JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

RESEARCH III
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING
(STE) PROGRAM
FIRST QUARTER
WEEK 5

ACTIVITY SHEETS

RESEARCH III

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING (STE) PROGRAM
RESEARCH III (GRADE 9)
FIRST QUARTER

Name _______________________________________________ Score ____________

Gr. & Sec. _________________________________________ T. Initial ____________
Date _________________________________ Parent’s Signature _________________

WEEK 5
(NOTES ON ACTIVITY SHEET 1)

THE RESEARCH PAPER

PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER IN IMRAD FORMAT

What Is IMRaD Format?

IMRaD is a handy-dandy way to remember the names and orders of the major sections
of most academic manuscripts. Those sections are:
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion and Conclusions

You’ll also want to include the title and abstract when submitting your finished
manuscript, but those come at the end. When developing your paper in the first place, these are
the main sections you’ll want to be thinking about.

Each section will vary in length depending on your work and what you need to include,
but each should make an appearance in your paper. You may also want to add sections such
as a literature review; again, the specifics depend on your research and your field.

TITLE PAGE
Creating an APA Title Page

APA is the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological

Association. This form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social sciences, like
psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other fields.

1) The Title

This is the most important part, and should be center aligned, about halfway down the page.
This is the full title of the research paper, dissertation or thesis.

2) Personal Details

At the bottom of the page, center aligned, should be your name, your institution and the date of
submission.

This is the most variable part of the title page, and you may need to include the name of your
supervisor and also the level of paper - dissertation, thesis, and term paper. Check your
departmental recommendations.

3) The Running Head

This is a shortened version of the title, no more than 50 characters long, and is the header that
you will use at the top of each page. This needs to be left justified.
4) The Page Number

This needs to be made using the header function available in word processing programs. The
running header should be separated from the page number by 5 or 7 spaces, and will appear on
every page throughout the document.
It must be right aligned.

Here are some tips to help you write

a good title for your research paper:

1. The title of your research

paper should be brief and
attractive.
2. The title should include
relevant descriptive
keywords.
3. Avoid using abbreviations
or jargon that might put off
the reader.

Avoid: Effects of drug A on
schizophrenia patients: study of a
multicenter mixed group
Better: Psychosocial effects of drug
A on schizophrenia patients: a
multicenter randomized controlled
trial
Avoid: Drug XYZ has an effect of
muscular contraction for an hour in
snails of Achatina fulcia species
Better: Drug XYZ induces muscular
contraction in Achatina fulcia snails

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Table of Contents (TOC) is an organized listing of the chapters and major sections
of your document.  Readers will immediately be able to see how your manuscript is organized
and then skip down to sections that are most relevant to them.  A clear, concise, and well
formatted TOC is the first indicator of a good research paper.
To save yourself some time in making your Table of Contents, be sure that you use font styles. 
Checklist for Table of Contents

 Appropriately formatted
 Lists all main sections of the document starting with the Dedication page.  If the
Dedication page is not used, then starts with the Abstract page.
 Lists the titles of each chapter, plus all Heading Level 2's -- these are the main sections
within each chapter.  Do not list any subsections.
 All titles and headings match what appears in the text exactly.
 All page numbers are correct.

General instructions:
1. Roman Numeral page number, centered, bottom of page.
2. Margins:  Left margin 1.5 inch.  Top, Right, Bottom 1 inch.
3. Font:  12 pt.  Double-spaced throughout.  Use same font style throughout document.
4. Section Heading:  TABLE OF CONTENTS -- ALL CAPS, bold, centered on first line. 
(Use CHPT_HD font style)
 
Inserting a Table of Contents:
 1. Click on REFERENCE tab.
2. Click on Table of Contents.
3. Click on Custom Table of Contents.
4. Make sure that Show levels is set to 3.
5. Click on Options. 
o Type a number 1 next to CHPT_title.
o Remove the numbers next to Heading 1, Heading 2, and Heading 3.
o Scroll down until you see Heading2 and Heading3.These are the headings that
you previously created when setting up your document.
 Type a number 2
next to Heading2.
 Type a number 3
next to Heading3.
Populating the Table of Contents:
The TOC can be automatically
generated if you use the pre-formatted
font styles created in Setting Up Your
Document.  As you type your document,
remember to use each of those font
styles as appropriately required.  After
adding content:
1. Click on the Reference tab.
2. Click on Update Table.
3. Choose either to:
o Update page numbers
only.
 Updates just the
page numbers of
the existing TOC
contents.
o Update entire table. 
 Updates all
headings and
page numbers in
the TOC, adding
new content as
needed.

INTRODUCTION

An introduction is the initial part of a research paper and the part that a reader is likely to
read first (at least when focusing deeply and reading your paper in detail). Hence, definitions,
notions, and some other important information required for understanding the paper are
presented/listed here.
Every research paper needs context so that readers can understand why you have
created it. This is exactly what you can do in your research paper introduction. Of course, this
can mean that your introduction is the hardest part of paper to write first. So, it is essential that
you take your time and make sure that you get it right.
The introduction of writing is going to set out your rationale, which is what a research will
be based around. Your readers will be able to tell right from the beginning what they are going
to be reading about and even whether it interests them.
It is important that you make the beginning of your research paper interesting and
engage with your readers from the first line. This will make sure that people continue to read
research and learn about what you have found out. In addition, you should also state hypothesis
and the way that you think your work will turn out in conclusion. It is crucial that you always
include an introduction to your paper.
Writing an Introduction to a Research Paper – What to Include
 So, what should you include in your introduction? We will give you a list below so that you can
prepare a research paper introduction outline and you can follow this when you are writing.
 Introduce your topic.
 Create some context and background.
 Tell your reader about the research you plan to carry out.
 State your rationale.
 Explain why your research is important.
 State your hypothesis.

Tips for writing Good introduction

Importance of a good introduction is impossible to overestimate, because you will never

have another chance to make a positive first impression.
First paragraphs of your research paper give the audience information on quality of
chosen arguments, your personal style, as well as on validity of conclusions. If your introduction
is weak and lacks structure, it may make the reader want to put your research paper aside.
On contrary, a concise and properly structured introduction will surely make the readers
notice your writing and analytical skills, and make them want to go on reading.
Below you will find a few most important tips on writing a powerful introduction, engaging
the reader and arising interest of the audience.
 Remain brief. Too long introduction will bore the reader and you will most likely lose the
audience. Always stick to the outline and make your introduction short and straight to the
point;
 Always define your problem. Your introduction should end up with a hypothesis, question
or a thesis statement. By the end of your introduction the reader must know what you
are trying to achieve by writing the paper. Remember, your discussion and conclusion
sections will refer to the introduction, supporting your thesis statement;
 Organization. When working on body paragraphs you may notice that they go in different
directions. There is nothing wrong until you adjust your introduction to the new course. A
good advice is to work on your introduction only when all other sections are ready. It
doesn’t work for all the students, so choose the rhythm and sequence depending on
your own preferences.

Statement of the Problem

A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the
problem addressed by a study. The statement of the problem briefly addresses the question:
What is the problem that the research will address?
Why You Need a Statement of the Problem?
To transform a generalized problem into a well-defined, brief, and a targeted statement
to perform research and use it in the decision-making process. The problem statement helps the
researcher to identify the purpose of the ongoing research.
Problem statement in the dissertation is the pillar of the introduction section through
which the reader can understand the research question and scope of the project.
If you do not define the problem statement properly then the end results will be
unmanageable. The statement of the problem is the foundation of your research proposal and
the introduction chapter of the dissertation.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Scope and delimitations are two elements of a research paper or thesis. The scope of
a study explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the work and specifies
the parameters within which the study will be operating. For example, let's say
a researcher wants to study the impact of mobile phones on behavior patterns of elementary
school children. However, it is not possible for the researcher to cover every aspect of the topic.
So the scope will have to be narrowed down to a certain section of the target population.
In this case, the scope might be narrowed down to a group of 50 children in grades 3-5 of one
specific school. Their behavior patterns in school may have been observed for a duration of
6 months. These would form the delimitations of the study.
 Thus, delimitations are the characteristics that limit the scope and describe the
boundaries of the study, such as the sample size, geographical location or setting in which
the study takes place, population traits, etc. Additionally, the researcher might also choose to
use some research tools and methodologies to collect data but not others. These delimitations
might be imposed for practical reasons, such as lack of time or financial resources to carry out a
more thorough investigation. The delimitation section of the study should explain why specific
choices were made while others were excluded and how this might affect the outcome of the
research.
In the example mentioned above, the researcher might state why he/she chose to study
a sample population of 50 students, why he/she selected students from Grades 3-5 and not
grades 1-2, and why he/she chose students of Billabong Elementary Public School over other
schools.

Relevant Literatures

A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a

topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant
to a particular area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize,
objectively evaluate and clarify this previous research.  It should give a theoretical base for the
research and help you (the author) determine the nature of your research.  The literature review
acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your
work has been well conceived.  It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field of
study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimiliated that work into the work at hand.
A literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or him a full
understanding of the developments in the field.  This landscape informs the reader that the
author has indeed assimilated all (or the vast majority of) previous, significant works in the field
into her or his research. 
"In writing the literature review, the purpose is to convey to the reader what knowledge
and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses
are. The literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (eg. your research
objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is
not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.
(http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review)
The format of a review of literature may vary from discipline to discipline and from
assignment to assignment.
A review may be a self-contained unit — an end in itself — or a preface to and rationale
for engaging in primary research. A review is a required part of grant and research proposals
and often a chapter in theses and dissertations.
Generally, the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body
of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies,
reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.

WRITING THE INTRODUCTION

In the introduction, you should:

Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus providing an
appropriate context for reviewing the literature.
Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic; or conflicts in theory,
methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or gaps in research and scholarship; or a single
problem or new perspective of immediate interest.
Establish the writer’s reason (point of view) for reviewing the literature; explain the
criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing literature and the organization of the review
(sequence); and, when necessary, state why certain literature is or is not included (scope).

WRITING THE BODY

In the body, you should:

Group research studies and other types of literature (reviews, theoretical articles, case
studies, etc.) according to common denominators such as qualitative versus quantitative
approaches, conclusions of authors, specific purpose or objective, chronology, etc.
 Summarize individual studies or articles with as much or as little detail as each merits
according to its comparative importance in the literature, remembering that space (length)
denotes significance.
Provide the reader with strong “umbrella” sentences at beginnings of paragraphs,
“signposts” throughout, and brief “so what” summary sentences at intermediate points in the
review to aid in understanding comparisons and analyses.

WRITING THE CONCLUSION

In the conclusion, you should:

Summarize major contributions of significant studies and articles to the body of
knowledge under review, maintaining the focus established in the introduction.
Evaluate the current “state of the art” for the body of knowledge reviewed, pointing out
major methodological flaws or gaps in research, inconsistencies in theory and findings, and
areas or issues pertinent to future study.
Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship between the central topic of the
literature review and a larger area of study such as a discipline, a scientific endeavor, or a
profession.

Example of a Literature Review

 WEEK 5
(ACTIVITY SHEET 1)

THE RESEARCH PAPER

PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER IN IMRAD FORMAT

Name: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ________ Date: ________

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

 Follow IMRaD writing format
Objectives:
 Determine an enhanced research title
 Explain the importance of statement of the problem
 React on the indicated scope and delimitation of the study
 Describe relevant literatures

Activity 1:
A. Encircle the words in the box that are related to the essential parts of IMRaD Format
in research.

Drama Opinions Guessing Recreate

Materials and
Biases Competition Recapitulation
Methods
Dreams Introduction Merchant Results
Discussion and
Subjective System Shifting
Conclusions

B. Using the words encircled, formulate your own definition of IMRaD Format in research.
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.

Activity 2:

Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided,
1. What is an APA Title Page?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. How will you write a good title for your research paper?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between title page and table of contents in research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. How important is writing an introduction in your research paper?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Why is there a need to write a statement of the problem in research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 3:

Decide whether the following research title is good or needs improvement. Explain why
and what is your basis.

 The Potential Effects of Income Inequality on the Obesity Problem in the Philippines
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 The Relationship between Welfare Participation and Social Support 
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 Knowledge of the Dangers of Smoking, Attitudes towards Life, and Smoking Habits of Young
Professionals
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Activity 4:

Direction: Reflect on the given scope and delimitation of the study.

Write your reflection on the space below the box containing the scope and delimitation of the
certain studies.
 Activity 5:

Answer the following question.

1. What is the importance of selecting relevant literatures in your research or education as a

21st Century learner?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. As a learner, what do you want to research on? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. How will you write a good literature review? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 6:

Identify the specific area for each given definition by writing it down in the correct column.
A Literature Review is or A Literature Review is not
References:

https://proofreadingpal.com/proofreading-pulse/uncategorized/what-is-imrad-format/
https://explorable.com/apa-title-page
https://www.editage.com/insights/quick-tips-to-help-you-get-the-title-of-your-research-paper-
right?refer=scroll-to-2-article&refer-type=article
https://shsulibraryguides.org/thesisguide/tableofcontents
https://shsulibraryguides.org/ld.php?content_id=21022908
https://edubirdie.com/blog/research-paper-introduction
https://www.editage.com/insights/the-basics-of-writing-a-statement-of-the-problem-for-your-
research-proposal
https://www.researchprospect.com/how-to-write-statement-of-a-problem-in-research/
https://www.editage.com/insights/what-meaning-scope-and-delimitations-study#:~:text=Answer
%3A,the%20study%20will%20be%20operating.
https://guides.library.bloomu.edu/litreview#:~:text=A%20literature%20review%20is%20a,and
%20clarify%20this%20previous%20research.
https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/reviewofliterature/
https://www.slideshare.net/mjlobetos/lesson-8-indicating-the-scope-and-delimitation
https://www.monash.edu/rlo/graduate-research-writing/write-the-thesis/introduction-literature-
reviews

Resource Location: Department of Education, Region VI-Western Visayas,

Division of Aklan, District of Ibajay West, Maloco National
High School, Ibajay, Aklan

Developer: Jafet P. Solidum

 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

RESEARCH III
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING
(STE) PROGRAM
FIRST QUARTER
WEEK 6

ACTIVITY SHEETS

RESEARCH III

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING (STE) PROGRAM
RESEARCH III (GRADE 9)
FIRST QUARTER

Name _______________________________________________ Score ____________

Gr. & Sec. _________________________________________ T. Initial ____________
Date _________________________________ Parent’s Signature _________________

WEEK 6
(NOTES ON ACTIVITY SHEET 2)

THE RESEARCH PAPER

PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER IN IMRAD FORMAT

Research is required not just for students and academics, but for all professionals and
nonprofessionals alike. It is also important for budding and veteran writers, both offline and
online.
For nonprofessionals who value learning, doing research equips them with knowledge
about the world and skills to survive and improve their lives. Among professionals and scribes,
on the other hand, finding an interesting topic to discuss and/or to write about should go beyond
personal experience. Determining either what the general public may want to know or what
researchers want others to realize or to think about can serve as a reason to do research. Thus,
research is an essential component in generating knowledge and vice-versa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study’s methods are one of the most important parts used to judge the overall
quality of the paper. In addition the Methods section should give readers enough information so
that they can repeat the experiments. Reviewers should look for potential sources of bias in the
way the study was designed and carried out, and for places where more explanation is needed.

The specific types of information in a Methods section will vary from field to field and
from study to study. However, some general rules for Methods sections are:

 It should be clear from the Methods section how all of the data in the Results section
were obtained.
 The study system should be clearly described. In medicine, for example, researchers
need to specify the number of study subjects; how, when, and where the subjects were
recruited, and that the study obtained appropriate ‘informed consent’ documents; and what
criteria subjects had to meet to be included in the study.
 In most cases, the experiments should include appropriate controls or comparators. The
conditions of the controls should be specified.
 The outcomes of the study should be defined, and the outcome measures should be
objectively validated.
 The methods used to analyze the data must be statistically sound.
 For qualitative studies, an established qualitative research method (e.g. grounded theory
is often used in sociology) must be used as appropriate for the study question.
 If the authors used a technique from a published study, they should include a citation
and a summary of the procedure in the text. The method also needs to be appropriate to the
present experiment.
 All materials and instruments should be identified, including the supplier’s name and
location. For example, “Tests were conducted with a Vulcanizer 2.0 (XYZ Instruments, Mumbai,
India).”
 The Methods section should not have information that belongs in another section (such
as the Introduction or Results).
 Scientific Research Design

A researcher must have a clear understanding of the various types of research design to
select which model to implement for a study. Like research itself, the design of your study can
be broadly classified into quantitative and qualitative.

Qualitative research design: Qualitative research determines relationships between

collected data and observations based on mathematical calculations. Theories related to a
naturally existing phenomenon can be proved or disproved using statistical methods.
Researchers rely on qualitative research design methods that conclude “why” a particular theory
exists along with “what” respondents have to say about it.

Quantitative research design: Quantitative research is for cases where statistical

conclusions to collect actionable insights are essential. Numbers provide a better perspective to
make critical business decisions. Quantitative research design methods are necessary for the
growth of any organization. Insights drawn from hard numerical data and analysis prove to be
highly effective when making decisions related to the future of the business.

You can further break down the types of research design into five categories:

1. Descriptive research design: In a descriptive design, a researcher is solely interested in

describing the situation or case under their research study. It is a theory-based design method
which is created by gathering, analyzing, and presenting collected data. This allows a
researcher to provide insights into the why and how of research. Descriptive design helps others
better understand the need for the research. If the problem statement is not clear, you can
conduct exploratory research. 

2. Experimental research design: Experimental research design establishes a relationship

between the cause and effect of a situation. It is a causal design where one observes the impact
caused by the independent variable on the dependent variable. For example, one monitors the
influence of an independent variable such as a price on a dependent variable such as customer
satisfaction or brand loyalty. It is a highly practical research design method as it contributes to
solving a problem at hand. The independent variables are manipulated to monitor the change it
has on the dependent variable. It is often used in social sciences to observe human behavior by
analyzing two groups. Researchers can have participants change their actions and study how
the people around them react to gain a better understanding of social psychology.

3. Correlational research design: Correlational research is a non-experimental research

design technique that helps researchers establish a relationship between two closely connected
variables. This type of research requires two different groups. There is no assumption while
evaluating a relationship between two different variables, and statistical analysis techniques
calculate the relationship between them.

A correlation coefficient determines the correlation between two variables, whose value ranges
between -1 and +1. If the correlation coefficient is towards +1, it indicates a positive relationship
between the variables and -1 means a negative relationship between the two variables. 

4. Diagnostic research design: In diagnostic design, the researcher is looking to evaluate the
underlying cause of a specific topic or phenomenon. This method helps one learn more about
the factors that create troublesome situations. 

This design has three parts of the research:

· Inception of the issue
· Diagnosis of the issue
· Solution for the issue
5. Explanatory research design: Explanatory design uses a researcher’s ideas and thoughts
on a subject to further explore their theories. The research explains unexplored aspects of a
subject and details about what, how, and why of research questions.

Sampling Procedure

Types of Sampling Procedures

• Purposeful- choose subjects that you believe will be able to provide you with important
information. Types of purposeful sampling: “maximum variation”, “typical case”, “critical case”
and “extreme or deviant case” (Patton, 1989, pg 100-107).
• Key informant-a specific person that you believe will give you the most information-sometimes
used to develop interview questions or to begin snowball sampling.
• Snowball-you ask the participants to provide you with names of those that will be able to
provide you with important information.
• Convenience- simply asking anyone to whom you have easy access. Avoid this if possible.
• Random table/random selection - when each person of the population has an equal chance of
been selected. Selection is based on random procedure such as using random table of
numbers. (Choosing every fifth person is NOT a random selection.)
• Stratified sampling - “stratified” means choosing from various sub-groups. The population is
divided into subpopulations and random samples are taken of each subpopulation. For
example, stratified by gender. If the population has 25% females and 75% males, the sample
should be chosen randomly by subpopulations and consist of 25% females and 75% males.
• Whole population - the entire population is used. (e.g., entire course, entire university, all
students within a program, etc). This is especially true if the population is small.

Research Methodology

Research methodology is the path through which researchers need to conduct their
research. It shows the path through which these researchers formulate their problem and
objective and present their result from the data obtained during the study period. This research
design and methodology chapter also shows how the research outcome at the end will be
obtained in line with meeting the objective of the study. This chapter hence discusses the
research methods that were used during the research process. It includes the research
methodology of the study from the research strategy to the result dissemination. For emphasis,
in this chapter, the author outlines the research strategy, research design, research
methodology, the study area, data sources such as primary data sources and secondary data,
population consideration and sample size determination such as questionnaires sample size
determination and workplace site exposure measurement sample determination, data collection
methods like primary data collection methods including workplace site observation data
collection and data collection through desk review, data collection through questionnaires, data
obtained from experts opinion, workplace site exposure measurement, data collection tools
pretest, secondary data collection methods, methods of data analysis used such as quantitative
data analysis and qualitative data analysis, data analysis software, the reliability and validity
analysis of the quantitative data, reliability of data, reliability analysis, validity, data quality
management, inclusion criteria, ethical consideration and dissemination of result and its
utilization approaches. In order to satisfy the objectives of the study, a qualitative and
quantitative research method is apprehended in general. The study used these mixed strategies
because the data were obtained from all aspects of the data source during the study time.
Therefore, the purpose of this methodology is to satisfy the research plan and target devised by
the researcher.

Data Collection and Data Analysis

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of

interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research
questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection component of research
is common to all fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, business,
etc. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection
remains the same.
The importance of ensuring accurate and appropriate data collection

Regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data (quantitative, qualitative),
accurate data collection is essential to maintaining the integrity of research. Both the selection
of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and clearly
delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors occurring.

Consequences from improperly collected data include

 inability to answer research questions accurately

 inability to repeat and validate the study
 distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
 misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of investigation
 compromising decisions for public policy
 causing harm to human participants and animal subjects

While the degree of impact from faulty data collection may vary by discipline and the nature
of investigation, there is the potential to cause disproportionate harm when these research
results are used to support public policy recommendations.

Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to

discover useful information for business decision-making. The purpose of Data Analysis is to
extract useful information from data and taking the decision based upon the data analysis.

Whenever we take any decision in our day-to-day life is by thinking about what
happened last time or what will happen by choosing that particular decision. This is nothing but
analyzing our past or future and making decisions based on it. For that, we gather memories of
our past or dreams of our future. So that is nothing but data analysis. Now same thing analyst
does for business purposes, is called Data Analysis.

RESULTS

The results section of the research paper is where you report the findings of your study
based upon the information gathered as a result of the methodology [or methodologies] you
applied. The results section should simply state the findings, without bias or interpretation, and
arranged in a logical sequence. The results section should always be written in the past tense.
A section describing results [a.k.a., "findings"] is particularly necessary if your paper includes
data generated from your own research.

When formulating the results section, it's important to remember that the results
of a study do not prove anything. Research results can only confirm or reject the research
problem underpinning your study. However, the act of articulating the results helps you to
understand the problem from within, to break it into pieces, and to view the research problem
from various perspectives.
The page length of this section is set by the amount and types of data to be
reported. Be concise, using non-textual elements, such as figures and tables, if appropriate, to
present results more effectively. In deciding what data to describe in your results section, you
must clearly distinguish material that would normally be included in a research paper from any
raw data or other material that could be included as an appendix. In general, raw data should
not be included in the main text of your paper unless requested to do so by your professor.
Avoid providing data that is not critical to answering the research question. The
background information you described in the introduction section should provide the reader with
any additional context or explanation needed to understand the results. A good rule is to always
re-read the background section of your paper after you have written up your results to ensure
that the reader has enough context to understand the results [and, later, how you interpreted the
results in the discussion section of your paper].
 WEEK 6
(ACTIVITY SHEET 2)

THE RESEARCH PAPER

PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER IN IMRAD FORMAT

Name: ___________________________ Grade & Section: _________ Date: ________

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

 Follow IMRaD writing format
Objectives:
 Identify the appropriate scientific research design
 Describe the sample/sampling procedure
 Define a research methodology
 Recognize the organization of data collection and data analysis

Activity 1:

What I have learned…

Direction: The types of research design into five categories
Define the following specific category of research design using your own definition by writing it
down in the correct column.

Descriptive Experimental Correlational Diagnostic Explanatory

Activity 2:

Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. You may write your answers in a separate sheet of
paper.
1. How do you define the two designs of research: qualitative and quantitative?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What are the differences and similarities between these two methods?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 3:

Decide whether the following topics or research questions is qualitative or quantitative. Explain
why and what is your basis. Write your answers on the spaces provided.
 Teenagers: Then and Now
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 Science Technology and Engineering students feeling about their chosen specialization
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 What is the degree of satisfaction of students in playing Mobile Legends: Bang Bang?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Activity 4:

Sampling Procedure

Direction: Identify the specific sampling procedure for each given definition by writing the
corresponding letter of each definition in the correct box. Below are the letters representing your
answers.

1. Purposeful
2. Key Informant
3. Snowball
4. Convenience
5. Random Table/ Random Selection
6. Stratified Sampling
7. Whole Population

A. Asking the participants to provide you with names of those that will be able to provide you
with important information.
B. The entire course, entire university, all students within a program can be used.
C. The population is divided into subpopulations and random samples are taken of each
subpopulation.
D. A specific person that you believe will give you the most information-sometimes used to
develop interview questions.
E. It is utilized by simply asking anyone to whom you have easy access.
F. It is when each person of the population has an equal chance of been selected.
G. You may choose respondents/subjects that you believe will be able to provide you with
important information.

Activity 5:

What I have learned…

Explain the concepts you have learned by answering the following questions.
1. What comes to your mind when you hear research methodology?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ .
2. Pretend you are the subject of a research study, how will the researcher obtain data from
you?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. How will you define ethics in research?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What are the various rights of a research participant during the course of study?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Activity 6:

Question and Answer on Data Collection, Data Analysis and Results

Directions: Answer the questions in 3-5 sentences. Write your answers in a space provided.

1. What are the consequences from improperly collected data?

2. How do you differentiate Data Collection from Data Analysis?

3. Explain in your own words the significance of result section in research.

Activity 7:

Explain the following.

1. Organize your ideas by presenting the important functions of data analysis.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. How do you inquire data in a certain field of study? Write your top two methods when
collecting data.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

References:

https://owlcation.com/academia/Why-Research-is-Important-Within-and-Beyond-the-Academe
https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-
editors/authorandreviewertutorials/howtopeerreview/materials-and-methods/10286404
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-design/
https://dasa.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/53/2015/09/methods_sampling.pdf
https://www.intechopen.com/books/cyberspace/research-design-and-methodology
https://www.guru99.com/what-is-data-analysis.html#:~:text=Data%20analysis%20is%20defined
%20as,based%20upon%20the%20data%20analysis.
https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185931#:~:text=The%20results%20section
%20of%20the,arranged%20in%20a%20logical%20sequence.
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1v12avNWOZ1IRfRVTRDIpQIvk5Oga27Pt?
fbclid=IwAR2qpnRFz3i1i7Z8vQ5AVBSaRXsu7P27A5DGi-5nEtjQHdNV-RkWaxZns9k

Resource Location: Department of Education, Region VI-Western Visayas,

Division of Aklan, District of Ibajay West, Maloco National
High School, Ibajay, Aklan

Developer: Jafet P. Solidum