Management of International

Health and Safety

Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety

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 Learning Outcomes
GWG ▪ Outline the nature and scope of occupational health and
safety.
▪ Explain the reasons for managing health and safety in the
workplace.
▪ Explain the role of national governments and international
bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of health
and safety.

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 Unit IGC1: Element 1.1

GWG

The Nature and Scope of

Occupational Heath and Safety

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 Nature of Health and Safety

❖Occupational health and safety involves many fields, each of

GWG these have an overall aim to:
•Promote and maintain the wellbeing of employees
•Protect the safety and health of staff and others
•Provide suitable and sufficient welfare facilities
•Establish a management framework to develop, implement and
review polices

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 Nature of Health and Safety

GWG
Successful health and safety practice involves
collaboration and coordination of
➢Governments
➢Employers
➢Employees

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 Barriers to Health and Safety Standards

▪ Complexity of Workplaces
➢ Workplaces can be complicated
GWG
o Many people, different activities carried
➢ Identifying specific solution can be complicated
o Lack of knowledge & awareness
▪ Conflicting Demands
➢ Timescales
➢ Budgets
➢ Standards
▪ Behavioural Issues

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 Meanings and Definitions

Health:
GWG ➢ The protection of people from illness resulting
from exposure to hazardous substances and
materials.
E.g. Occupational health Issues:
• Exposure to hazardous chemicals
• Repetitive assembly work
• Exposure to noise, vibration and radiations
• Exposure to asbestos fibres

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 Meanings and Definitions

Safety:
GWG ➢ The protection of people from physical injury.
E.g. Safety accidents:
• Slips, trips & fall
• Falls from height
• Struck by vehicles
• Contact with electricity

The borderline between health and safety is ill-defined

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 Meanings and Definitions
Welfare:
GWG
➢ Providing facilities for the well-being of people in
the workplace.
Facilities includes:
• Washing & sanitation arrangements
• Provision of drinking water
• Heating
• Lighting
• Accommodation for clothing
• Seating
• First aid arrangements

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 End-of-Section Quiz
GWG
Outline the potential barriers to achieving the good
standards of health and safety.

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 Unit IGC1: Element 1.2

GWG

Reasons for Managing Heath

and Safety

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 The Size of the Problem
❖The ILO approximates 2.3 million women and men
worldwide gets killed due to job-related accidents or
GWG
diseases every year.

❖Consequences of accidents and ill health to an

Organization,
➢low staff morale
➢loss of productivity
➢costs incurred

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 The Size of the Problem
Consequences of accidents and ill health for the
employees,
GWG ➢Physical & mental ill-health
➢Financial losses

Health issues are given less priority than safety issues,

✓accidents are visible & dramatic
✓most health problems are chronic

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 Societal Expectations on Health and Safety

❖The development of the worldwide economy has

GWG resulted in,
➢increasing public concern about organisation activities
➢decline in trust

❖Employers to provide a safe and healthy workplace to

workers, contractors or the general public & protecting
the environment.

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 Reasons for Managing Health and Safety

GWG The THREE main drivers for maintaining health

and safety:
❖Moral - humanitarian reasons

❖Legal - to avoid prosecution and compensation claims

❖Financial - the costs of accident and ill-health

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 Reasons for Managing Health and Safety

GWG Moral Reasons

❖Employers to ensure safety of workers and others by
providing
▪Safe Place of Work
▪Safe Equipment & Substances
▪Safe System of Work
▪Safe Instruction, training and supervision

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 Reasons for Managing Health and Safety

GWG Legal Reasons

❖Purpose of law is to control
✓anti-social behavior
✓regulate conduct of society
✓resolve conflict
✓set standards for behavior

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 Reasons for Managing Health and Safety

GWG ❖Consequences of non-compliance

▪Fines
▪jail

❖Levels of Statutory Duties

▪Absolute Duty
▪ Practicable
▪ Reasonably Practicable

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 Reasons for Managing Health and Safety

GWG Financial Reasons

▪Accidents and ill-health are costly
▪Can put an Organisation out of business

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 The Business Case for Managing Health and
Safety
GWG ❖Direct Costs
▪Costs which are directly related to the accident and may
be insured or uninsured.

❖Indirect costs
▪Those which arise indirectly as a consequence of the
event.
▪They are often difficult to quantify precisely and may be
hard to identify.

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 The Business Case for Managing Health and
Safety
Direct Costs (Insured)
GWG
•Employers and third party liability claims
•Property damage recovery
•Any issues which are attributable production and/or
general business loss
•A cumulative business loss
•Product or process liability claims
•Recruitment of certain replacement staff

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 The Business Case for Managing Health and
Safety
InDirect Costs (Uninsured)
GWG
•Fines from enforcement agencies
•Sick pay
•Damages not directly attributable to the accident
•Insurance Premium increases
•Excess paid for the insurance claims
•Legal representation following any compensation claim
•Loss of reputation and company image
•Investigation time
•Production delays
•Lost time for other employees
•Loss of staff morale
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 The Business Case for Managing Health and
Safety
Insured and Uninsured costs
GWG
▪Insurance policies do not cover
everything
£1
▪Uninsured costs were between 8 and
36 times greater than the costs of
insured costs
£8 - £36

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 End-of-Section Quiz
GWG
Outline the social reasons for maintaining and promoting
good standards of health and safety in the workplace

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 Unit IGC1: Element 1.3

GWG

Regulating Health and Safety

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 Employers Responsibilities
ILO C155 Section 5 and 15 requires employers to:
▪ Carry out risk assessments
GWG
▪ Provision of and information, instructions, training and supervision
▪ Consult with employees on health and safety issues
▪ Provide personal protective equipment to prevent exposure to harm
▪ Select competent individual to help fulfill the health and safety duties
▪ Write and publish a health and safety policy describing how health and
safety will be managed
▪ Provide workplace facilities to all employees including people with
disabilities

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 Worker’s Responsibilities and Rights
Responsibilities of Workers
▪ Looking after their own health and safety as well as that of people who
GWG may be affected by their action or inaction.
▪ Co-operate and collaborate with others on health and safety
▪ Do not interfere with, or misuse, anything provided for their health,
safety or welfare
▪ Adhere and follow the training received

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 Worker’s Responsibilities and Rights
Worker Rights
▪ Work only in places where all the hazards and risks to health and safety
GWG are adequately controlled
▪ Stop and refuse to work and leave the area if they think that they are in
danger
▪ Be consulted on issues concerning to their health and safety at work
▪ Contact the local authority if they want to raise safety concerns,
without getting into trouble
▪ Enroll in a trade union and be a safety representative
▪ Adequate welfare and first-aid facilities

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 Role of Enforcement Agencies
❖There is no harmonized global standard for the enforcement
of health and safety law
GWG
❖Each country has their own enforcement systems
❖Enforcement action depends on the gravity of the non-
compliance
➢Informal - provision of health and safety related advice and guidance
➢Formal
▪Issuing of a formal caution
▪Issuing legal mandates to comply with legislation
▪Issuing legal mandates to stop dangerous activities
▪Prosecution

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 Role of Enforcement Agencies
For formal actions, an appeal can be made against one of the
following three things:
GWG
➢The service of a Prohibition Notice
➢The contents
➢The time limit given for compliance

An industrial tribunal can do one of the following three things:

➢Cancel the notice
➢Affirm it
➢Affirm it with modifications

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 International Standards and Conventions
Occupational safety and health refers to two distinct types of
rules
GWG
▪ Labour Standards
▪ Product Standards

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 International Standards and Conventions
International and National Standards
❖National Standards
GWG ▪BS EN 394 – Safety of packaging machines

❖The International Labour Organisation (ILO)

▪Affiliated to the United Nations (UN), founded in 1919
▪Sets international standards for H&S by publishing
✓Conventions
✓Recommendations
✓Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Management Systems

❖The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)

▪ISO 9000 series: Quality Management Systems
▪ISO 14001 2004: Environmental Management Systems

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 Sources of Information on National and
International Standards
➢Each country has a range of information relating to the health, safety
and welfare standards.
GWG
➢Employers should be well informed of health and safety information
because
•The Law within their own Country may have changed
•New substances and technologies are continually being produced and
the employer needs to be aware of the possible hazards
•Information on health and safety is constantly evolving in the light of
new medical information

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 Sources of Information on National and
International Standards

GWG Sources can be

• Internal
• External
... to the organisation

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 Sources of Information on National and
International Standards
Internal External
• Risk assessments •Governmental organisations
GWG • Inspection reports •Professional institutions
• Accident/incident records •International Standards
• Medical records Organisation (ISO)
• Safety representatives •Suppliers and manufacturers
• Safety Committee reports •Consultants and specialists
• Company safety policy
•Insurance Companies
• Maintenance reports
•The HSE website (UK)
• Accident Incidence Rates
•The U.S. Department of Labor
• Safety Audit reports
OSHA website (USA)
• Compliance data
•The ILO website

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