1.

Absoluta sententia expositore non indiget -When language of the law is clear, no
explanation of it is required.
2. Ad proximum antecedens fiat relation nisi impediatur setentia - Relative words refer to
the nearest antecedents, unless the context otherwise requires.
3. Cassus omissus pro omisso habendus est- A person, object or thing omitted from an
enumeration must be held to have been omitted intentionally
4. Generale dictum generaliter est interpretandum- A general statement is understood in a
general sense.
5. Verba intentioni, non e contra, debent inservire- Words ought to be more subservient to
the intent and not the intent to the words.
6. Verba Accipienda sunt secundum subjectam materiam- A word is to be understood in
the context in which it is used.
7. Interpretatio fienda est ut res magis valeat quam pereat- A law should be interpreted
with a view to upholding rather than destroying it
8. Interpretare et concordare legibus est optimus interpretandi modus- Every statute
must be so construed and harmonized with other statutes as to form a uniform system of
jurisprudence.
9. Interpretatio talis in ambiguis semper fienda est ut evitetur inconveniens et absurdum-
Where there is ambiguity, such interpretation as will avoid inconvenience and absurdity
is to be adopted.
10. Maledicta est exposito quae corrumpit textum- It is dangerous construction which is
against the text

EJUSDEM GENERIS- Where a statute describes things of particular class or kind accompanied
by words of a generic character, the generic words will usually be limited to things of a kindred
nature with those particularly enumerated, unless there be something in the context of the statute
to repel such influence. Ejusdem generis could be expansive, however, because the list is not
exclusive; it may be expanded if a juridical tie could be found with another item.

NOSCITUR A SOCIIS- Words must be construed in conjunction with the other words and
phrases used in the text. Legislative intent must be ascertained from a consideration of the statute
as a whole. The particular words, clauses and phrases should not be studied as detached and
isolated expressions, but the whole and every part of the statute must be considered in fixing the
meaning of any of its parts and in order to produce a harmonious whole. Where a particular word
or phrase in a statement is ambiguous in itself or is equally susceptible of various meanings, its
true meaning may be clear and specific by considering the company in which it is found or with
which it is associated.