MS. NIŇA A.

SAMPAGA
Subject Teacher
Module Learning Competencies:
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
a. Evaluate a function.
b. Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
composition of functions.
c. Solve problems involving functions.
d. Identify a polynomial Functions.
e. Distinguish a Polynomial Function from among different types of
functions.
f. Determine the degree of polynomial function.
g. Determine the value of the function with the use of the Remainder
Theorem.
 PRE-TEST
Solve the following expression. 6. Find the algebraic expansion of the
1. Simplify expression:
12x + 4x - 15 at x= 2
3+4(5+6) - 25(4-3(2))
2. Simplify 7. Simply

3+4(5-6(2-4)/5-3(2) 12 + 46(8+ 28) - 25(17-9(4))

8. Simply
3. Evaluate
3x² + 4x - 5 19-6(7+6(9-3))/ 6-4(2)
When x = 4 9. Evaluate
4. Evaluate 5x² + 16x -46
2x² + 13x - 4/ x-2 it When x = 3
When x = 3 10. Simplify
5. Solve for x when x = -1 16+5(82-56(6-4))
6 + 2x - x/x-2
✓FUNCTIONS
❖ Mathematical models or equations provide the relationship between
two or more variables. Among the mathematical models, the relation is
formed if one variable is associated with another variable. Independent
variables are quantities that change it's values based on natural
phenomena. Dependent variables, on the other hand, are quantities that
change it's values by changing the magnitude of the independent
variable. A special type of relation between two variables is called a
function.
❖ A function is a relation between a dependent and independent
variable/s wherein for every value of the dependent variable where the
function is defined, there exist a unique or a single value of the dependent
variable.
❖ A relation is a rule that relates from a set of values (called the domain)
to a second set of values (called the range)
WAYS OF REPRESENTING FUNCTIONS
Let x be the first variable or the independent variable and y be
the second variable or the dependent variable, the different
ways of writing y = f(x),y as a function of x. The different ways
of expressing f(x) (being as read as f of x) are as follows:

1. ORDERED PAIR (x, f(x))

2. EQUATION y = f(x)
3. TABLE
4. MAPPING
5. GRAPHING
1. ORDERED PAIR (x, f(x))

Example 1: Which of the following relations are functions?

f = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,5),(4,7)}
g = {(1,3),(1,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,7)}
h = {(1,3),(2,6),(3,9),...,(n,3n),...}
Solution:
The relations f and h are functions because no two ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-value. Meanwhile, g is not a function
because (1,3) and (1,4) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but
different y-value.

Example 2: x -2 -1 0 1 2

f(x) -6 -6 -4 0 6
2. EQUATION y = f(x)

➢ When all the points have been identified or the relationship between
the variables have been directly associated, the function can be
expressed in terms of an equation written explicitly, as y = f(x), where
the dependent variable y or f(x) is written in the left side and the a
mathematical expression with the variable in terms of the dependent
variable x is written on the right side.

Equation: f(x) = x +3x-4

for x= -2,-1,0,1,2
a) f(-2) = (-2)+3(-2)-4
b) f(-1) = (-1) +3(-1)-4
c) f(0) = (0) +3(0)-4
d) f(1) = (1) +3(1)-4
e) f(2) = (2) +3(2)-4
3. TABLE
➢ All the points in the ordered pairs can be tabulated using two rows; the
independent variable and the dependent variable to show the
relationship between the two variables.
Example: Express the function: f(x) = x² + 3x - 4
for x = -2,-1,0,1,2 in various forms.
Solution:
Tabular form: Independent Solution Dependent
variable Variable
X f(x) y
-2 (-2)² + 3(-2) -4 -6
-1 (-2)² + 3(-2)-4 -6
0 (0) + 3(0) -4 -4
1 (1) + 3(1)-4 0
2 (2)² +3(2)-4 6
4. MAPPING

➢ In the tabular form of representing the functions, the possible values of x

and y are arrange in chronological order and lines from the
independent variable is drawn going to it's corresponding dependent
variable.

-2
-1 -6

0 -4

1 0

2 6
EXERCISE:
Express the function.
1. f(x)= 2x² + 4x -9 for x = -2,-1,0,1,2
2. f(x)= 12x² - 8x + 3 for x = -3,-2,-1,0,1
3. f(x)= 8x² + 3x + 5 for x = -1,0,1,2,3
4. f(x)= x² + 7x - 4 for x = -2,-1,0,1,2
5. f(x) = 3x² + 10x - 6 for x = -3,-2,-1,0,1
EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS
It means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a value from the
function's domain computing for the result. To denote that we are evaluating f at x for
some in the domain of f, we write f(x).
✓ When evaluating a function at the given point, the following procedure may be
considered:
1. Identify the independent variable and replace each independent variable by a
pair of parenthesis.
2. Plug in the given value of independent variable to the equation and simply the
expression using PEMDAS rule (Grouping Symbol first (P), followed by exponentiation (E),
then by Multiplication and Division with the same precedence (MD) and then by
Addition and Subtraction with the same precedence (AS).
4. Ensure that there is no violation of rules in algebra like division by 0, and negative
radicand for even indexed radicals.
 Example 1.
Evaluate the following functions at x = 1.5
(g) f(x) = 2x + 1
(h) g(x) = x² - 2x +2
(i) g(x) = 𝑥 + 1
2𝑥+1
(j) r(x) =
𝑥−1

(k) f(x) = [x] + 1, where [x] is greatest integer function.

Solutions:
Substituting 1.5 for x in the functions above, we have:
(g) f(1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4
(h) g (1.5) = (1.5)2 - 2(1.5) + 2 =2.25-3+2= 1.25
(i) g(1.5) = 1.5 + 1 = 2.5
2 1.5 +1 3+1
(j) r(1.5) = = =8
1.5 −1 0.5

(k) f(1.5) = [1.5] + 1= 1+1=2

Example 2.
Evaluate the following functions at x=3
(a) f(x)= x-3
(b) g(x)= x - 3x +5
3
(c) h(x) = 𝑥3 + 𝑥 + 3
𝑥 2 +1
(d) p(x) =
𝑥−1

(e) f(x) = |x-5| where |x-5| means the absolute value of x-5
Solutions:
(a) f(3) = 3-3=0
(b) g(3) = (3)² - 3(3) + 5 = 9 - 9 + 5 = 5
3
(c) h(3) = (3)3 +3 + 3 = 27 + 6 = 33
3 3

(3)2 +1 10
(d) p(3) = = =-10
3−4 −1

(e) f(3) = | 3-5 |= |-2| = 2

CHECK POINT
A. Determine the domain and range of the following functions.
1. S = {(1,2), (3,5), (4,8), (2,9), (5,11)}
2. S = {(-5,8), (-3,2), (-1,9), (1,7), (3,11)}
3. S = {(-2,6), ( -1,5), (0,6), (1,8), (2,9)}
4. S = {(1,2), (4,8), (2,1), (3,9), (2,1)}
5. S = {(3,5), (1,8), (-2,6), (-5,3)}
B. Evaluate the following functions at the given conditions:
1. f(x) = 2x² - 3x +5
a. f(1)
b. f(-2)
c. f(-3)
d. f(a)
2. f(x) = 𝒙 + 𝟒
a. f(5)
b. f(-3)
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS BETWEEN FUNCTIONS

✓ ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

a. Find the least common denominator (LCD) of both fractions.
b. Rewrite the fractions as equivalent fractions with the same LCD.
c. The LCD is the denominator of the resulting fraction.
d. The sum or difference of the numerators is the numerator of the
resulting fraction..
Example 1.
Find the sum of 1/3 and 2/5
Solution:
The LCD of the two fractions is 15.
1/3 + 2/5 = 5+6/15 = 11/15

Example 2.
1 2
Find the sum of and
𝑥−3 𝑥−5

Solution:
The LCD of the two fractions is (x-3) (x- 5) or x² - 8x + 15.

1 2 𝑥−5 2(𝑥−3) 𝑥−5+2𝑥−6 3𝑥−11

= + = + = =
𝑥−3 𝑥 −5 𝑥 2 −8𝑥+15 𝑥 2 −8𝑥+15 𝑥 2 −8𝑥+15 𝑥 2 −8𝑥+15
✓ MULTIPLICATION
a. Rewrite the numerator and denominator in terms of its prime
factors.
b. Common factors in the numerator and denominator can be
simplified as " 1" (this is often called "cancelling").
c. Multiply the numerators together to get a new numerator.
d. Multiply the denominators together to get a new denominators.
Example 1.
Find the product of 10/21 and 15/8. Use the cancellation of factors
when convenient.
Solution:
Express the numerators and denominators of the two fractions into
their prime factors. Multiply and cancel out common factors in the
numerator and denominator to reduce the final answer to lowest
terms.
10 15 2 ·5 3 ·5 2·5·3·5 25
. = · = =
21 8 3 ·7 2·2·2 3·7·2·2·2 28
Example 2.
𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
Find the product of and
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−10

Solution:
Express the numerators and denominators of the two rational
expressions into their prime factors. Multiply and cancel out
common factors in the numerator and denominator to
reduce the final answer to lowest terms.
 ∆ Note the similarity in the process between this example and the
previous one on fractions.

𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−5) (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)

· = ·
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−10 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−1) (𝑥−5)(𝑥+2)

(𝑥+1)(𝑥−5)(𝑥+2)(𝑥−3)
=
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−1)(𝑥−5)(𝑥+2)

(𝑥+1)(𝑥−3)
=
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)

𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3
=
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
✓ DIVISION
To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the
reciprocal of the divisor.
Example 1.
2𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8
Divide by
2𝑥 2 +7𝑥+5 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥−20

Solution:
2𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8 2𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥−20
÷ = ·
2𝑥 2 +7𝑥+5 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥−8 2𝑥 2 +7𝑥+5 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8

(2𝑥−3)(𝑥+2) (𝑥−4)(2𝑥+5)
= ·
(2𝑥+5)(𝑥+1) (𝑥+2)(𝑥−4)

(2𝑥−3)(𝑥+2)(𝑥−4)(2𝑥+5)
=
2𝑥+5 𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥−4

2𝑥−3
=
𝑥+1
✓ Let f and g be functions:
1. Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function denoted by (f + g)(x) = f(x)
+ g(x).
2. Their difference, denoted by f - g, is the function denoted by (f - g)(x)
= f(x) - g(x).
3. Their product, denoted by f•g, is the function denoted by (f•g)(x) =
f(x) • g(x).
4. Their quotient, denoted by f/g, is the function denoted by ( f/g)/(x) =
f(x)/g(x), excluding the values of x where g(x) =0.
 Use the following functions below
for example 1. Example 1
° f(x) = x + 3 Determine the following
° p(x) = 2x - 7 functions.
° v(x) = x² + 5x + 4 (a) (v + g)(x)
° g(x) = x² + 2x - 8 (b) (f•p)(x)

° h(x) =
𝑥+7 (c) (f +h)(x)
2−𝑥
𝑥−2
(d) (p- h)(x)
° t(x) =
𝑥+3
(e) (v/g)(x)
Solutions:
(a) (v + g)(x) = (x² + 5x + 4) + (x² + 2x - 8) = x² + 5x + 4 + x² + 2x - 8 = x² +
7x - 4
(b) (f•p)(x) = (x + 3)(2x - 7) = 2x² - 7x + 6x - 21 = 2x² - x - 21
𝑥+7 2𝑥+6−𝑥 2 −3𝑥+𝑥+7
(c) (f +h)(x) = (x+3)+ =
2−𝑥 2−𝑥

−𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3𝑥+𝑥+6+7
=
−𝑥 2 +2

−𝑥 2 +13
= -1
−𝑥+2

𝑥 2 −13
=
𝑥−2
(d) (p-f)(x) = (2x - 7) - (x + 3) = 2x - 7 - x - 3 = 2x - 10
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+4
(e) (v/g)(x) = (x² + 5x + 4) ÷ (x² + 2x - 8) =
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8

: Use the following functions for example 2-7

° f(x) = 2x + 1
° q(x) = x² - 2x + 2
2𝑥+1
° r(x) =
𝑥−1
Example 2
Express the function f1(x) = x² + 3 as a sum or difference of the
functions above.
Solution:
The solution can involve some trial and error. Add q(x) and
f(x) and check if the sum is x² + 3.
q(x) + f(x) = (x² - 2x + 2) + (2x + 1) = x² + 3 = f1(x)

Thus f1(x) = q(x) + f(x) ✓

Example 3
Express the function f2(x) = x² - 4x + 1 as the sum or
difference of the given functions.
Solution:
Again, the solution can involve trial and error. Check if q(x) -
f(x) gives x² - 4x + 1.
q(x) - f(x) = (x² - 2x + 2) - (2x + 1) = x² - 2x + 2 - 2x - 1= x² - 4x +
1 = f2(x)
Thus f2(x) = q(x) - f(x)✓
Example 4
2𝑥 2 +𝑥
Express the function f3(x) = as a sum or difference of the given
𝑥−1
functions.
Solution:
2𝑥 2 +𝑥 2𝑥+1
Because has (x-1) as a denominator, the r(x) must be one of the
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
functions in our solutions. Let us try to add f(x) and r(x):

2𝑥+1 2𝑥+1 𝑥−1 +2𝑥+1 2𝑥 2 −2𝑥+𝑥−1+(2𝑥+1)

f(x) + r(x) = 2x+1+ = =
𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1

2𝑥 2 −𝑥−1+2𝑥+1
=
𝑥−1
2𝑥 2 +𝑥
✓ f3(x) =
𝑥−1
 Example 5
Write down the answers from the previous items in the
notation denoted in the definitions.
Solution:
(a)f1 (x) = q(x) + f(x) = (q+f)(x)
(b)f2 (x) = q(x) + f(x) = (q-f)(x)
(c)f3(x) = f(x) + r(x) = (f+r)(x)
= X2-2x+2

Example 6
Express the functions g1(x) = 2x3-3x2+2x+2 as a product or quotient for the
given functions.
Since 2x3- 3x2 +2x +2 is cubic then it is possibly the product of f(x) and g(x).
f(x)· g(x) = (2x + 1)(x2 - 2x + x)
SOLUTION: X2 - 2x + 2
2x + 1
2x3-4x2+4x+x2-2x+2
g1(x)=2x3-3x2+2x +2

Thus g1(x)= f(x)· q(x) ✓

Example 7

Express the function g2(x)=x-1as a product or quotient of the given

functions.

Solution:

2𝑋+1
The function r(x) = involves x-1. The goal to get “get rid” of 2x+1. This
𝑋−1
is can be done by dividing f(x) by r(x):

𝑓(𝑥) 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥−1 2𝑥 + 1
= 2𝑥 + 1 ÷ = 2𝑥 + 1 ∙ = ∙ 𝑥−1 =𝑥−1
𝑟(𝑥) 𝑥−1 2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1
= 𝑔2 (𝑥)

Thus, g2(x)=f(x)/f(x) ✓
‣ Let f and g be functions. The composite functions denoted
by (f ∘ g)
Is defined by (f∘ g)(x)=f(g(x)). The process of obtaining a
composite function is called function composite.
For examples use the following functions:
° f(x)= 2x+1
° q(x)=x2 – 2x+2
° g(x)= 𝑥 + 1
° F(x) = [𝑥] + 1
2𝑥+1
° p(x)=
𝑥−1
 Example 1
Find and simplify (g ∘ f)(x).
Solution:

(g ∘ f)(x)= g(f(x))= 𝑓 𝑥 +1= 2𝑥 + 1 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 2

Example 2
Find and simplify (q ∘ f)(x).
Solution:
(q ∘ f))(x) = q(f(x))= [f(x)]2 - 2[f(x)] + 2 = (2x + 1)2 – 2(2x + 1) + 2
= (4x2 + 4x + 1) – (4x + 2) + 2
= 4x2 + 1
Example 3
Find and simplify (F ∘ p)(5)
Solution:
2 5 +1
(F ∘ p)(5) = F(p(5)) = [p(5)] + 1 = +1
5−1
11 11+4 15
= +1= =
4 4 4
DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Let f(x) = 3x2 – 2x – 1, and h(x) = f(x) + g(x).
a.(f-g)(x)
b.f (-1) · g(2) · h(0)
𝑔(𝑥)
c.
𝑓(𝑥)
d. ℎ 𝑥 − 1
e.f (3) + g(2)
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
❖ A function f(x) is a polynomial function of nth degree if f(x) is of the
form:
f (x) = anx2 + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a2x2 + a2x2 +a1x+a0
where all the coefficients a1 for I = 0,1,…,n are all real numbers and an
≠ 0 and n is any counting number.
Example
Identify the degree of the following polynomial functions:
a.f(x)=3x5 – x2 + 5x – 6
b.f(x)=2x6-3x4+ 7x3 – 2x+7
c.f(x)=3x4+6x6+7x9-2x2+6x+8
d.f(x)=8x2+3x4-x-9
e.f(x)=4x2-23x-5
REMAINDER THEOREM
❖ if a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-a),the remainder is f(a).
f(x)=(x-a)Q(x) + f(a)
❖ To find the remainder of a polynomial divided by some linear factor, we
usually use the method of Polynomial Long Division or Synthetic Division.
However, the concept of the Remainder Theorem provides us with a
straightforward way to calculate the remainder without going into the
hassle. Why? Take a look at the summary below.
❖ Remainder Theorem in a Nutshell
When the polynomial P\left( x \right)P(x) is divided by some linear factor in
the form of x - cx−c, then the remainder is simply the value
of P\left(\right)P(x) evaluated at cc.
In symbol,
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