2.

05 PCMH1
CULTURE AND GENDER
Dr. Audrey Andres August 17, 2018

OUTLINE  The systematic collection, analysis and

interpretation of data to answer a certain question
or solve a problem
 Characterized by originality
 Should have investigation as a primary objective
and the potential to produce results that are
sufficiently general to increase the humanity’s
stock of knowledge

B. Criteria for Research

1.Clear statement of the problem
2.Establishes the relationship between cause and effect
3.Helps generate principles and theories of prediction
4.Researcher avoids including personal feelings and
preferences
METHOD
1. Based observational, experimental and empirical
evidence
2. Should be carefully recorded and reported
3. Should be objective and logical
4. Requires deep knowledge of the subject

C. Characteristics of a Good Research

 The statement of problem or the purpose
should be clear.
 It should have a plan (procedure to be
described in detail).
 The research design should be in detail and
Legend: clear.
Remember Lecturer Book Previous Trans Com  The researcher should be honest, transparent
(Exams) Trans
and committed and should report frank
     observations without distortion.
 The data should be collected as required and
I. Review be analyzed appropriately.
A. What is research?  It should be systematic, logical, empirical and
replicable.

 “A careful investigation or enquiry especially D. Problems Encountered by the Researchers

through searching for new facts in any branch of
knowledge.”
 “It is a creative work undertaken on a systematic
basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge,
including knowledge of humanity, culture and
society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to
devise new applications” - Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
 “defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggesting solutions, collecting,
organizing and evaluating data, making deductions
and research conclusions and carefully testing the
conclusion.” –Clifford Woody
 Lack of scientific tra8inig in research
methodology
 Insufficient interaction between the research
institutions and other organizations/
institutions
 duplication of research studies
 there is no code of conduct for researchers
 inadequate technical assistance
 mismanagement of library functioning and
publications
 lack of infrastructure

II. Identification and Prioritization of Research

TRANSCRIBER
S Surname, Surname, Surname (Alphabetical Order)
LE 1
1| EDITORS Surname, Surname (Alphabetical Order)
 Culture and Gender 2.05

A. What is research? - Selected problem should be relevant and have

 Identify your research and study area
 State your research problem concisely
 There should be a perceived difference or
discrepancy between what exists and the
ideal or planned situation;
 The reason(s) for this difference should be unclear
(so that it makes sense to develop research
questions); and
 There should be more than one possible
answer to a question or more than one
solution to the problem.
B. Consideration in Choosing a Research Problem
F- Feasible
I-Interesting
N- Novel
E- Ethical
R- Relevant
1. FEASIBLE
- The research should be feasible in terms of
technical, financial, and administrative
capabilities. It should be able to answer
the following questions:
o Can adequate number of subjects be
available?
o Is there adequate expertise to do work?
o is the research affordable?
o Can it be managed well?
o Will the administrative support be
available?
priority for that geographical area, region and
country
6. APPLICABILITY of Results
- Is it likely that the recommendations from the
study will be applied?
7. POLITICAL ACCEPTABILITY of the study
- A research topic that has interest and support of
the local/national authorities may increase the
chances that the results of the study will be
implemented.
-
A good research question should then contain the
following:
POPULATION
Refers to general characteristics of the
groupof subjects in question
INTERVENTIONorEXPOSURE
May be a drug, treatment modality, diagnostic
test, risk factor or anything that is being tested
for its influence on a certain outcome
COMPARISON
Refers to the alternative intervention or
exposure
OUTCOME
The endpoint or “tool” against which a certain
intervention or exposure is measured

2. INTERESTING METHODOLOGY
The study design of the research to be
- The selected problem should be of interest to
implemented
health policy managers and researcher
3. NOVEL
- It should be able to fill the gap in existing
knowledge and/or able to solve the problem in Example:
an area
4. ETHICAL In the scenario to follow, how will you translate the
- In applied research, most of the time human clinical dilemma / problem into a research question,
using the PICOM format:
beings are involved and hence it is necessary to
fully observed ethical policies and procedures
You are currently assigned to the barangay health
- “Never do a research which has a deleterious
center of a small indigent town in Taytay, Rizal. In
effect on human beings.”
the said locality, there is a high prevalence of
bronchial asthma because of heavy air pollution
from motor vehicles, on top of the toxic fumes
from nearby waste dumps.

5. RELEVANT Considering the poor socioeconomic status of the

TRANSCRIBER
S Surname, Surname, Surname (Alphabetical Order)
LE 1
2| EDITORS Surname, Surname (Alphabetical Order)
 Culture and Gender 2.05

barangay, asthmatic residents cannot afford the

common anti-asthma medications • Library
(bronchodilators) available in local drugstores and • Bibliographical databases
pharmacies. However, you noted that Lagundi, a o Index Medicus
local plant endorsed by the Department of Health o ExcerptaMedica
to possess bronchodilating properties, is relatively o Medline
abundant in the backyard gardens of the o EMBASE
residents. o Cochrane library – evidence based
information
Hence, you wanted to determine if the Lagundi o Systematic reviews
medicinal extract is as effective as the beta- • Search engines
agonists / bronchodilators (e.g. Salbutamol) in
relieving acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma
C. Pointers in Literature Search
Possible answer : • Use BOOLEAN Operators (AND, OR, NOT)
P:knownadult / pediatric asthmatic individuals • Use descriptive words
• Use “+” or “-”in search engines (e.g. Google)
I: use of Lagundi medicinal extract • Use keywords
• Try the obvious first
C:beta-agonists / bronchodilators (e.g. • Use words likely to appear on a site with the information
Salbutamol) you want
• Make keywords as specific as possible
O:relief of acute exacerbations of bronchial
asthma
IV. In Summary
M:randomized controlled trial • Know at least some basics about your topic and plan your
search strategy carefully.
“Among known asthmatics (adult / pediatric age • Break the searching into task size pieces and record what
groups), what is the effectiveness of Lagundi you do.
extract versus Salbutamol in relieving acute • Know how to use the databases and use the tools and
exacerbations of bronchial asthma in a limiters.
randomized controlled trial?” • Search in more than one place and evaluate the
information that you find.

III. Literature Search

REFERENCES
1. Lecture notes
“Six hours in the library may save the researcher six months in the
2. Previous trans
laboratory”
3. PPT
A. Why Do Literature Search?

1. It prevents the duplication of the work that has already

been done.
2. It helps to find out what others have learned and
reported on the problem we want to study. This may
assist in refining the statement of the problem.
3. It helps in becoming more familiar with the various
research approaches that might be used in the
study.
4. It should provide convincing arguments to justify the
need for conducting a research project.

B. Sources of Information
TRANSCRIBER
S Surname, Surname, Surname (Alphabetical Order)
LE 1
2| EDITORS Surname, Surname (Alphabetical Order)