PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY

Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)
Pharmakon – drugs
Gnosis- study Solvents for Extraction
1. Hexane = Solvent for fats
HISTORY 2. ROH/Ethanol = Resins
3. Acetic acid = Solanin from Potato
1. Babylonians = made day models of man 4. Acetone = Chlorophyll
2. Egyptians = embalming (Myrrh = Oleo-gum resin), ebers (written by Egyptians) 5. Hot benzene = Chrysarobin
George Ebers = Discovered paper scroll (list of drug) or Papyrus Ebers PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
3. Greeks
A. Dioscorides – De Materia Medica (The Medicinal Material) 1. Collection = small scale; ensure the true natural source of drug.
- Father of Pharmacology 2. Harvesting = Mechanical; Manual = potent plants
B. Galen - Father of Pharmaceutical Compounding 3. Drying = Remove moisture to ensure good keeping qualities.
- Formula preparation containing plant and animal constituent 4. Garbling = Last/Final step; removal of extraneous matter e.g. other parts,
(Galenicals). dirt & adulterants (Tea tree Oil; adulterant in virgin coconut oil)
-Galen’s Cerate (cold cream) = contains rose oil *Packaging, Storage and preservation (PSP)
4. Germans 3 Methods to avoid Insect Attack
A. CA Seydler - In 1815 dissertation (Analectica Pharmacognostica), coined 1. Simplest method – expose the drug to 65 deg C
the term Pharmacognosy from Pharmakon and Gnosis. 2. Fumigation with methyl bromide
B. JA Schmidt – In 1812, the first to use the term pharmacognosy “Lehrbuck 3. Add a drop of Chloroform or Carbon tetrachloride
De Materia Medica”
C. FA Fluckiger- Scope of Pharmacognosy: B-iologic, E-conomic, B-iochemical EVALUATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
-He performed simultaneous application of various scientific -To determine quality and purity of crude drugs (e.g. absence of adulterants &
disciplines with the object of acquiring drugs from every point determine intrinsic value)
of view.
*Carlous Linnaeus – Father of taxonomy; Binomial System of naming – Genus + 1. Organoleptic evaluation – senses (macroscopic evaluation)
species 2. Microscopic evaluation
DEFINITION OF TERMS 3. Pharmacologic evaluation
1. Crude Drug = natural substance that had undergone only the processes of 4. Chemical evaluation (BEST) – assay of active constituents using chemicals.
collection and drying. 5. Physical evaluation
2. Indigenous plants = plants growing in their native countries (e.g. Acacia *Bioassay = use of living animals and excised organs to test efficacy/safety of drug.
from Senegal). Bioassay Animals used
3. Naturalized plants = grow in foreign land other than their native homes. Glucagon & mydriatic agents [ Cats
4. Menstruum = technical term for solvent use in extraction Atropine]
5. Marc = undissolved portion retained in percolator Digoxin Pigeon
6. Extractive or Percolate = product of percolator Oxytocin Chicken
7. Pharmaceutically Active = use as excipients e.g. starch [Tablet Binder] Heparin Sheep’s blood
8. Pharmacologically Active = has an effect on the body e.g. Digoxin (+) Cod liver oil Rackitic Rats [Rat’s w/
Inotropic agent Ricket’s]
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)

Insulin Rabbit – use to prevent CV  Rhum (From: Distilled fermented

Tubocurarine [Head Drop] Rabbit/Mice disease; <14% acts as molasses)
Photosynthesis – CO2 + H2O [UV & Chlorophyll]  C6H12O6 (glucose)  CHO CNS stimulant.
(Carbohydrate)  Primary metabolite  secondary metabolite 1o Alcohol ROH [O]  RCHO [O]  Carboxylic acids RCOOH
(glycosides) = Biogenesis/Biosynthesis Glucose [R]  Glucitol or Sorbitol
CARBOHYDRATES Glucose [O]  Plant acids – citric, tartaric, fumaric, malic acid
-polyhydroxyaldehydes and polyhydroxyketones a. Sorbitol – half as sweet as sucrose
-General Formula: CnH2nOn / (CH2O)n Use: Humectant - prevents dryness [vs Dessication = cause dryness]
b. Citric acid – First isolated from lemon juice by Scheele
# of General Name Example c. Tartaric acid – by product of wine industry
Carbon RCHO RCOR RCHO RCOR Denige’s test – test to differentiate citric (+) and tartaric (-) acid.
2C Diose Hydroxyacetaldehyde Effervescence – have citric and tartaric acid always
3C Triose Triulose Glyceraldehdye Dihydroxyacetone d. Fumaric acid – Ferrous fumarate (For Iron Deficiency Anemia/ IDA)
4C Tetrose Tetrulose Erythrose Erythrulose e. Malic acid – Use: Flavorant
5C Pentose Pentulose Ribose, Arabinose, Ribulose – From: Apple, Pears, and Cherry
Xylose Fergon – Ferous gluconate  for Treatment of IDA
6C Hexose Hexulose Glucose, Galactose, Fructose Toleron -
Mannose
2. Fructose/Levulose  Sweetest sugar; Functional Isomer of Glucose
7C Heptose Heptulose
AKA: Fruit sugar; Levulose
8C Octose Octulose D-glycero-D-
USES: For diabetic patients, nutrient
mannoctulose
9C Nonose Sialic acid or N-acetyl
3. Galactose  Aldohexose; monosaccharide rapidly absorbed from GI tract
Neuraminic acid
Lack of Galactose epimerase causes Galactosemia
Galactose  Glucose  ATP
MONOSACCHARIDES - simple sugars
4. Mannose  Monosacharride that rapidly forms Osazone Crystals (Osazone Test)
[PACOP]
1. Glucose/Dextrose  converted to energy
AKA: D-glucose; Blood sugar; Grape sugar; Physiologic sugar
Source: Grapes – Vitis vinifera
USES: sweetening agent – liquid glucose (Syrupy); dextrose excipient (powder form);
nutrient
Initial 1st Step 2nd Step (Distillation -Increases ROH
(Fermentation) content to 40-55%)
Glucose  Produces: ethanol Produces:
(aldehyde) wine  Brandy (From: wine)
 Whiskey (From: Distilled Malted
Grain)
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)
D-Gal & D-Glu = C4 epimers Uses: demulcent (sooth inflamed mucus membranes), sweetening, preservative,
D-Mann & D-Glu = C2 epimers component of syrups, retards oxidation.
Mannose upon reduction forms Mannitol (osmotic diuretic) Other notes: Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose [dehydration reaction forms sucrose]
Mannitol = for cerebral edema 2. Maltose/ Malt sugar Glucose + Glucose
Furosemide = for pulmonary edema Source: Hordeum vulgare or Barley  produced during the germination of barley.
Test for reducing Sugars Use:
Test Reagents Result Notes 3. Lactose/ Milk sugar  Glucose + Galactose
Fehling’s CuSO4 • 5H2O [Blue Yellow-Brick red Cu2+  Cu2O  Source: From mammary glands of Bos Taurus (Cow)
vitriol] precipitate Brick red ppt.
Benedict’s CuSO4 • 5H2O Yellow-Brick red Isolation Process of Milk
precipitate
Barfoed CuSO4 • 5H2O Difference of 1. Cow’s Milk/ Whole milk  butter [Fat globules]
Mono- and 2. Buttermilk  Cream
Disaccharides 3. Skimmed Milk + Renin  Whey – the part of whey
Tollen Ammoniacal Silver Silver mirror Reduction of Ag+ [Milk coagulation] where lactose is isolated.
nitrate 4. Coagulum treated to form  Cheese [Kumuss –
spoiled/fermented cheese]
Pentoses – Ribose, Arabinose, Xylose *Malted Milk Milk + Malt
Ribose 2-Deoxy ribose Uses – Tablet Diluent, food for lactobacilli
-sugar portion of RNA -sugar portion of DNA Other Notes: Lactose  Glucose + Glucose (lactase – Absence of this enzyme causes
Lactose intolerance where Lactose is converted to Lactic acid by
microbial flora).
Lactulose – formed when fructose reacts with galactose
- Alkaline arrangement of lactose.
- Converted to lactic acid and acetic acid
- MOA: Lactulose  Lacitc acid + acetic acid  GI Irritation  Catharsis
POLYSACCHARIDE > 10 sugars
A. Homoglycans = polysaccharide when broken down are converted to one type of
sugar unit.
Xylose aka Wood Sugar 1. Starch = glucose units only; GLUCOSAN
- Obtained from boiling corn cobs straw using diluted acid. = temporary storage form of photosynthetic products.
- Uses: Diagnostic aid in intestinal malabsorption = 2 consituents of starch = Amylose + Amylopectin
Bases of Difference Amylose Amylopectin
DISACCHARIDES
Structure -Linear -Branched
1. Sucrose/ Table Sugar
-250-300 D-glucose -1000 or more D-glucose units
Sources: Sugar cane – Saccharum officinarum
units linked by linked by alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6
Sugar Beets – Beta vulgaris
alpha-1,4 glycosidic glycosidic bonds at every 25 glucose
Sugar Maple – Acer saccharum
bonds units.
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)

Solubility in water -soluble -insoluble -Natural product hydrocolloids that may be classified as ionic or non-ionic
Iodine Test -Blue -Violet polysaccharides.
Ratio -25% -75% -Hydrocolloids use: tablet binder, suspending agent, dental adhesives and
Uses of starch: Tablet filler, binder, disintegrant laxatives.
-Antidote for iodine poisoning  starch forms complex with iodine  excreted -produced by plants as a protective after injury
because they are insoluble in body fluids. -upon hydrolysis, they yield arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose,
and other uronic acid derivatives.
Starch preparations: Plant Exudates (PLANT PART: BARK)
1. Pregelatinized starch = that is chemically or mechanically processed to Acacia – Acacia senegal Aka: Gum Arabic
rupture all or part of the granules; tablet binder *Most resistant to hydrolysis Active constituent: Arabin
2. Sodium Starch Glycolate = disintegrant Incompatible with Alcohol
3. Hetastarch – plasma expander Tragacanth – Astragalus gummifer 2 constituents:
Sources of Starch: [Best] – produces the best type of Bassorin – swelling component
a. Corn – Zea mays mucilage Tragacanthin – non-swelling
b. Rice – Oryza sativa Karaya – Sterculia urens Movicol = Karaya + Frangula
c. Wheat – Triticum aestivum Fetid odor
d. Potato – Solanum tuberosum Ghatti – Anogeissus latifolia Substitute for acacia
e. Cassava – Manihot esculenta; Tapioca Aka: Indian gum
2. Inulin  Fructosan; Fructose only Seed Gums
Source: Dandelion – Taraxacum officinale Psyllium (PP: seedcoat) USE: BULK LAXATIVE (C-Lium Fibre)
Chicory – Chiconium intubus Plantago psyllium / Spanish Psyllium
Uses: Ingredient in culture media; evaluation of renal function Plantago ovata / Blonde Psyllium
*Xylose -Diagnostic test for malabsorption Cydonium – Cydonia vulgaris
3. Dextrin vs Dextran Guar (PP: endosperm) – Cyamopsis
Dextrin Dextran tetragonolobus
-Incomplete/Partial Breakdown of -from Leuconostoc mesenteroides St John’s Bread (PP: endosperm) / St Elmo’s Fire – Phosphorous
starch Locust bean / Carob Pulp – Ceratonia St John’s Wort – Hypericin
-Sweetening agent -Plasma expander siliqua
-Homoglycan/Glucosan -Gum/Heteroglycan
4. Cellulose - Homoglycan Marine Gums
a. Purified/absorbent cotton – from the hair of the seeds of Gossypium Agar/ Japanese Isenglas Agarose (Low SO4) & Agaropectin (High
hirsutum Gelidium cartilagenium SO4)
b. Flexible Collodion – mechanical protectant / topical protectant (dressing Gracilaria confervoides USE: Solidifying agent in culture media
for wounds) Sodium alginate/ Brown Seaweeds
*Glycogen = Source of energy; storage polysaccharide. Macrocystis pyrifera
B. Heteroglycans = polysaccharide composed of different types of sugar unit. Carrageenan/ Irish Moss/ Red Algae Kappa – swelling
a. Gums and Mucilages  these are pathologic product Chondrus crispus Iota – swelling
Lambda – non-swelling; thickener
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)

Danish Agar – Furcellaria fastigiata Resembles Lambda carrageenan Rheum officinale – Chinese
MICROBIAL GUM Rheum emodi – Indian
Xanthan Gum Dilatant = shear thickening (Inc. Rheum webbianum –Indian
Xanthomonas campestris Viscosity) Chrysarobin (PP:Bark) -not a cathartic
Pseudoplastic = shear thinning e.g. Goa Andira araroba -Isolated with Hot benzene
toothpaste, ointment (Dec. Viscosity) -Keratolytic agent

Pectin II. Saponin Glycosides

Isolated from inner rind of Citrus Fruits and apple pomace – aka Fish poisons  Beta-hemolytic esp. cold-blooded animals e.g. fish
USE: Antidiarrheal agent -Soaplike properties
Kapoectate = Pectin + kaolin or “China Clay” -Steroidal in nature: CPPP (Cyclo-Pentano-Perhydro-Phenanthrene) nucleus
 Unripe fruits – Protopectin -Sapogenin (aglycone) - Sapotoxin (Toxic aglycone)
 Just ripe fruits – Pectin Chemical Test
 Overripe fruits – Pectic acid 1. Froth Test – Honeycomb froth in 10 mins.
GLYCOSIDES 2. Hemolysis Test – BAM (Blood agar medium)
-Heteroglycans; Beta forms occur in plant; aka sugar-ether Results:
-contains 2 potion: Sugar (Glycone) and Non-sugar (Aglycone/Genin) - Green color (α-hemolytic)  partial breakdown of RBC releasing Biliverdin
I. Anthraquinone Glycosides - Clear color – (β-hemolytic)  complete breakdown of RBC
Aglycone portion: Anthracene - No change in color – (γ-hemolytic)  No effect in RBC
ID test: Borntrager’s test 3. Keller-Killiani Test – test for steroids (presence of 2-deoxy sugars)
Use: Drastic Cathartics (All)
Except: Chrysarobin – very irritating & keratolytic agent Saponin-Containing Plants
Cascara sagrada (PP: Bark) / sacred bark -Bitter taste + MgO {added to reduce 1. Glycyrrhiza or Licorice (PP: Roots and Rhizmes) – Glycyrhizza glabra
Rhamnus purshianus bitterness of Cascara sagrada} Constituents: Glycyrrhizin (50x sweet as sucrose), Glycyrrhitic acid
-Use: Cathartic Uses:
-Constituents: Cascarosides & a. Foaminess of root beer
Casanthranol b. Treatment of Addison’s disease – lack of steroids [Cushing’s
Frangula or Buckthorn Bark (PP: Bark) Use: Laxative syndrome = Excess steroids]
Rhamnus frangula 2. Dioscorea (PP:Roots)
Aloe (PP: Leaves-Latex) -Use: Emollient; Laxative esp. man: Dioscorea floribunda  BEST source of steroids
Aloe barbadensis (+Aloe vera = Curacao obesity; For Burns Dioscorea spiculiflora – contains diosgenin which is a glucocorticoid
Aloe) -Consituent: Aloe-Barbaloin precursor.
Aloe spicata/ Cape aloe 3. Ginseng (PP:Roots)
Senna (PP: Leaves) -More potent than Cascara sagrada Panax ginseng – Asian/Korean Ginseng
Cassia acutifolia (Alexandria) -Brand Name: Senokot Panax quinquefolius – American Ginseng
Cassia angustifolia (Tinnevely) -Constituent: Sennosides Uses: Aphrodisiac and an adaptogen or TONIC
-Source: Square lots of land (wet) Constituents: Panaxosides, Ginsenosides and Chikusetsusaponins
Rhubarb (PP: Bark) - Constituent: Rhein anthrones *Other: “Ginseng of Europe” = Chamomile
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)
III. Cyanogenic Glycosides Squill (PP: Bulb) Urgenia maritime
Identification Test: Guignard Test/ Picric acid test Night-blooming Cereus (PP: Stems) Selenicereus grandiflorus
Constituents:
1. Amygdalin [amygdalase]  Prunasin [prunase]  HCN/ Prussic acid VI. Flavonol Glycosides
Hydrolysis: Prunasin - product of the partial breakdown of amygdalin. A. Yellow pigments – Rutin, Quercetin
Emulsin – Amygdalase + Prunase B. Citrus Boflavonoids <Hesperidin, Hesperitin and Naringen>
2. Laetrile or Vitamin B 17  anti-cancer Vitamin P (Permeability factors) = Hesperidin + Rutin [RPh]
-has anti-cancer claims since it is converted to CN  toxic to cancer cells Vitamin P – treatment of capillarity fragility and common colds
Sources: (PP: Seeds and kernels) – has cyanogen Sources: citrus fuits
1. Almond – Prunus amygdalus From: Citrus limon - lemon
2. Apricot – Prunus armeniaca Citrus maxima/grandis - Pomelo/lukban/suha
3. Wild Cherry (PP: Stems) – Prunus serotina Citrus aurancium – orange
Cherry = Prunus serasus (source of malic acid) Citrus sinensis – Ponkan
IV. Isothiocyanate Glycosides (PP: Seeds) Citrus microcarpa – calamansi
Black Mustard White Mustard Citrus paradisii – grapefruit
Source: Brassica nigra Source: Brassica alba Citrus nobilis – dalanghita
Constituent: Sinigrin Constituent: Sinalbin VII. Lactone Glycosides
+Myrosin  Allyl Isothiocyanate +Myrosin  Acrinyl Isothiocyanate 1. Coumarin (PP: Leaves) – anticoagulant
Uses: local irritant, emetic, rubefacient (agent that causes redness), Vesican (causes -from Tonka beans (Dipteryx odorata)
blister formation), condiment -Warfarin (anticoagulant)
V. Cardiac Glycosides (also STEROIDAL) -Racumin = coumarin
Identification Test: Keller-Killiani Test *Note Phosphorous present in rat poison.
Aglycone: Cardenolide & Bufodienolide (from frogs) – steroids 2. Cantharides (AP: Whole insect)  blister formation
Use: (+) Inotropic agents, CHF (Digoxin) -aka Blistering/Spanish/Russian Fly
-Constituents: Cantharidin – aphrodisiac (cause penile erection)
Grecian Foxglove (PP: Leaves) Digitalis lanata 3. Psoralens (Methoxalen)  photosensitizing furocoumarins
Foxglove (PP: Leaves) Digitalis purpurea -treatment of vitiligo  melanocytes are not sensitive to UV; treated by
Lily of the Valley or Convallaria (PP: Convallaria majalis methoxalen by increasing sensitivity.
roots and rhizomes) VIII. Others
Adonis or Peasant’seye (PP: Over Adonis yernalis Alcohol Salicin (PP: Bark)  Salix purpurea
ground portion) salicylic acid  anti- Salix fragilis
Strophantus (PP: Seeds) Strophantus combe rheumatoid property
Black hellebore or Christmas Rose (PP: Helleborus niger Aldehyde Vanillin (PP: Cured fruit) Vanilla planifolia
roots and rhizomes) Phenol Arbutin (PP: Leaves) Arctostaphylos uva ursi
Apocynum or Black Indian Hemp (PP: Apocynum cannabinum Astringent
roots and rhizomes) *Note Indian Hemp Bearberry
is Cannabis sativa/Marijuana Uva-ursi
Adelfa (PP: Leaves) Nerium oleander
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)
TANNINS Oleic Acid – 18C (9th)
-polyphenols; protein precipitants Linoleic Acid (Omega-6) – 18C 2(9th, 12th)
Identification Test: Gold Beater Skin Test – Test to differentiate a true/natural (+) Linolenic Acid (Omega-3) – 18C 3(9th, 12th, 15th)
tannin from a Pseudo/synthetic (-) polyphenol. Arachidonic Acid (Omega-6) – 20 4(5th, 8th, 11th, 14th)
Hydrolyzable Non-Hydrolyzable or Condensed Uses:
Tannins 1. Emollients
Chemically related to pyrogallol Chemically related to catechol 2. Cathartics – e.g. Castor Oil
+HCl  phenolic acids and sugars +HCl  polymerize forming 3. Solvents for IM injection – COCOPESE
PHLOBAPHENES a. Corn Oil
+FeCl3  Bluish black +FeCl3  Greenish black b. Cottonseed oil
BLOOM (Type of leather) TANNER’s RED c. Peanut oil
Uses: d. Sesame Oil
Industrial Medicinal 4. Soap production – saponification [Alkali + FA  Soap]
1. Dyes 3. Astringent – decreases diameter of 5. Nutrient – increase caloric value (TPN)
2. Leather pores in skin a. 1 g CHO = 4 cal
4. Precipitants – can precipitate b. 1 g CHONS = 4 cal
glycosides, alkaloids and protein. c. 1 g Lipid = 9 cal
Tannin-containing plant FIXED OILS
1. Hamamelis or Witch Hazel Leaves – leaves of Hamamelis virginiana Cottonseed Oil – official solvent for IM injection
Constituent: Hamamelitannin  astringent Gossypium hirsutum
2. Nutgall Sesameseed Oil/Benne Oil/ Teel Oil – official solvent for IM injection
Plant: Quercus infectoria Sesamum indicum
Insect: Cynips tinctoria Coconut Oil – “Laura and Myra”
Constituent: Tannic Acid  Universal Antidote (Alkaloidal precipitant) Cocous nucifera – Lauric and Myristic Acid
LIPIDS Castor Oil - Ricin (Toxic principle)
FATS Esters of Glycerol and Fatty acids RIcinius communis - Ricinoleic acid (Pcol effect: Cathartic)
“CaLaMy” & PaStA” Peanut Oil / Arachis oil – official solvent for IM injection
C10 – Capric Acid C16 – Palmitic acid SOLID at room temperature except Arachis hypogea
C12 – Lauric Acid C18 – Stearic Acid Cod Liver oil Corn Oil – official solvent for IM injection
C14 – Myristic Acid C20–Arachidonic From Animals  Lard Zea mays
acid Safflower Oil -source of nutrients
FIXED OILS Esters of Glycerol and Fatty acids Carthamus tinctoria
LIQUID at room temperature Sunflower oil -source of nutrients
except Theobroma Oil Helianthus annus
From Plants Ethiodized Oil Injection - Iodine addition product of the ethyl
WAXES Esters of High Molecular weight Papaver somniferum (PP: Seed) ester of the fatty acids of poppy seed.
Alcohol (Stearyl and Cetyl ROH) -Diagnostic Aid
and Fatty acids Soybean Oil -good source of stigmasterol
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)

Glycine soja -Animal = Cholesterol

-Plant = Phytosterol VOLATILE OILS
-Fungi = Ergosterol -Aka essences, essential oils or ethereal oils
Only Pericarp oil is -released by plants to attract insects but also repellants for herbivores
OLIVE OIL aka “Salad oil” -vital in cross pollination success
Grades Volatile Oils Fixed Oils
1. First Grade Virgin Olive Oil – Cold press extraction Made up of Terpenes Esters of Glycerol and Fatty Acids
2. Second Grade Virgin Olive Oil – Cold press extraction Cannot be SAPONIFIED Can be SAPONIFIED
3. Technical Grade – Hot water (Technical) Extraction NO permanent SPOT WITH permanent SPOT
4. Sulfur Grade – use Carbon Disulfide (CS2) in isolation Resinify – Dark discoloration Becomes Rancid – air oxidation
5. Tournant oil – Cheapest; isolated from fallen and decomposing fruits Plants produce Volatile oils as insect attractants and repellants
Olive oil common adulterant: Tea Tree Oil Medicinal uses:
1. Carminatives
FATS 2. Antipruritic (e.g. camphor)
1. Theobroma Oil (PP: Seeds) 3. Counter-irritant (e.g. methyl salicylate)
-Aka: Cacao butter or “Food for the gods” 4. Antiseptic
-From Theobroma cacao Commercial Use:
-Use: Suppository Base (Melting point: 31-35 deg C) Fabrication of Perfumes
2. Lanolin – from wool of sheep (Ovies aris) a. Top Notes – most volatile products; they leave the skin rapidly e.g. Lemon,
Lanolin (Hydrous) Woolfat (Anhydrous) Lavender and Anise oils
-contains 25% water -contains 0.25% water b. Middle Notes – intermediate tenacity and volatility e.g. Thyme, Neroli, and
-Use: Ointment base -Use: Ointment base Rose Oil.
3. Cod Liver Oil / Scott’sEmulsion = Cod liver oil emulsion [contain Vitamin A c. Base Notes – Low volatility and high tenacity e.g. fixative; staying power
and D + unsaturated Fatty acids] Paradoxus hermaphrodites – “coffee alamid” from Civet cat
-From: Gadus morrhua Ambergris – Physeter macrocephalus from stomach of whale
-Rich source of Vitamin A and D Musk – from Musk Deer
-Sodium morrhuate – sclerosing agent for obliterating varicose veins Labiatae -Glandular Hairs
(Salt form of acids from cod liver oil) Piperaceae - Modified Parenchymal Cells
WAXES Umbelliferae -Oil tubes/Vittae
Spermaceti (AP: Head) -synthetic spermaceti – cetyl ester wax Ruatceae and Pinaceae -Lysigenous and Schizogenous
Physeter macrocephalus Passages
Jojoba Oil (PP: Seeds) -The following are fixed oils except: Method of Isolation
Simmondsia chinensis fam. Buxaceae a) Sesame Oil c) Corn Oil e) NOTA 1. Distillation – most common; not for heat labile
[PACOP] b) Olive Oil d) Jojoba Oil [PACOP] a. Fresh Sample – spearmint oil and peppermint oil
Beeswax (AP: Honeycomb) -stiffening agent in plasters and cerates b. Dried Sample – Turpentine Oil (Pilus palustris fam. Pinaceae)
Apis mellifera -Royal jelly – Tonic agent; Saliva of Bee 2. Enzymatic action
Carnauba wax (PP: Leaves) -polishing agent for hard gel capsule E.g. Mustard Oils (Glycosidic V.O.) are produced in the presence of Myrosin
Copernicia prunifera 3. Expression – for heat-sensitive volatile oils
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)
a. Ecuelle – for volatile oils from citrus fruits  puncture oil glands (0) Racemic mixture = Synthetic Camphor (Not optically
b. Enfleurage – for volatile oils from flower petals  use cold fat active)
Use: Antipruritic
Shikimic acid Pathway  Phenylpropanoids or Aromatic volatile oils Phenol 1. Eugenol (PP: Flowerbuds)  TOOTHACHE DROPS
Mevalonic Acid Pathway  Terpenes or Aliphatic Volatile Oil -From Clove oil – Eugenia caryophyllus
-Use: Dental analgesic
Solid hydrocarbon portion of volatile oils = Stereopenes 2. Thymol (PP: Leaves)
[e.g. camphor, menthol, thymol] -From: Thymus vulgaris
Liquid volatile oils = Eleoptenes -Use: antifungal agent
[e.g. eugenol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate] Phenolic-Ether Myristicin (PP: Kernels and Seeds)  Carminative
Myristica fragrans / Nutmeg
Fennel – Foeniculum vulgaris
Classification of Volatile Oils Anise – Pimpinella anisum
-Volatile oils are made up of Terpenes Oxide Eucalyptol or Cineole (PP: Leaves)
-Terpenes are made up of isoprene units (C5H8) -From: Eucalytpus globulus
MONOTERPENES 2 isoprene units C10H16 *Note: Ascaridol  Tx of Ascariasis [PACOP]
SESQUITERPENES 3 Isoprene units C15H24 Ester Aka “Oil of Wintergreen”
DITERPENES 4 Isoprene units C20H32 Methylsalicylate (PP: Leaves)
TRITERPENES 6 isoprene units C30H40 -From: Gaultheria procumbens & Betula lenta

MONOTERPENES SESQUITERPENES
Hydrocarbon Pinene Chamomile – “Ginseng of Europe” -Carminative (Cha-ca)
Pinus palustris fam. Pinaceae Artemisinin – “Quinghaosu” -anti-malarial
Alcohol Menthol (PP: leaves) Valerian -sedative
Mentha piperita – peppermint oil Feverfew -anti-pyretic and anti-migraine
Mentha arvensis – Japanese peppermint oil
Aldehyde 1. Citral TRITERPENES
Lemon (PP: Fruits) -from Citrus limon & Melissa Quassinoids -Pediculicides (lice)
officinalis (Lemon bulb)  Dafflon® -From Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica)
- Terebinthinate odor  Not to be dispensed RESINS
Lemon Grass (PP: Leaves) – Cymbopogon citratus -Complex substances (composed of acids, alcohols, and tannins)
2. Cinnamaldehyde (PP: Bark) – from Cinnamomum -Amorphous
loureirii -Melts when heated
Ketone 1. Carvone (PP: Leaves)
(+) Dextrorotatory – Caraway oil (Carum carvii) RESINS
(-) Levorotatory – Spearmint oil (Mentha spicata) Rosin or Colophony Pinus palustris
2. Camphor (PP: Bark) – from Cinnamomum camphora Use: Stiffening agent
(+) Dextrorotatory = Natural Camphor Podophyllum/Mandrake/Mayapple Podophyllum peltatum
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)

Use: anti-mitotic Benzoin Styrax benzoin

Eriodictyon or Yerba santa Eriodictyon californicum -closely related to Benzoic acid (antifungal
Use: Mask bitterness of Quinine agent)
Jalap Exogonium purge
Use: Cathartic ALKALOIDS
Mastic Pistacia lentiscus -Bitter, Basic, Nitrogenous substances that are physiologically active
Use: Dental Varnish -From the word ALKALINE that means Basic
Kava/ Kava-kava Piper methysticum -Why BASIC? Alkaloids are AMINES
Use: Muscle relaxant Primary Amine – NH2R
Hashish/Indian Cannabis sativa (PP: Leaves) Secondary Amine – NHR2
Hemp/Pot/Marijuana/Weeds Tetrahydrocannabinoids Tertiary Amine – NR3
(Hallucinogen) Quaternary Amine – NR4+
- Young Leaves Marijuana – *Order of Basicity: 2>3>1>4
cannabidiol (Non hallucinogenic effect) Other Characteristics:
- Mature leaves of marijuana – THC 1. Ends with ine
and Cannabinol (Non hallucinogenic 2. All are SOLIDS except: Coniine, Nicotine, and Sparteine
effect) 3. Free alkaloids are sparingly soluble in water
4. Forms salts with HEAVY METALS except: caffeine
OLEORESINS  Mayer’s Reagent – Mercuric Potassium Iodide [MaMeKI]
Volatile Oil + Resin  Wagner’s Reagent – Iodine in Potassium Iodide [WIKI]
Turpentne Pinus palustris  Dragendorff’s Reagent – Potassium Bismuth Iodide [Dra KBIo]
Capsaicin or Cayenne pepper Capsicum frutescens  capsaicin  Valser’s reagent – Mercuric Iodide
White Pine Pinus strobus  Sonnenschein’s Reagent – Phosphomolybdic acid (Son-PMA)
Ginger Zingiber officinale  Scheibler’s Reagent – Phosphotungstic acid (Sch-PTA)
PYRIDINE-PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS
Balsam of Copaiba  Not a true balsam Copaifera app
Nicotine (PP: Leaves) Nicotiana tabaccum
Use: Smoking deterrent
OLEOGUMRESINS
Volatile Oil + Gum + Resin Arecoline (PP: Seeds) Areca catechu (Nga-Nga)
*Areca Tannin content causes
Myrrh Commiphora molmol
esophageal cancer
Use: Astringent (Astring-O-Sol®)
Use: Antihelminthic (Taenicide)
Asafetida / Devil’s Dung Ferula asafetida
Taenia solium or Pork tapeworm
Use: Carminative
Taenia saginata or Beef tapeworm
Lobeline (PP: Leaves) Lobelia inflata
BALSAMS – cinnamic acid and benzoic acid derivatives or esters of these acid
Use: Smoking deterrent
Storax Liquidambar orientalis
Peru Myroxylon pereirae
-Source of Benzyl Benzoate (effective scabicide)
Tolu Myroxylon balsamum
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)
TROPANE ALKALOIDS (PP: Leaves) 4. Noscapine – No narcotic properties
Belladonna/ Deadly Nightshade (PP: Atropa belladonna - used as an antitussive
Leaves) -aka “Anarcotine”
Hyocyamus or Henbane (PP: Bean) Hyocyamus niger QUINOLINE ALKALOIDS (PP: Bark)
Stramonium (PP:Leaves) Datura stramonium Quinine Cinchona succirubra (red) -Anti-Malarial/protozoal
European Mandrake (PP Roots) Mandragora officinarum Quinidine Cinchona calisaya -Anti-arrhythmic
Coca (PP: Leaves) Erythroxylon coca (yellow)
*Solanaceous alkaloids except Coca
1. Atropine IMIDAZOLE ALKALOIDS
Uses: Pilocarpine (PP: Leaflets) Pilocarpus jaborandi DOC for Glaucoma
a. Anti-diarrheal – decrease peristaltic movement
b. Anti-sialogogue – decrease production of saliva INDOLE ALKALOIDS
c. Mydriatic – pupil dilation [cycloplegia: paralysis of accommodation] Catharanthus Catharanthus roseus
d. Antidote for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. Organophosphates: MOA: Inhibit mitotic spindle formation
Malathion and Parathion) (Anti-neoplastic)
e. Positive Inotropic agents (Anticholinergic agent) Reserpine (Serpasil®) Rauwolfia seprentina
2. Scopolamine – prevention of motion sickness (Trans-Scop®) Hypotensive agent (HTN)
Physostigmine (PP: Seeds) Physostigma venenosum
ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS Treatment of Glaucoma
Ipecac Cephaelis Emetine (used in poisoning) Ergot (PP: Sclerotium)  Egrotmine & Claviceps pupurea – fungus (Scleratin)
ipecacuanha Ipecac syrup (in cases of Ergonovine & Lysergic Acid Secale seryare – Rye [Infection of
emergency) vs Ipecac fluidextract Diethylamide fungus]
(Very potent) Nux vomica (PP: Seeds) Strychnos nux vomica
Sanguinarine/Blood Sanguinaria Sanguinarine Strychnine – causes lockjaw
Root Canadensis Brucine – alcohol denaturant
Opium (PP: Latex) Papaver somniferum Morphine – CNS Depresant
Curare Strychos castelnai Tubocurarine/Non-depolarizing STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS
Neuro-muscular blocking agent Green Hellebore (PP: Roots and Veratrum viride
Rhizomes) Use: Cardiac Depessant
OPIUM ALKALOIDS White Hellebore(PP: Roots and Veratrum album
1. Morphine – most important and abundant NATURAL opium alkaloid rhizomes) Use: Cardiac Depressant
- Narcotic analgesic *Black Hellebore = Cardiac stimulant
-“Morpheus” – Greek god of sleep
2. Codeine – most widely used NATURAL opium alkaloid ALKALOIDAL AMINES
- aka “Methylmorphine” -> methylation of Morphine Ephedrine or Ma Huang (PP: over Ephedra sinica
-Antitussive (For cough) ground portion)  converted to phenylephrine (nasal
3. Heroin – produced by the acetylation of morphine decongestant) since ephedrine is highly
-Diacetylmorphine (Hallucinogen)  prohibited drug toxic
PHARMACY REVIEW: PHARMACOGNOSY
Prepared by: Jerico Isaiah Savellano Dumbrique, RPh, MS in Pharmacy Administration (on-going)

Colchicine (PP: Seeds and Flowers)  Colchicum autumnale

Board Exam Question!
Mescaline / Peyote (PP: Tops) Lophophora williamsii
From cactus Hallucinogen

PURINES or METHYLXANTHINES
Caffeine (PP: Beans) 1,3,7 – Trimethyxanthine
Coffea Arabica Use: CNS Stimulant
Cotyledons of Cola nitida
Theophylline (PP: Leaves/ Tea Leaves) 1,3 – Dimethylxanthines
Camellia sinensis Use: Bronchodilator for BA
Theobromine (PP: Seeds) 3,7 – Dimethylxanthines
Theobroma cacao Use: Diuretic

OTHERS
Papain – Carica papaya latex -Whitening effects [2014 Boards]
-Accelerate wound healing
-Antiseptic properties (Clean soft
contact lenses)
-Meat Tenderizer
Bromelain – Ananas comosus fam. -Accelerate wound healing
Bromeliaceae -decrease cholesterol levels in blood
-anti-inflammatory
Streptokinase (Streptococcus group C) -Thrombolytic agent
 non-pathogenic
Urokinase (Kidneys) -Thrombolytic agent
Sutilain -produced by Bacillus subtillis
Collagenase -Produced by Clostridium histolyticum
-For wound debridement
Levo-asparaginase -Enzyme produced by Escherichia coli
-used as an anticancer agent

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------