Amazing Physics with Teacher Alina

PHYSICS
HANDBOOK
KSSM
FORMAT &
ANSWERING
TECHNIQUE
alinaimanarif
SECTION B & C
The BEST and most
BEAUTIFUL
1
things in the WORLD
cannot be SEEN
PART
or even HEARD,
but must be
FELT with the HEART
-HELEN KELLER-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
FORMAT KSSM 3
2
IDEA & CONCEPT (UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS) 5
3
COMPARISON 8
4
MODIFICATION (SECTION B) 12
5 DECISION MAKING (SECTION C) 16
6 CALCULATION 21
7 FULL FORMAT SECTION B 23
8 FULL FORMAT SECTION C 35
9 CHARACTERISTICS,
LEVEL & EXPLANATION
41
amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 2

SUBJECT PHYSICS: 4531
FORMAT KSSM 1
PAPER 1 PAPER 2 PAPER 3
ITEM
(4531/1) (4531/2) (4531/3)
TYPE OF Written Test Experiment Test
INSTRUMENT
40 SECTION A: 2 PRACTICAL tasks
structure: 8
(answer ALL questions)
(60 marks)
SECTION B:
NO. OF 2 questions
QUESTION (choose 1)
(20 marks)
SECTION C:
1 question
(20 marks)
TOTAL
40 100 30
MARKS
DURATION 1 Hour 15 Minutes 2 Hours 30 Minutes 1 Hour 30 Minutes
Recall Recall Recall

Understand Understand Understand
Apply Apply Apply
CONSTRUCT Analyse Analyse Scientific Process Skills
Evaluate Manipulation Process Skills
Invent by applying
The key to
success
is to start
before you
are ready
PHYSICS: 4531/2
Q1 Knowledge, understanding & application. [4 m]
SECTION A: Q5 Knowledge, understanding, application & conceptualize [8 m]
(Structure) Q6 Knowledge, understanding, application & conceptualize [8 m]
Q7 Knowledge, understanding, application & problem solving [10 m]
Q8 Knowledge, understanding, application & problem solving [12 m]
Knowledge [1 m]
SECTION B : Q 9 & Q 10
understanding [4 m]
conceptualize [5 m]
(Essay) problem solving [10 m]
SECTION C :
Knowledge [1 m]
(Essay) Q 11
Understanding [4 m]
Application (quantitative) [5 m]
Decision making [10 m]
WITHOUT FEAR
THERE CANNOT
BE COURAGE
2 IDEA & CONCEPT
UNDERSTANDING
Trial
QUESTIONS
MARA 2016
Diagram 1 shows a car collides with a tree.
Diagram 1
Using suitable physics concept, explain how the front bumper and airbag of a car helps the
driver to minimise the injury.
ANSWER:
• Bumper long and made from material easy to crumple
• Prolong the time of impact//reduced impulsive force
• Air bags released automatically on impact
• Reduced impulsive force exerted on the driver//increased time of impact
Trial
Diagram 2 show a pile driver used to drive
Terengganu a steel pile to the ground.
The force involved in driving the
2015 steel pile is impulsive force.
Diagram 2
Explain how the steel pile is driven to

the ground.
ANSWER:
• Both pile driver and steel pile are material with hard surface
• Place the pile driver at a certain height
• Release the pile driver onto the steel pile
• Short time of impact between the pile driver and the steel pile
• Produces high impulsive force to drive the pile into the ground

Example Diagram 3 shows a Taekwondo exponent smashing
a wooden block using his hand.
Diagram 3
Explain how the wooden block is smashed by the Taekwondo exponent.
ANSWER:
• The hand of the athlete is moving fast.
• The hand that hit the hard surface of the wood is stopped in split second.
• A high rate of the change in momentum is experience by the wood and the hand.
• A great impulsive force that is generated causes the wood to be broken.
Diagram 4 shows a thermometer clinic is used by

Example a doctor to check the temperature of a patient's body.
Diagram 3
Explain how a doctor

can check her
patient temperature.
ANSWER:
• When the thermometer is put under the tongue (thermal contact)
• The heat energy is transfer from patient’s body to the thermometer
(heat transfer)
• Net flow of heat is zero
• Temperature of thermometer = patient’s body

Example
Diagram 4 shows a cooling pad used to lower the
temperature of a person having a fever.
The pad consists of a gel and is cooled in a refrigerator
before it is placed on the forehead
of the patient for faster body heat removal.
Diagram 4
Using physics concept, explain why gel is a good cooling agent in a cooling pad.
ANSWER:
• Gel has a high / big specific heat capacity.
• When stored in the refrigerator, it experiences a big temperature drop // releases
a large amount of heat.
• Hence it can absorb a large amount of heat from the patient’s body / head,
• before reaching thermal equilibrium with the patient’s head/body.
Example Sketch a graph to show the heating curve of water to steam.

Using theory kinetic of matter explain why the temperature
remain unchanged while the heating is still on.
ANSWER:
Heating Curve
• Heat absorb is to overcome
the forces attraction
between the molecules
• kinetic energy remains constant
and the temperature
remain unchanged

Force & Motion
COMPARISON 3
1. ANALYSING MOMENTUM, IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE
Diagram 1.1 and 1.2 show two watermelons fall off a table and drop on to surface A and surface B
respectively.
Surface A Surface B
Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2
With reference to Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2,

(i) Compare the force on the watermelons that strike on surface A and surface B.
Force on the watermelons that strikes on the surface A is bigger than on surface B.
(ii) Compare the time of impact of the watermelons on surface A and surface B.
Time of impact of the watermelons on surface A is smaller than on surface B.
(iii) State the relationship between the force produced in a collision and the time of impact.
Time of impact increase, the force produces in a collision decrease
2. UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY
Diagram 2.1 shows the effect of a man falls from a high position to the ground without opening the
parachute. Diagram 2.2 shows a man with the same mass falls from the same height when the
parachute is open.
Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the acceleration, the rate of change of momentum
and the time of impact. Relate the rate of change of momentum with the time of impact to make
deduction on the relationship between the acceleration and the rate of change of momentum.
• The acceleration for in Diagram 2.1 is higher than in Diagram 2.2.
• The rate of change of momentum in Diagram 2.1 is more than in Diagram 2.2.
• The time of impact in Diagram 2.1 is smaller than in Diagram 2.2.
• The rate of change of momentum decrease as the time of impact increase.
• The acceleration is increase as the rate of change of momentum increase.

3. UNDERSTANDING INERTIA
Diagram 3.1 shows a car and a lorry stopping at a red traffic light. When the traffic light turns green as
in Diagram 3.2, the car is found to move ahead of the lorry.
Based on Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2, compare the masses of the vehicles and their ability to speed
ahead. Relate the mass of the vehicle and the way it can start moving from rest to deduce a concept
in physics with regard to the motion of objects.
• The mass of the lorry is more than the car causing the lorry has less ability to speed ahead.
• The bigger mass of lorry causes the lorry harder to start moving from rest.
• The physics concept involved is the inertia.
EVERYTHING IS
ENERGY
YOUR THOUGHT BEGINS IT,
YOUR EMOTIONS AMPLIFIES IT,
AND YOUR ACTION
INCREASE ITS MOMENTUM

Heat
1. UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
A student carries out an activity to record the temperature change of oil and water as shown on Diagram
1.1 and Diagram 1.2.
Both liquids are heated by identical heaters for two minutes. The initial temperature of oil and water are
30°C.
Thermometer
1 kW heater 1 kW heater
Oil
Water
Measuring
scale
Observe Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2. Compare:

(i) the mass of oil and mass of water.
The mass of oil is more than the mass of water.
(ii) the temperature change in oil and also in water
The temperature change in oil is less than in water
(iii) Compare the amount of heat supplied by the heater to the oil and to the water.
Amount of heat supplied to the oil is same with the water
[same power of immersion heater which is 1 kW]
(iv) Compare the amount of heat absorbed by oil and water
Amount of heat absorbed by the oil is less than the water
2. UNDERSTANDING GAS LAWS

Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 shows an experiment to study the relationship between the pressure and
volume of air trapped in an air-tight container. The pistons for both diagrams are pushed down slowly.
Force
Bourdon Bourdon Force
gauge gauge
Piston
Piston
0 kPa 30 0 kPa 30
Gas
Gas
(i) Compare the volume of the gas in the air-tight container

Volume of gas in the air-tight container in Diagram 2.1 is more than in Diagram 2.2
(ii) Compare the reading of Bourdon gauge
The reading of Bourdon gauge in Diagram 2.1 is lower than in Diagram 2.2
(iii) Compare temperature of the gas in the air-tight container
The temperature of the gas in the air-tight container for both diagram are same.
(iv) Using your answer in 2(i) and 2(ii), state the relationship between the volume of gas and the reading of
Bourdon gauge.
Volume of gas is increase as the reading of Bourdon gauge decrease

3. UNDERSTANDING THE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show the heating curves obtained when 50 g and 80 g of the solid substance
are heated respectively. The melting point of the substance is 78°C.
Thermometer o
Temperature/ C
78
Mass = 50 g
30
0 Time / min
1.0 2.6
Diagram 3.1
Thermometer o
Temperature/ C
78
Mass = 80 g
30
0 Time / min
1.8 4.7
Diagram 3.2
Based on the information and the observation on Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2, compare the mass, the time
taken to reach the melting point and the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely.
Relate the mass and the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely to make a deduction
on the relationship between the mass and the latent heat of fusion absorbed by the substance.
• The mass in Diagram 3.1 is less than in Diagram 3.2.

• The time taken to reach the melting point in Diagram 3.1 is less than in Diagram 3.2.
• The time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely in Diagram 3.1 is less than in
Diagram 3.2.
• When the mass increases, the time taken by substance to change into liquid completely
increases.
• Mass increase, latent heat of fusion absorbed by the substance increase.

4 MODIFICATION se c
tion
1. Diagram 1 shows an ammeter to measure an electric current.
B
Using suitable concepts of physics,

suggest and explain the necessary
adaption to be made so that the ammeter
can give readings that are more sensitive,
consistent and accurate.
State two precautionary steps that must
be taken when taking the reading through
Diagram 1 the ammeter.
Modification / Characteristics Explanation

Small size of scale Can detect smallest change in current flow
Mirror strip To avoid parallax error
Zero adjuster To avoid zero error
To adjust the pointer at the zero mark
Lighter needle (pointer) Easy to detect current
Sensitive to the change of current flow
Precautionary steps:
- make sure our eye perpendicular to the reading of ammeter to avoid parallax error
- switch off the circuit the after taking the reading to avoid over heating
2. Diagram 2 shows a loaded lorry.
Explain the suitable loaded lorry which

can carry liquid, such as petrol.
Diagram 2

Use ABS/air brake Lorry does not stop immediately
Increase the time for lorry to stop
Lorry does not skid
More friction with ABS
Prevent wheel lock // wheel does not lock
Prevent lorry spinning on wet surface
Use Two tyres // Double tyres // Many Can support heavy load
tyres //More than one Less damage to the road
Low pressure coz surface area is high
The load of lorry should be divided into Does not shake easily
many small tanks To increase stability
Far gap distance between tractor and To prevent collisions between the trailer & the
trailer tractor
To reduce force // velocity

3. Diagram 3 shows a car.
Using appropriate physics concept, explain

the modifications needed to be done to the
car so that it can be used as a safe racing car.
Diagram 3

Aerodynamic shape To reduce air friction
Light materials Can move in high speed //
accelerate easily
Strong material Not easily to break
Tyre with more thread More grip //
to increase the friction between the tyre & the road
Spoiler To stabilize the car
Increase the power of the engine accelerate easily
4. Diagram 4 shows a sailboat.
Give suggestion to design a sailboat

which can travel faster and smooth.
Diagram 4

Streamline Reduce water resistance
// aerodynamic shape of board // increase lifting
Smooth surface board Reduce friction towards water
// coat with wax
Low density material Lighter
// easier to float and sail faster
Strong material Withstand strong winds
// not easily damage
Wider sail Greater lifting force
// more wind are captured
Waterproof sail Sail would not get wet easily

5. Suggest the suitable cloth and the best techniques
to catch the ball to prevent injury for goalkeeper.

Wear glove Reduce painful of the player’s hands when touching the
ball with big impulsive force
Use soft material for the glove Increase the time impact, reduce the impulsive force
Wear cloth which is made from The cloth can absorb more heat when the player is
material with moderate specific sweating to maintain temperature of player
heat capacity
Base of shoes has stud Player give great pressure to make stud sink into
ground and give stronger support without slipping
When catching the ball, the goal To lengthen the time impact, to reduce the impulsive
keeper should move his hands force
backwards
The ball should have enough air To shorter the time impact between the foot and ball to
pressure inside increase the impulsive force //
The ball has high speed and travel far away // further
6. Diagram 5 shows an ordinary bicycle.
Diagram 5
You are required to give some suggestions to enable a cyclist to ride the bicycle
safely at a higher speed.
Using your knowledge on forces and motion and properties of materials, explain your
suggestions based on the following aspects:
(i) the mass of the bicycle
(ii) the type of material for the body of the bicycle
(iii) the width of the tyre in contact with the road surface
(iv) the type of the braking system
(v) the attire or accessories of the cyclist

Smaller mass Higher acceleration
Low density // name the material Lighter mass
Wider Bicycle more stable
Hydraulic disc brake Can stop the bicycle in a short distance more effectively
Wear tight attire // glove // To reduce air resistance // Better grip on handles //
helmet Protect the
head from injury during a fall

6. Suggest the characteristic of material to build
food container which can keep the food warm.

Food container should made of low Lighter, the container able to be move from one place
density material to another.
Melting point of container should To prevent the container from melting up when hot
be high food is store inside
Specific heat capacity should be So, the container will not get hot easily. Safe to touch
high and handle.
Thermal conductivity is low Good heat insulator, to ensure the heat not loss and
the food remains hot.
Double wall To prevent heat loss.
7. Explain the build of solar cooker oven that been use

in science month competition at your school to boil
500ml water in short time.
Modification Reason
Build the solar cooker with shiny // The light will reflect to the cooker and heat up the
silver colour reflector inside water
Use metal cooker Good conductor
Paint the outside part of the solar cooker To absorb heat
and the cooker (contain water) with black
colour
Wrap the cooker with plastic or glass Avoid heat from release to surrounding
To trap heat, the temperature will increase To absorb heat, the water boil faster
DON’T BE THE SAME
BE BETTER!
sect
i on C
DECISION
MAKING 5
1. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of each backhoes in Table 1.1 and choose a
backhoe that can do heavy works, an example of a backhoe is shown in Diagram 1.2.
Explain the suitability of the characteristics each backhoe. Determine the most suitable backhoe.
Give reason for your choice
Centre
Type of Size of Fluid used in
Mass Base area of
Backhoe tyre hydraulic system
gravity
P Large Liquid Large Large Low
Q Large Liquid Small Large Low
M Large Gas Large Small High
N Medium Liquid Large Medium Low
S Large Liquid Large Medium High
Table 1.1
Diagram 1.2
ANSWER:
Characteristics Reason
The size of tyre must be big To prevent the backhoe from sinking into
soft ground
Fluid used in the hydraulic system is Liquid has very low compressibility
liquid
The mass must be big The backhoe will be more stable
The base area must be big Ensure that the backhoe will not collide
The center of gravity must be low Stable from falling
So, the backhoe P is chosen because its tyre is big, fluid used in hydraulic system is liquid, has
large mass, the base area is large and has low center of gravity.

2. Diagram 2.1 shows an air bag being inflated during collision which stops the car abruptly.
The purpose of the airbag is to protect the driver and passenger from injury when the car is
involved in a crush.
Diagram 2.1
Table 2.2 shows the characteristics of different materials. You are required to select the best
material use to make the car airbag.
Tensile strength Density

Type Material Cost (RM)
(MPa) (g cm-3)
P Nylon 75 1.14 1200
Q Rubber 15 1.50 1000
R Polyester 37 1.39 2500
S Nylon 70 1.62 2000
Table 2.2
Explain the suitability of each characteristic and determine the most suitable material for making
the car airbag.
ANSWER:
Material product from nylon Strong // light // not easily heated up
Tensile strength must be high Material must be strong so that it will not
break easily.
Density of the material must be small Lightly // reduce the mass
Low cost Affordable
P Because material product from nylon,
tensile strength must be high, small
density and low cost.

3. You are asked to investigate the features of cooling material and the design of a car
engine radiator.
Explain the suitability of each feature and then determine the most suitable car engine
radiator to be used.
Give a reason for your choice.
The features of cooling liquid

• Boiling point 100 oC
P
• Specific heat capacity 4200 J kg-l
o -1
C

Q
o -1
C

R
o -1
C

S
o -1
C

T
o -1
C
ANSWER:
High boiling point Not evaporate
High specific heat capacity Absorbed more heat from engine
Big fan Movement of air faster, more heat can be brought
away
A large number of fin blades Increases the surface area as so releases heat
faster
R is chosen High boiling point
High specific heat capacity
Big fan
A large number of fin blades

4. Diagram 4.1 shows an ice cream container used by an ice cream seller using his
motorcycle.
Diagram 4.1
Table 4.2 shows the specification of four types of ice cream containers P, Q, R and S,
that can be used by an ice cream seller to carry ice cream.
Specific heat
Size of ice Material of Colour of
Type capacity of the
cream box outer box outer box
ice cream box
P High Large Copper Dark
PVC
Q High Small Bright
plastic
PVC
R Low Small Bright
plastic
S Low Large Aluminium Dark
Diagram 4.2
You are required to determine the most suitable ice cream container to carry ice cream.
Explain the suitability of the aspects.
ANSWER:
High specific heat capacity box Good heat insulator
Small size of ice cream box Easy and more safe carry by motorcycle
PVC plastic outer box Not conduct heat
Bright colour outer box Reflect heat
Q is chosen High specific heat capacity box
Small size of ice cream box
PVC plastic outer box
Bright colour outer box

5. A manufacturer wants to produce a new product as one of the kitchen utensil.
The new spatula is either short, thick or slim handle. Five models of the spatula are given.
Table 5 shows the shape and the characteristics of the spatula.
Specific heat Shape of

Material Melting point Density
capacity o -1 handle
C kgm-3
Jkg-1oC-1
A 1720 27 910 Short
B 750 2000 4000 Tick
C 1350 2400 1050 Slim
D 850 670 2680 Tick
E 700 1100 2500 Slim
Table 5
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the materials in Table 5. Determine the
most suitable spatula for marketing purpose. Give reasons for your choice.
ANSWER:
High specific heat capacity the handle will not heated
High melting point the handle will not melt easily
Low density the handle is lighter and easy
to handle.
Shape of the handle is slim easy to stir the food
C is the most suitable material High specific heat capacity
High melting point
Low density
Shape of the
handle is slim

6
1.
CALCULATION
Lee Chong Wei jumped to a height of 80 cm from the floor and smashed with a force of 50 N.
If the mass of Lee Chong Wei and the shuttle cock are 60 kg and 100 g respectively, calculate
(i) the potential energy of Lee Chong Wei.
PE = mgh
= (60)(10)(0.8)
= 480 J
[2 marks]
(ii) the acceleration of the shuttle cock. (Assume that the air resistance is 40 N)
F = ma
50 – 40 = (0.1) a
a = 100 m s-2
[2 marks]
2. A tennis ball of mass 100 g is moving at a velocity of 40 m s-1. A player hits the ball and moves
in the opposite direction with a velocity of 50 m s -1.
The time of collision is 20 ms.
Calculate:
(i) The mass of ball in unit kg.

[1 mark]
100 = 0.1 kg
1000
(ii) The time of collision in unit second.
t = 20 x 10 -3
t = 2.0 x 10 -2 s
[1 mark]
(iii) Impulsive force acted on the tennis ball.
F = m (v – u)
t
= 0.1 (-50-40 )
0.02
= - 450 N
[3 marks]

3. A tanker of mass 1800 kg accelerates from rest to a velocity of 45 km h-1 in 10 s.
(i) Calculate the acceleration of the tanker.
Convert the unit of velocity correctly
45 x 103
3600
= 12.5 ms-1
Shows a correct substitution into the formula

\a= v - u
t
= 12.5 -0
10
Answer with correct unit
1.25ms-2
[3 marks]
(ii) Calculate the force acting on the tanker.

Shows a correct substitution F =ma
F = ma
= 1800 x 1.25
Answer with correct unit

2250 N
[2 marks]
4. The mass of cooling liquid that flows through the cooling channel is 1.0 kg per minute and
the temperature of the cooling liquid which flows out from channel is 0°C.
(i) Determine the mass of cooling liquid flowed in every second.
1000
m =
60
= 16.67g
[2 marks]
(ii) What is the temperature change of the cooling liquid after it flows out of the cooling
channel?
Dq = 0 - ( -10 )
= 10 o C
[1 mark]
(iii) Given the specific heat capacity of the cooling liquid is 2200 J kg–1 °C–1, calculate the
quantity of heat absorbed by the cooling liquid from the water in one second.
Heat = mc Δθ
= 0.01667 x 2 200 x 10
= 366.74 J
[2 marks]

section B
FULL FORMAT
ANSWERING
TECHNIQUE 7
1. Diagram 1.1 shows a stationary pistol.
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.2 shows the pistol and bullet after the pistol has been fired.
Diagram 1.2
(a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum?
[1 mark]
(ii) State the total momentum of the pistol and bullet in Diagram 1.1.
Using Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, compare the total momentum before and after
the bullet is fired.
Using Diagram 1.2, compare the magnitude and direction of the momentum of the
bullet and pistol.
Name the physics principle that can be applied to the motion of the bullet and pistol.
[5 marks]
(b) Using the principle of conservation momentum, explain the working principle of the rocket.
[4 marks]

(c) Diagram 1.3 shows a structure of a jet engine for a small jet plane.
Diagram 1.3
You are required to give some suggestions to improve the design of the jet engine so that
it can be used on a larger jet plane that travels at a higher speed.
Using the knowledge on forces and motion and the properties of materials, explain the
suggestions based on the aspects labelled on Diagram 1.3.
[10 marks]
TOTAL 20 marks

2. Diagram 2.1 shows the effect of a man falls from a high position to the ground without opening
the parachute. Diagram 2.2 shows a man with the same mass falls from the same height when
the parachute is open.
(a) (i) What is the meaning of free fall?

[1 mark]
(ii) Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the acceleration, the rate of
change of momentum and the time of impact.
Relate the rate of change of momentum with the time of impact to make a deduction
on the relationship between the acceleration and the rate of change of momentum.
[5 marks]
(b) A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air which is trapped underneath it, as shown in
Diagram 2.3. The trapped air reduces the friction. The hovercraft starts from rest and as it
starts, the propeller produces a forward force until it reaches a constant velocity.
Diagram 2.3

(i) Sketch a velocity-time graph to show the motion of hovercraft.
(ii) Explain why the hovercraft moves with constant velocity in terms of the force acting
on it.
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 2.4 shows a canoe.
Diagram 2.4
You are required to give some suggestions to design a canoe which can travel faster and
safer.
Using the knowledge on motion, forces and the properties of materials, explain the
suggestions based on the following:
(i) the surface of the canoe

(ii) the shape of the canoe
(iii) the material of the canoe
(iv) the size of a peddle
(v) material used for peddle
[10 marks]
TOTAL 20 marks

3. Diagram 3.1 and diagram 3.2 show the two athletes landing after a high jump in a sport
event.
(a) What is meant by impulse?

[1 mark]
(b) Based on Diagram 3.1 and 3.2,

Compare :
(i) the ways how the athletes land
(ii) the time of contact when they land
(iii) the force exerted on them.
Relate :
(iv) the time of contact with the force exerted.
Deduce :
(v) A relevant physics concept involved.
[5 marks]
(c) Diagram 3.3 shows a golf ball and stick.
Golf Stick
Golf Ball
Diagram3.3

By using the suitable physics concept, explain how the material of the golf stick able
to swing the ball at a far distance.
[4 marks]
(d) When a car travelling at a very high speed crashes into a barrier, the car driver gets a
serious injury.
Using the appropriate physics concept, explain suitable modification that can be made
to the car to reduce the driver’s injury in a car crash. Your answer should include the
following aspects :
(i) Safety features

(ii) Crumple zone of the car
(iii) The material of car frame
(iv) Brake system
[10 marks]
TOTAL 20 marks
“DON’T WATCH
THE CLOCK;
DO WHAT
IT DOES.
KEEP GOING.”
SAM LEVENSON

4. Diagram 4.1(a) and Diagram 4.1(b) show two cups of coffee with same mass and
same initial temperature. A metal spoon and a plastic spoon of same mass are
placed in the cups of coffee respectively. The temperature of coffee decreases after
several minutes.
Metal spoon Plastic

spoon
Diagram 4.1 (a) Diagram 4.1 (b)
Diagram 4.2 shows the graph of temperature against time for the spoons.
Diagram4.2
(a) What is the meaning of heat?

[1 mark]
(b) Observe Diagram 4.2, compare the final temperature of the spoons, time taken
for spoon to become hot and the rate of change in temperature. Relate the
specific heat capacity with the time taken for the spoon to become hot.
Hence, relate the specific heat capacity and the rate of change in
temperature of the spoons.
[5 marks]
(c) After an hour, the temperature of the coffee in Diagram 4.1 is equal to the
temperature of the surrounding. Explain this situation.
[4 marks]

(d) Diagram 4.3 shows a thermos flask used to keep the temperature of hot
drink.
Diagram 4.3
You are required to suggest and explain the suitability of the thermos flask
in Diagram 9.3 which can keep the temperature of hot drink effectively based
on the following aspects:
(i) Type of stopper

(ii) Space H
(iii) Double walled tube
(iv) Material of the outer case

ANSWER FOR SECTION B
NO. ANSWER MARK
1. (a) (i) State the meaning of momentum 1
A product of mass and velocity
(ii) Comparison
1. Total momentum in Diagram 1.1 is zero
2. Total momentum before the bullet is fired = total momentum after 1
the bullet is fired 1
3. The magnitude of the momentum of the bullet and pistol are equal 1
4. The direction of the momentum of the bullet and pistol is opposite 1
5. The physics concept is principle of conservation of momentum 1
(b)
1. Fuel burns in the combustion chamber 1
2. Hot gases expelled at high speed backwards 1
3. A large backwards momentum is produced 1
4. The rocket gains forwards momentum of equal magnitude 1
Or draw the structure of rocket (fully label)
(c) Modification
Use bigger blade // Increase the air intake
increase the number of blade //
increase the speed of blades
Blade made of strong material

Can withstand strong pressure
or it will not break easily
Increase the number of fuel More fuel to be burnt to
injection // add more fuel produce
injectors greater thrust
Increase the size of combustion More space for the fuel to be

chamber burnt
Decrease the diameter of the Exhaust gas ejected at higher
nozzle velocity // momentum 10
TOTAL 20

NO ANSWER MARK
2. (a) (i) The motion in which the object falls due to gravitational force only 1
(ii) • Acceleration in Diagram 2.1 is larger than in Diagram 2.2 1
• The rate of change momentum in Diagram 2.1 is more than in 1
Diagram 2.2
1
• The time of impact in Diagram 2.1 is smaller than in Diagram 1
2.2
• The smaller the time of impact, the bigger the rate of change of 1
momentum
• Acceleration increase, the rate of change of momentum
increase
(b) (i)
1
1
1. Correct axis and unit

2. Correct shape of the graph
(ii) • The forward force = friction // forward thrust = drag 1

• The resultant force is zero 1
(c) (i)
CHARACTERISTICS EXPLANATION
Smooth surface Reduce water resistance 2
Aerodynamic // streamline // Reduce drag 2
(ii) sharp end // acute end //
torpedo 2
Strong material Small mass
(iii) Tough material Not easy to brake
Fiber glass 2
Big // large // wide Increase the force
Bigger force 2
Trap more water
Low density Light // Easy to float
TOTAL 20

NO. ANSWER MARK
3. (a) Change of momentum 1
(b) • Athlete in Diagram 3.1 is bending his leg while athlete Diagram 3.2 1
is straightening his leg.
• Time of contact for athlete in diagram 3.1 is longer than the time of 1
contact for athlete in Diagram 3.2.
• Force exerted on athlete in Diagram 3.1 is less than force exerted 1
on athlete Diagram 3.2.
• The longer the time of contact, the lower the force exerted. 1
• Relevant physics concept involved is Impulsive force. 1
(c) • Golf ball and stick is made of hard alloy. 1

• The hard surface will shorten the time of contact of the stick with the 1
ball.
• Therefore, produce high impulsive force. 1
• Hence, the ball is able to travel at a far distance. 1
(d)
Characteristics Explanation
Use of air bag To reduce the injuries to the 2
victims
Use a seat belt that can be To extend the time of collision// 2
extended further and reduce the impulsive force.
Crumple zone at the front and To prolong the time taken of
back of the car impact 2
Use a headrest To reduce the inertia of driver’s
head when resist the forward 2
motion.
The frame of car is made of To produce a strong body 2
steel frame for the car
Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) To allows the driver to retain 2
steering control while braking
Max 10
TOTAL 20

NO. ANSWER MARK
4. (a) Form of energy // the energy transferred from hot object to cold object. 1
(b) • both have same final temperature. 1
• time taken for plastic spoon to become hot is longer. 1
• rate of change of temperature for plastic spoon is lower. 1
• the higher the specific heat capacity, the longer the time taken for 1
the spoon to become hot//vice versa
• the higher the specific heat capacity, the lower the rate of change 1
of temperature//vice versa
(c) • the temperature of coffee is higher than surrounding 1
• heat from coffee transfers to surrounding 1
• heat transfers until achieve thermal equilibrium 1
• rate of heat transfer is equal / /temperature re equal/net rate of 1
heat transfer is zero.
(d)
Characteristics Explanation
Cork // hallow plastic Good insulator/poor heat 2
conductor/less heat transfer trough
stopper
vacuum Heat from hot water cannot lost 2
through conduction and convection
Made of glass Trap heat in the flask/reduce the
rate of heat loss 2
Shinny Trap heat in the flask/reduce the
surface/silvered rate of heat loss. 2
surface
Plastic material//metal Insulator/reduce heat loss/reflect 2
material heat from surrounding
TOTAL 20

8
1.
ANSWERING
TECHNIQUE
section C
FULL FORMAT
Two identical balloons are heated with same volume of hot water but different quantity of heat.
After 3 minutes, the sizes of both balloons are observed as shown in Diagram 1.1 and Diagram1.2.
Diagram1.1 Diagram 1.2
(a) What is the meaning of temperature?

[1 mark]
(b) Observe Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2. Compare the heat supplied, the temperature of
trapped air and the volume of trapped air in the balloon.
Relate the temperature of trapped air and the volume of trapped air to deduce one physics
law. Name the physics law.
[5 marks]
(c) Diagram 1.3 shows air bubbles produced by a fish in an aquarium.
Diagram 1.3
Explain why the volume of air bubbles increases as it moves towards the surface of water.
[4 marks]

(d) Diagram 1.4 shows the cross section of the pressure cooker.
Diagram 1.4
You are required to give suggestions in design an electric pressure cooker to cook food in
shorter time. Using the appropriate physics concept, explain your modifications based on
the characteristic of inner and outer pot, the number of lock, the material of sealer and the
additional safety features.
[10 marks]
TOTAL 20 marks

2. Diagram 2 shows a hole is dug on a block of ice so that the middle part is empty.
Hot water of 99 °C is then poured into the hole until all the ice melts.
Diagram2
(a) (i) What is meant by heat capacity?

[1 mark]
(ii) If the mass of the ice is 8.4 kg, calculate the mass of hot water needed to melt all the
ice at 0 °C.
Specific latent heat of fusion = 3.3 × 105 J kg–1
specific heat capacity of water = 4.20 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1

[4 marks]
(b) Sketch a graph of the change in temperature against time for the heating of ice from solid
state to gas state. Hence, explain the changes that occur in the arrangement of the
molecules during heating by using the kinetic theory.
[5 marks]

(c) You are assigned to study the characteristics of some material to select a most suitable
material for making a cooking pot.
Specific heat
Melting
Material capacity Density Rate of
point
J kg–1 °C–1 kg m–3 rusting
°C
W 580 1100 2040 High
X 340 1300 3000 High
Y 770 2000 5280 Low
Z 210 1500 10533 Low
Table 2
From the characteristics in Table 2, decide which one is the most suitable material for
making a cooking pot. Explain your choice.
[10 marks]
TOTAL 20 marks

ANSWER FOR SECTION C
NO. ANSWER MARK
1. (a) The degree of hotness of an object 1
(b) Comparison
Characteristic Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

heat supplied Low High 1
temperature of
Low High 1
trapped air
volume of
trapped air in the Low High 1
balloon 1
- Temperature of trapped air increase, the volume of trapped air 1
increase
- Charles’ law
(c) - The depth of water at the base is high 1

- The pressure of water at base is high 1
- The depth of water decrease as the bubble move towards the 1
surface 1
- The volume of air bubble increase as the pressure decrease
(d) Modification
Characteristic Reason
Outer pot : Lighter
Low density // Strong material Not easily break
Inner pot : Strong Can withstand higher
pressure
Inner pot : Become hot faster
Low specific heat capacity
Outer pot: Act as insulator
High specific heat capacity
Safety valve : Need To release excessive steam
due to high pressure
Number of lock : Prevent lid open easily
More
Material of sealer : Prevent heat lost // air
Made of rubber tight 10
TOTAL 20

NO. ANSWER MARK
2. (a) (i) Heat capacity of an object is the quantity of heat required to raise its 1
temperature by 1°C
(ii) Heat released by the hot water = heat absorbed by the ice.
mwater cθ = mice L
4200 × mwater × 99 = 8.4 × 3.3 × 105 1
mwater = 6.67 kg 1 (awu)
(b)
1
• At PQ, the kinetic energy of the molecules increased because heat
energy is absorbed. The state of the matter (solid) does not change.
• At QR, which is melting point of ice, heat is absorbed to break the
1
bonds between molecules and the kinetic energy of the molecules
remain unchanged. A mixture of solid and liquid exists.
• At RS, the temperature increases again because the heat energy
absorbed is used to increase kinetic energy of the molecules. The 1
state of matter (liquid) does not change.
• At ST, which is boiling point of water, temperature does not change
because heat absorbed is used for breaking bonds between the 1
molecules of the liquid. A mixture of liquid and gas exists.
• At TU, all the bonds between molecules is broke and the substances
have changed into gas.
1
(c) Decision making
Material with low specificIt gets heated up faster
heat capacity when heat is supplied.
Material with high meltingIt would not get melted
point easily at high
temperature
Material of high density Stable to be used
Material with low rusting It is economical because
rate can be used for a long
period
Material Z is chosen it has low specific heat
capacity, high melting
point, high density and
low rate of rusting. 10
TOTAL 20

Force & Motion
CHARACTERISTICS,
LEVEL
& EXPLANATION 9
NO. CHARACTERISTIC LEVEL EXPALANATION
1 Impulsive force, F LARGE The change in momentum is large //
the time interval of interaction is small
The change in momentum is smaller // the time
SMALL
interval of interaction is longer
2 Elastic limit of spring HIGH Larger force can be applied provided the elastic limit
has not been exceeded
LOW If the elastic limit exceeded, spring will not return to its
original shape and size or might snap easily
3 Diameter of coil of Stronger and stiffer and able to sustain heavier weight
SMALL
spring (high spring constant, k)
BIG Soft Spring and not able to sustain heavier weight
4 Diameter of wire of SMALL Soft Spring and not able to sustain heavier weight
spring Stronger and stiffer and able to sustain heavier
BIG
weight (high spring constant, k)
5 The spring // force HIGH Does not change its shape easily when force is
constant, k or Stiffness exerted (Stronger spring and less elastic)
of spring Change its shape easily when force is exerted
LOW
(a larger gradient (Soft spring and more elastic)
indicates a stiffer spring)
6 Strength of spring STRONG Does not break easily // snap when force is given
WEAK Break easily/snap when force is given
7 Rate of rusting HIGH Rust quickly
LOW Hard to/does not/slow to rust//making a durable
material not easily corroded
8 Rate of expansion HIGH Expand more to certain increase in temperature
LOW Not easily expand when temperature increases
9 Position of the centre HIGH Not stable
of gravity from the Very stable
LOW
ground
Our greatest weakness lies in giving up.

The most certain way
to succeed is
always to try just one more time
-Thomas A. Edison

Heat
NO. CHARACTERISTIC LEVEL EXPALANATION
1 Pressure of Gases HIGH The collisions between the particles and the walls of
the container per unit area increase
The collisions between the particles and the walls of
LOW
the container per unit area decrease
2 Volume of Gases LARGE When gas expands, the volume of the gas is allowed
to increase freely
When gas not expands, the volume of the gas is
SMALL
allowed to decreases freely
3 Temperature of gases HIGH The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules
increase
The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules
LOW
decreases
4 Freezing point HIGH Freeze easily // freeze at higher temperature
Does not freeze in cold weather easily //
LOW
freeze at lower temperature
5 Boiling point HIGH Does not evaporate// does not boil easily
LOW Evaporate easily /boiling easily
6 Melting point HIGH Does not melt easily // melting at higher temperature
LOW Melt easily // melting at lower temperature
7 Specific latent heat of Large amount of heat for boiling //
HIGH
vaporization Takes longer time to boil
Small amount of heat for boiling //
LOW
Takes shorter time to boil
8 Specific latent heat of Large amount of heat for melting //
HIGH
fusion Takes longer time to melt
Small amount of heat for melting //
LOW
Takes shorter time to melt
9 Specific heat capacity More amount of heat is absorbed to increase the
temperature //
HIGH
Not easily heated //
Making it a good insulator
Less amount of heat is absorbed to increase the
LOW temperature //
Hot quickly
10 Thermal conductivity More heat lost to the surrounding //
HIGH
Can transfer heat easily
To avoid heat lost to the surrounding //
LOW
Cannot transfer heat easily
Pressure can burst a pipe,

But… pressure also make diamonds, so…
PUSH
YOURSELF
No One Else Is Going to Do It for You

Amazing Physics with Teacher Alina

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PHYSICS

5 DECISION MAKING (SECTION C) 16

7 FULL FORMAT SECTION B 23

8 FULL FORMAT SECTION C 35

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 2

Recall Recall Recall

Diagram 1 shows a car collides with a tree.

Explain how the steel pile is driven to

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 5

Explain how the wooden block is smashed by the Taekwondo exponent.

Diagram 4 shows a thermometer clinic is used by

Explain how a doctor

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 6

Example Sketch a graph to show the heating curve of water to steam.

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 7

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

With reference to Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2,

Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 8

Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 9

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

Observe Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2. Compare:

2. UNDERSTANDING GAS LAWS

(i) Compare the volume of the gas in the air-tight container

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 10

• The mass in Diagram 3.1 is less than in Diagram 3.2.

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 11

Using suitable concepts of physics,

Modification / Characteristics Explanation

2. Diagram 2 shows a loaded lorry.

Explain the suitable loaded lorry which

Modification / Characteristics Explanation

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 12

Using appropriate physics concept, explain

Modification / Characteristics Explanation

4. Diagram 4 shows a sailboat.

Give suggestion to design a sailboat

Modification / Characteristics Explanation

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 13

Modification / Characteristics Explanation

6. Diagram 5 shows an ordinary bicycle.

Modification / Characteristics Explanation

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 14

Modification / Characteristics Explanation

7. Explain the build of solar cooker oven that been use

DON’T BE THE SAME

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 16

Tensile strength Density

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 17

The features of cooling liquid

The features of cooling liquid

The features of cooling liquid

The features of cooling liquid

The features of cooling liquid

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 18

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 19

Specific heat Shape of

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 20

(i) The mass of ball in unit kg.

(ii) The time of collision in unit second.

(iii) Impulsive force acted on the tennis ball.