DATABASE ADMINISTRATION (INT401) Assignment- 2

1. Mention real world examples where SQL server 2005 is being

used.

Ans: Real time applications

i) The SQL server 2005 database server contained a single user

database which was the foundation of an online sales application.

ii) SQL server 2005 database is used for Forensic Investigation.

iii) Used for Business intelligence. The goal is to enable better, more
informed, and faster decisions. Hence any discussion of real-time business
intelligence must be in the context of how close to real time the information
must be to support those decisions. What constitutes real-time information
can vary widely for different business activities, even within a single
enterprise. So SQL is used.

iv) SQL Server 2005 Workgroup Edition used by business

organisations. Workgroup Edition is the data management solution for
small organizations that need a database with no limits on size or
number of users. Workgroup Edition can serve as a front-end Web server
or for departmental or branch office operations. It includes the core
database features of the SQL Server product line and is easy to upgrade
to Standard or Enterprise Edition.

v) Accessing SQL Server Databases with PHP used for accessing sql
for making websites. The SQL Server 2005 Driver for PHP is a
Microsoft-supported extension of PHP 5 that provides data access to SQL
Server 2005 and SQL Server 2008. The extension provides a procedural
interface for accessing data in all editions of SQL Server 2005 and SQL
Server 2008. The SQL Server 2005 Driver for PHP API provides a
comprehensive data access solution from PHP, and includes support for

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 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION (INT401) Assignment- 2

many features including Windows Authentication, transactions,

parameter binding, streaming, metadata access, connection pooling, and
error handling.

vi)Real World XML processing in SQL Server 2005.

vii) SQL is used with .net for making real time websites and
applications.

2 “A relational database management system (RDBMS) is

a database management system (DBMS) that is based on
the relational model “ give comments on this statement, and
briefly explain what you understand by term RELATIONAL
MODEL?. RDBMS is related to mathematical relations also as
compared to DBMS. Give your comments in favor or
disagreements of this statement.

Ans: A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database

management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as
introduced by E. F. Codd. Most popular commercial and open source
databases currently in use are based on the relational database model. One
well-known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is
Codd's 12 rules. However, many of the early implementations of the
relational model did not conform to all of Codd's rules, so the term gradually
came to describe a broader class of database systems. At a minimum, these
systems:

• presented the data to the user as relations (a presentation in tabular

form, i.e. as a collection of tables with each table consisting of a set of
rows and columns, can satisfy this property)
• provided relational operators to manipulate the data in tabular form

The Relational Model is a clean and simple model that uses the concept of a
relation using a table rather than a graph or shapes. The information is put
into a grid like structure that consists of columns running up and down and
rows that run from left to right, this is where information can be categorized
and sorted.

Here is a small example of the grid like Relational Model:

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 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION (INT401) Assignment- 2

The Relational Model can often also include concepts known commonly
as foreign keys, foreign keys are primary keys in one relation that are
kept in another relation to allow for the joining of data.

Relational database theory uses a set of mathematical terms, which are

roughly equivalent to SQL database terminology. The table below
summarizes some of the most important relational database terms and their
SQL database equivalents.

3 Is it true to say that different databases can only be

differentiated on the basis of their components ? Explain briefly
architecture of any two of the database. (oracle,sql server,db2
etc).

Ans: Yes, Different databases have their own components for performing
different applications. Oracle, sql server db2 etc are the databes packages
that contain some set of features which are common in all and other feature
that distinguishes it from other.

Architecture of oracle:

The Oracle Relational Database Management System, or RDBMS, is designed

to allow simultaneous access to large amounts of stored information. The
RDBMS consists of the database (the information) and the instance (the
embodiment of the system). The database contains the physical files that
reside on the system and the logical pieces such as the database schema.

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 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION (INT401) Assignment- 2

The Physical Layer: The physical layer of the database consists of three
types of files:
• One or more datafiles-

• Two or more redo log files-

• One or more control files-

The Logical Layer: The logical layer of the database consists of the
following elements:

• One or more tablespaces.

• The database schema, which consists of items such as tables, clusters,

indexes, views, stored procedures, database triggers, sequences, and
so on.

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 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION (INT401) Assignment- 2

The Oracle Memory Structure

Oracle Processes
• Server Processes (Shadow Processes)

• Background Processes

Architecture of SQL

SQL Server is stored in databases. The data in a database is organized into

the logical components visible to users. A database is also physically
implemented as two or more files on disk.

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 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION (INT401) Assignment- 2

Each instance of SQL Server has four system databases (master, model,
tempdb, and msdb) and one or more user databases. Some organizations
have only one user database, containing all the data for their organization.
Some organizations have different databases for each group in their
organization, and sometimes a database used by a single application.

SQL Server allows you to detach databases from an instance of SQL Server,
then reattach them to another instance, or even attach the database back to
the same instance. If you have a SQL Server database file, you can tell SQL
Server when you connect to attach that database file with a specific
database name.

4. “Installing the database files on a separate set of spindles will

definitely improve the performance “justify the given statements
giving appropriate examples.
Ans: It is most important to install the database files on separate set of
spindles because of performance issues. Performance depends on many
factors like.

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 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION (INT401) Assignment- 2

Hardware considerations

Disk Tuning

Operating system

Tuning heap size

Tuning garbage collection

Data Collection

Memory-backed File Systems: One option, if your server has a lot of RAM, is to
modify the OpenNMS startup scripts to maintain a memory-backed file
system, combined with automatic backups and restores that handle any
internally decided risk levels/SLAs.
So it is necessary to install in separate file.

5. How database engine of any database plays an important role in

managing database product(ORACLE,SQL 2005). Is authentication
and authorization responsibility of DB engine?

Ans: Fixed Database Roles (Database Engine)

Fixed database roles can be mapped to the more detailed permissions that
are included in SQL Server. Fixed database roles are provided for
convenience and backward compatibility. Assign more specific permissions
whenever possible.

The following table describes the mapping of the fixed database roles to
permissions.

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 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION (INT401) Assignment- 2

Yes it is the responsibility of database engine to take care or the

authentication and authorization. These are done to increase the security
level of the database. So that only those persons are allowed who got
accessible rights and unwanted access is prevented. SQL provides following

Security Mode - Windows authentication or Mixed Mode authentication.

• Windows authentication Mode. When a user connects through a

Windows user account.

• Mixed Mode (Windows authentication or SQL Server authentication).

Allows users to connect by using Windows authentication or SQL
Server authentication. Users who connect through a Windows user
account can use trusted connections that are validated by Windows.

6. Explain different steps and area of considerations which we have

to follow and consider before creation of any database.

Ans: Steps to create a database named Sales (you will be creating the files
on a single drive for simplicity)

1. Start SQL Server Management Studio by selecting Start Programs

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Management Studio.
2. Connect to your default instance of SQL Server.
3. Expand your Databases folder.
4. Right-click either the Databases folder in the console tree or the white
space in the right pane, and choose New Database from the context
menu.

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 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION (INT401) Assignment- 2

5. You should now see the General tab of the Database properties sheet.
Enter the database name Sales, and leave the owner as <default>.
6. In the data files grid, in the Logical Name column, change the name of
the primary data file to Sales_Data. Use the default location for the file,
and make sure the initial size is 3.
7. Click the ellipsis button (the one with three periods) in the Autogrowth
column for the Sales_Data file. In the dialog box that opens, check the
Restricted File Growth radio button, and restrict the filegrowth to
20MB.
8. To add a secondary data file, click the Add button, and change the
logical name of the new file to Sales_Data2. Here too use the default
location for the file, and make sure the initial size is 3.
9. Restrict the filegrowth to a maximum of 20MB for Sales_Data2 by
clicking the ellipsis button in the Autogrowth column.
10. Leave all of the defaults for the Sales_Log file.
11. Click OK when you are finished. You should now have a new
Sales database.

Main area of considerations is:

• Must decide where to put the data and log files.

• Data and log files should be on separate physical drives.

• Transaction logs are best placed on a RAID-1 array because this has
the fastest sequential write speed.

• Data files are best placed on a RAID-5 array because they have faster
read speed than other RAID-arrays.

• Calculate the space used by a single row of the table.

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