects at northern
latitudes may be positive or negative.

-hile crop production has increased in some mid-latitude regions such as the UK and Northeast China,
economic losses due to extreme weather events have increased globally.[

-Livelihoods of indigenous peoples of the Arctic have been altered by climate change, and there is
emerging evidence of climate change impacts on livelihoods of indigenous peoples in other region

- Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate variability and change because of multiple
existing stresses and low adaptive capacity.[221] Existing stresses include poverty, political conflicts, and
ecosystem degradation. By 2050, between 350 million and 600 million people are projected to
experience increased water stress due to climate change

Political effects of climate change:

Measures to stop climate change :

Social Measures

Several scientific studies have shown that when people, especially those living in developed countries
but more generally including all countries, wish to reduce their carbon footprint, there are four key
"high-impact" actions they can take:

- 1. Not having an additional child (58.6 tonnes CO2-equivalent emission reductions per year)

2. Living car-free (2.4 tonnes CO2)

3. Avoiding one round-trip transatlantic flight (1.6 tonnes)

4. Eating a plant-based diet (0.8 tonnes)

These appear to differ significantly from the popular advice for “greening” one's lifestyle, which seem to
fall mostly into the “low-impact” category: Replacing a typical car with a hybrid (0.52 tonnes); Washing
clothes in cold water (0.25 tonnes); Recycling (0.21 tonnes); Upgrading light bulbs (0.10 tonnes); etc. The
researchers found that public discourse on reducing one's carbon footprint overwhelmingly focuses on
low-impact behaviors, and that mention of the high-impact behaviors is almost non-existent in the
mainstream media, government publications, K-12 school textbooks, etc

The researchers added that “Our recommended high-impact actions are more effective than many more
commonly discussed options (e.g. eating a plant-based diet saves eight times more emissions than
upgrading light bulbs).

-Low carbon diet: Overall, food accounts for the largest share of consumption-based GHG emissions
with nearly 20% of the global carbon footprint, followed by housing, mobility, services, manufactured
products, and construction.

- Food and services are more significant in poor countries, while mobility and manufactured goods are
more significant in rich countries.[54]:327 A 2014 study into the real-life diets of British people estimates
their greenhouse gas contributions (CO2eq) to be: 7.19 kg/day for high meat-eaters through to 3.81
kg/day for vegetarians and 2.89 kg/day for vegans.[55] The widespread adoption of a vegetarian diet
could cut food-related greenhouse gas emissions by 63% by 2050.[56] China introduced new dietary
guidelines in 2016 which aim to cut meat consumption by 50% and thereby reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030

- Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
According to the International Energy Agency, improved energy efficiency in buildings, industrial
processes and transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help
control global emissions of greenhouse gases

public transport

- increasing fuel economy in automobiles (which includes the use of electric hybrids), charging plug-in
hybrids and electric cars by low-carbon electricity

-Community based Reforestation drive

Economic measures

- Climate change concerns[74][75][76] and the need to reduce carbon emissions are driving increasing
growth in the renewable energy industries. Low-carbon renewable energy replaces conventional fossil
fuels in three main areas: power generation, hot water/ space heating, and transport fuels.

-Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19% to supply global energy consumption. This
energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from burning biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass),
3.8% hydro electricity and 2% as electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass thermal power
plants.

- Renewable energy use has grown much faster than anyone anticipated.[83] The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to
integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand.
[84] At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy
contributing more than 20% of energy supply.

- Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide
(CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of
releasing it into the atmosphere. The IPCC estimates that the costs of halting global warming would
double without CCS.[197] The International Energy Agency says CCS is "the most important single new
technology for CO2 savings" in power generation and industry

- As of 2011, 118 countries have targets for their own renewable energy futures, and have enacted
wide-ranging public policies to promote renewables.[87][88] Leading renewable energy companies
include BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Suntech, Trina Solar,
Vestas, and Yingli.[89][90] Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily
social and political, not technol

- Coal to gas fuel switching

See also: Emission intensity

Most mitigation proposals imply—rather than directly state—an eventual reduction in global fossil fuel
production. Also proposed are direct quotas on global fossil fuel production.[153][154]

Natural gas emits far fewer greenhouse gases (i.e. CO2 and methane—CH4) than coal when burned at
power plants, but evidence has been emerging that this benefit could be completely negated by
methane leakage at gas drilling fields and other points in the supply chain.

-To create lasting climate change mitigation, the replacement of high carbon emission intensity power
sources, such as conventional fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—with low-carbon power sources is
required. Fossil fuels supply humanity with the vast majority of our energy demands, and at a growing
rate. In 2012 the IEA noted that coal accounted for half the increased energy use of the prior decade,
growing faster than all renewable energy sources.[36] Both hydroelectricity and nuclear power together
provide the majority of the generated low-carbon power fraction of global total power consumption.

-At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing
energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy. As the cost of reducing GHG
emissions in the electricity sector appears to be lower than in other sectors, such as in the
transportation sector, the electricity sector may deliver the largest proportional carbon reductions
under an economically efficient climate policy.[41]

-Many fossil fuel driven vehicles can be converted to use electricity, the US has the potential to supply
electricity for 73% of light duty vehicles (LDV), using overnight charging. The US average CO2 emissions
for a battery-electric car is 180 grams per mile vs 430 grams per mile for a gasoline car.[43] The
emissions would be displaced away from street level, where they have "high human-health implications.
Increased use of electricity "generation for meeting the future transportation load is primarily fossil-fuel
based", mostly natural gas, followed by coal,[44] but could also be met through nuclear, tidal,
hydroelectric and other sources.

-A range of energy technologies may contribute to climate change mitigation.[45] These include nuclear
power and renewable energy sources such as biomass, hydroelectricity, wind power, solar power,
geothermal power, ocean energy, and; the use of carbon sinks, and carbon capture and storage

include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to
low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.[

- Transportation emissions account for roughly 1/4 of emissions worldwide, and are even more
important in terms of impact in developed nations especially in North America and Australia. Many
citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often

- Activities that can contribute to N2O emissions include fertilizer usage, irrigation, and tillage. The
management of soils accounts for over half of the emissions from the Agriculture sector. Cattle
livestocks account for one third of emissions, through methane emissions. Manure management and
rice cultivation also produce gaseous emissions, Methods that significantly enhance carbon
sequestration in soil include no-till farming, residue mulching, cover cropping, and crop rotation, all of
which are more widely used in organic farming than in conventional farming.

Political measures

- A 2016 study concluded that taxes on meat and milk could simultaneously result in reduced
greenhouse gas emissions and healthier diets. The study analyzed surcharges of 40% on beef and 20%
on milk and suggests that an optimum plan would reduce emissions by 1 billion tonnes per year.[58][59]

-Carbon tax

-Incetivise renewable business industry

-Austerity Drive

- Another method being examined is to make carbon a new currency by introducing tradeable "personal
carbon credits". The idea being it will encourage and motivate individuals to reduce their 'carbon
footprint' by the way they live. Each citizen will receive a free annual quota of carbon that they can use
to travel, buy food, and go about their business

- Various organizations promote population control as a means for mitigating global warming.[238][239]
[240][241][242] Proposed measures include improving access to family planning and reproductive
health care and information, reducing natalistic politics, public education about the consequences of
continued population growth, and improving access of women to education and economic
opportunities.

-Plantation Drive

-Initiate Mass awareness

- Incentivising responsible consumption patterns

-Ban on plastic

-Solid waste management

- Effective urban planning to reduce sprawl aims to decrease Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT), lowering
emissions from transportation.

- Emissions from housing are substantial,[224] and government-supported energy efficiency

programmes can make a difference

- New buildings can be constructed using passive solar building design, low-energy building, or zero-
energy building techniques, using renewable heat sources. Existing buildings can be made more efficient
through the use of insulation, high-efficiency appliances (particularly hot water heaters and furnaces),
double- or triple-glazed gas-filled windows, external window shades, and building orientation and siting.
- CO2 is not the only GHG relevant to mitigation,[213] and governments have acted to regulate the
emissions of other GHGs emitted by human activities (anthropogenic GHGs). The emissions caps agreed
to by most developed countries under the Kyoto Protocol regulate the emissions of almost all the
anthropogenic GHGs.[214] These gases are CO2, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), the
hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

Ban on plastic

Lifestyle changes

Alternative energy

Responsible consumption

Austerity

Reduce C02 emissions

Carbon tax

Forestation and plantation

Solid waste management

Environmental policy

Green living through education

Dietary changes

Change to energy-efficient light bulbs.

Unplug computers, TVs and other electronics when you’re not using them.

Wash clothes in cold or warm (not hot) water.

Dryers are energy hogs, so hang dry when you can and use dryer balls when you can’t.

Install a programmable thermostat.

Look for the Energy Star label when buying new appliances.

Winterize your home to prevent heat from escaping.

Get a home or workplace energy audit to identify where you can make the most energy-saving gains.

Energy efficient business

 Eat meat-free meals.

Buy organic and local whenever possible.

Don’t waste food.

Grow your own.

As long as fossil fuels seem to be the cheapest energy to the public, they’ll keep using them.

Future climate change effects include rising sea levels, ocean acidification, regional changes to
precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics.

Future surface temperature increases are expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and
greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Regional precipitation effects include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves,
droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall.[

Effects directly significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and
the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels.

Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of ecosystems as they adapt to climate
change, with coral reefs,[21] mountain ecosystems, and arctic ecosystems most immediately
threatened.

Research

Electric cars

Responsible trading

Recycling
Throughout history, people and societies have adjusted to and coped with changes in climate and
extremes with varying degrees of success. Climate change (drought in particular) has been at least partly
responsible for the rise and fall of civilizations.

Climate change encompasses not only rising average temperatures but also extreme weather events,
shifting wildlife populations and habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts. All of these changes
are emerging as humans continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

Countries around the world acknowledged the imperative to act on climate change with the Paris
Agreement in 2015, making pledges to reduce greenhouse gas pollution. The Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC), which synthesizes the scientific consensus on the issue, has set a goal of
keeping warming under 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit) and pursuing an even lower warming cap of
1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 Fahrenheit).

Major countries are already falling behind on their pledges, according to a UN report issued at the end
of 2018, and emissions levels in 2030 need to be approximately 25 to 55 percent lower than they were
in 2017.

Scientists are also working on ways to sustainably produce hydrogen, most of which is currently derived
from natural gas, to feed zero-emission fuel cells for transportation and electricity. Other efforts are
aimed at building better batteries to store renewable energy; engineering a smarter electric grid; and
capturing carbon dioxide from power plants and other sources with the goal of storing it underground or
turning it into valuable products such as gasoline. Some people argue that nuclear power—despite
concerns over safety, water use, and toxic waste—should also be part of the solution, because nuclear
plants don't contribute any direct air pollution while operating.

More fanciful ideas for cooling the planet—so-called “geoengineering” schemes such as spraying
sunlight-reflecting aerosols into the air or blocking the sun with a giant space mirror—have largely been
dismissed because they may pose more environmental risks than proven benefits.

Some scientists call into question climate adaptation feasibility, with higher emissions scenarios,[29] or
the two degree temperature target.

Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing. A global 2015 Pew
Research Center report showed that a median of 54% of all respondents asked consider it "a very
serious problem." Significant regional differences exist, with Americans and Chinese (whose economies
are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions) among the least concerned.
Fossil fuel burning has produced about three-quarters of the increase in CO2 from human activity over
the past 20 years. The rest of this increase is caused mostly by changes in land-use, particularly
deforestation.[82] Another significant non-fuel source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is the calcination
of limestone for clinker production, a chemical process which releases CO2.[83] There are efforts to
develop types of cement that produce less CO2 but it is feared not enough is being done.

n 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that human-made carbon dioxide continues to increase
above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years; currently, about half of the carbon dioxide
released from the burning of fossil fuels is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans and remains in
the atmosphere

Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population
growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions

Emissions scenarios, estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases, have been
projected that depend upon uncertain economic, sociological, technological, and natural developments.
[95] In most scenarios, emissions continue to rise over the century, while in a few, emissions are
reduced.[96][97] Fossil fuel reserves are abundant, and will not limit carbon emissions in the 21st
century.[98] Emission scenarios, combined with modelling of the carbon cycle, have been used to
produce estimates of how atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases might change in the future.
Using the six IPCC SRES "marker" scenarios, models suggest that by the year 2100, the atmospheric
concentration of CO2 could range between 541 and 970 ppm

Indicators:

The 2018 National Climate Assessment concluded that the warming caused by greenhouse gases has
already led to worsening wildfires and crop failures, among other things, and that by century’s end,
effects like these could knock as much as 10 percent off the size of the American economy.

Political , economic and social obstacles and challenges associated with climate change that hamper
concrete plan and action on the climate crisis.

2019 was the year of Greta Thunberg, Extinction Rebellion and an uptick in climate action pledges by
governments across the globe. 
That would mean more than incrementally reducing emissions; it means keeping vast reserves of oil
already discovered in the ground. However, a well thought-out course of action may change the course
of events and clamp down on the lingering threat.

CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES

WHY HAVEN’T WE TACKLED CLIMATE CHANGE YET

HURDLES IN ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE

History is full of examples of how phenomenon’s virtues aren’t always guaranteed. While modernization
and advancement lead to socio-economic development , it has also been mainly responsible for one of
the most pressing concerns humanity is facing at large i.e. climate change.

Climate change refers to a long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an
increase in the average atmospheric temperature due to global warming. The terms climate change and
global are commonly used interchangeably in that context. A multitude of factors lead to the situation
where perpetual change in local , regional and global climate patterns is being observed. This
phenomenon has already adversely affected most part of the world and is in the process of becoming
more pronounced thereby causing further devastation in the long run..

According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), the U.N.’s climate-science body, human
activities are estimated to have caused approximately 1.0°C of global warming above pre-industrial
levels, with a likely range of 0.8°C to 1.2°C. Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and
2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate. IPCC concluded in 2018 that countries must halve
their greenhouse-gas emissions by 2030 and hit net-zero emissions by 2050 to keep temperatures from
rising to levels that would bring a wide range of catastrophes. Owing to political , economic and social
factors , climate crisis is still largely unresolved

Emergence of short-sighted global leadership

In January 2019, the far-right populist Jair Bolsonaro took power in Brazil, posing an urgent threat to
Brazilians and to the planet. Bolsonaro has promised to open up the Amazon to rapid development and
deforestation, which would lead to the release of massive amounts of carbon into the air and the
destruction of one of the earth’s most potent tools in limiting global warming. Like President Trump,
Bolsonaro is making environmental decisions that could be calamitous far beyond national borders.

Repeated climate change denialism by U.S. President Donald Trump reflects the absence of able-minded
,farsighted and conscientious global political leadership . Trump-led administration has already
withdrawn from Paris Climate Agreement owing to political and economic motives. Trump has
escalated trade protectionism and in the process has resolved to protect American fossil fuel industry
which more or less engines the U.S economy.

Similarly , world witnessed the rise of Narendra Modi as a Prime Minister of India. Modi government’s
divisive and communal politics has drifted India away from its climate change commitments. As a
consequence , India ,as of now, is unable to play any meaningful role in addressing the climate crisis.
Despite pledges and commitments , Governments , so far, haven’t formulated concrete policy measures
and effectively implemented them

While there has been a surge in pledges , commitments and promises on part of governments across
the world to address climate change , little has been actually done or achieved on ground to combat the
climate crisis. In Britain, the ruling Conservatives announced a hugely ambitious carbon reduction plan,
enshrining into law a pledge to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, making Britain the first major
economy to do so. Some smaller countries, including Finland and Norway, are earmarking dates earlier
than 2050 to become net-zero greenhouse gas producers, but so far have not made their goals legally
binding.In America, an alliance of 24 states and Puerto Rico promised to uphold the goals of the Paris
Agreement on climate action, despite the Trump administration's withdrawal from the international
pact.

All these plans and pledges might seem music to ears but the fact that no serious effort has been put by
governments to actually arrest and reduce emission levels suggests governments’ inability to implement
measures that could result in observable improvement in climate change indicators . The levels of CO2
and other greenhouse gases have been steadily increasing. Fossil fuel industry is still being subsidized in
the major industrialized countries. The increase in average temperature of the Earth is showing no signs
of slowing down despite all the plans and pledges undertaken in more than two decades. Passionate
climate activitst like Greta Thundberg have repeatedly highlighted foot-dragging and indifference of
those at the helm of affairs.

Australia , for instance , expressed enthusiasm in playing its part in combating climate change . The
nation's target under the Paris Agreement - the global deal to tackle rising global temperatures - is a 26-
28% reduction in emissions by 2030. Some have criticised that as inadequate for a G20 country. Last
year, the UN reported that Australia - the world's largest coal exporter - was not on track to meet its
commitment.

For climate change activists and scientists , December 2019’s Madrid climate change conference
epitomized the foot-dragging and a failure to be truly aspirational in cutting emissions. For Greenpeace
and Extinction Rebellion activists in Britain and Australia, the key task for the Madrid gathering was to
unveil ambitious new goals and fossil-fuel-dependent countries, notably Brazil and Australia, flunked it,
they say. 

Issue of climate change is only being used to achieve political mileage in the developed world

From Britain to Germany, Europe's mainstream party leaders scrambled to respond to a surge in
electoral support for Green parties — and to growing public anxiety about the possible impact of climate
change. During European Parliament elections in June, 48 percent of voters identified climate change as
their top worry. Opinion polls in Germany for some weeks of 2019 put the Greens ahead of Chancellor
Angela Merkel's storied Christian Democratic Party, which, along with its junior partner in the country's
governing coalition, has been racing to sharpen climate policies.
Lack of global political unity in effectively combating climate crisis

In Europe, Central European governments sense the acute political danger to them and have been
resisting a European Union plan to join Britain in earmarking 2050 as the year the bloc has to be "net
zero."Poland has been especially vociferous in opposition. The country is heavily dependent on coal for
its energy needs and more than a quarter-million Polish jobs are tied to the fossil fuel industry. Without
coal, many towns in Poland will have no economic raison d'être. "You can't expect Poland to leap to zero
carbon in 30 years," according to Marchin Nowak, a coal industry executive.

Brazil and U.S have already expressed their reservations on Paris Agreement and plan to distance
themselves from any initiatives on climate change that threaten their interests. It is not incorrect to
assume that many countries would follow suit and exhibit similar laxity in effectively combating climate
change. Without global political unity , chances of any meaningful action on climate is far-fetched.

For most countries , national interests prevail over greater good

Often, the cost of emission reduction policies run counter to state political priorities - especially the
wealthy ones. Currently, China, the United States, India, and Russia are the top emitters of carbon
dioxide (respectively). As the leading exporters of natural gas and oil, a global agreement to cut
emissions means a decreased demand in fossil fuels and a significant hit to their economies. Similarly,
China and India rely on these exports to maintain their accelerating production. In fact, they are the
second and third greatest consumers of oil. These four countries are not only related in their reliance on
fossil fuels but in their economic dominance and military prowess. As a result, these governments
dominate the international negotiation table and notoriously hinder climate change mitigation efforts.

The Russian Federation is one of few countries projected to experience a net benefit from climate
change. Besides an evolution of agricultural land from a thawing tundra, Russia is at the forefront of
today’s largest race for natural resources.

Over the past three decades, the Arctic has lost 95 percent of its oldest ice. While this melting has
severe environmental and health consequences, Russia, along with other Nordic countries (and China),
are engrossed in its untapped economic potential. The Northwest Passage, a once fabled shipping route,
is soon to become a trade artery between major economic powers - the United States, China, Russia,
and the European Union. Additionally, the potential for ice-free summers allows access to 13 percent of
Earth’s oil and 30 percent of its natural gas reserves. The Kremlin has invested billions of dollars to
harness this mineral capital and geopolitical power.

As the third leading producer of the world’s oil and frontrunner in the natural resource race, the Russian
Federation has little incentive to participate in climate mitigation policy that (1) targets its primary
source of revenue and (2) protects the region Russia seeks to profit from. Ultimately, the Russian
government continues to sacrifice the environment for these fundamental reasons .
Continuous resistance and reservations by fossil fuel industries

Even as some fossil fuel companies have begun to acknowledge climate change and claim to support
climate policy, many still do not back up their words with consistent action. In other words, fossil fuel
companies have a habit of saying one thing while doing another. The fossil fuel companies have a well-
documented history of involvement with spreading climate disinformation and seeking to block climate
action, as exemplified by a 1998 internal memo written by a team convened by the American Petroleum
Institute .

Misrepresentation of climate science and climate risks is getting fossil fuel companies into legal trouble,
drawing parallels with the litigation against the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries. ExxonMobil, for
example, was recently sued by the Massachusetts attorney general for misleading investors and
engaging in deceptive advertising to consumers—including “greenwashing” campaigns that portray the
company as a clean energy innovator. The environmental law organization Client Earth has filed a
complaint against BP, saying that the fossil fuel company’s global ad campaign is misleading consumers
by falsely claiming that the company is focused on renewable energy and climate solutions.

Many continue to earn distrust. For example, the oil industry—led by Climate Leadership Council
founding member BP and other companies that claim to support a price on carbon—bankrolled the
successful campaign against a proposed carbon fee in Washington state in 2018.

Investment in alternative energy , though increased , is still limited

Owing to the profitability and reliability guaranteed by the fossil fuels , few industries have substantially
ventured into harvesting clean energy and renewables to meet the energy needs of the world. While
there has been a surge is start-ups related to clean energy , no renewable renewables company stands
close to traditional fossil fuel companies in terms of scale , scope and revenue.

Lack of resources in developing countries impede their ability to tackle climate crisis

Developing countries are most vulnerable to the devastating impact of climate change. However, due
lack of intellectual , infrastructural and financial resources in the developing world , they have been
unable to develop coordinated action plan against climate crisis.

General ignorance of climate change in the developing region:

In developing parts of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa , terms like climate change and global warming have
still not become a part of their vocabulary unlike Western world where these terms are buzzwords.
There are various reasons as to why there has been general ignorance of climate change global warming
in the developing region.

Issues like military conflicts , terrorism ,civil and political unrest tend to overshadow and undermine
climate crisis and global warming

World has been embroiled in all sorts of military conflicts , civil and political unrest since long. Because
the threats posed by them feels imminent , these issues occupy the minds of general populace for the
most part. Climate change , on the other hand , feels imperceptible since laymen cannot identify the
common links among different natural calamities occurring in different parts of the world .
Conclusion:

-World is still far away from carving out actionable measures against climate change.

Climate Destruction exacerbates human right abuses

Climate Change threatens Farming and Fishing Industry

Exacerbation of global migration crisis

Smaller

Dearth of proper research and policy framework in developing countries

Eruption of Political and diplomatic conflicts because of migration

Before industrialization , there was no substantial burning of fossil fuels

Deforestation: Three major areas in the world Amazoon basin in Brazil ,, Congo basin in Africa
,equatorial forests in Malaysia and Indonesia
Farming will be affected the most

Fossil fuel industry

Ending climate change requires the end of capitalism

Developed countries speak on climate change to achieve political mileage withour actually doing
anything