Unit 4 Quick

revision
by Sharif Borhamy Azmy
and Saifulddin Essam
( ED3OOLY!!! )
• Epidermis : the outer layer of the skin
• Dermis / cutis : the layer of the skin just beneath the epidermis
• Subcutaneous tissue : fatty tissue located under the dermis
• Sweat gland / sudoriferous gland : is a tube shapred gland that produces perspiration ( sweat ).
The gland is located in the epidermis ; it releases the sweat onto the skin.
• Hair : The part of the hair that is above the skin.
• Hair follicle: a tube shaped sheath that surrounds the part of the hair that is under the skin. It is
located in the epidermis and the dermis. The hair is nourished by the follicle at its base. ( this is
also where the hair grows ).
• Muscle : a muscleis connected to each hair follicle and the skin. It contracts in response to
cold,fear etc. resulting in an erect hair and a 'goosebump' on the skin.
• Cappillaries : tubes that carry blood as it circulates. Arteries bring oxygenated blood from the
heart and lungs; veins return oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart and lungs.
• Sebaceous gland : a small, sack-shaped gland that releases oily ( fatty) liquids onto the hair
follicle ( the oil lubricates and softens the skin ). These glands are located in the dermis , usually
next to hair follicles.
• Sensory nerve endings : nerve receptors that response to pressure and vibrations

• Expiratory reserve volume : the maximal amount of gas that can be exhaled from the resting
end-expiratory level
• Inspiratory reserve volume : the maximal amount of gas inhaled from the end inspiratory
position
• Vital Capacity :
◦ = 4.6L in males , 3.6L in females.
◦ It is the amount of air that can be forced out of the lunges after maximal inspiration.
◦ Alternative : Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs
after a maximum inspiration. It is equal to the inspiratory reserve volume plus the tidal
volume plus the expiratory reserve volume.
• Tidal capacity
◦ = 500ml Males / 390ml females.
◦ It is the volume of gas inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle.
◦ Alternative : The volume inspired or expired per breath
◦ Alternative : he amount of air which enters and leaves the lungs during one regular breath.
◦ Alternative : Also known as VT, this is the volume of an individual breath during quiet
breathing. It averages about 500 ml.
Lung diseases :
• Bronchitis : Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammatory condition in the lungs that causes the
respiratory passages to be swollen and irritated. Increases the mucus production and may
damage the lungs.
◦ Alternative : Bronchitis is an inflammation of the breathing tubes (airways), called bronchi,
which causes increased production of mucus and other changes. Acute bronchitis is usually
caused by infectious agents such as bacteria or viruses. It may also be caused by physical or
chemical agents - dusts, allergens, strong fumes - and those from chemical cleaning
compounds, or tobacco smoke.
◦ Symptoms include :
▪ a tight feeling in the chest
▪ breathlessness
▪ wheezing
▪ sore throat
▪ slight fever and chills
▪ headaches
▪ blocked nose and sinuses
▪ aches and pains
• Emphysema : a progressive lung disease caused by damage to the airways in the lungs called
bronchioles. This damage is irreversible and makes the bronchioles cause a decrease in the
respiratory function.
◦ Symptoms include :
▪ Difficulty breathing
▪ Coughing
▪ Wheezing
▪ Excess Mucus production
▪ Cyanosis ( bluish tint to the skin )
• Asthma : it is an inflammatory disorder of the airways which causes attacks of wheezing,
shortness of breath , chest tightness , and coughing.
◦ Symptoms include :
▪ feeling breathless
▪ a tight chest
▪ wheezing , which makes a whistling sound while breathing.
▪ Coughing , particulary at night and early morning.
▪ Attacks triggered by exercise , exposure to allergens and others.
• Lung Cancer : Lung cancer is an abnormal grouth of cells in the lung tissue. These cancer cells
destroy the normal lung tissue.
◦ Symptoms include :
▪ Coughing
▪ Short breath
▪ Coughing phlegm
▪ Ache or pain when breathing or coughing
▪ loss of appetite
▪ Fatigue
▪ losing weight
Blood Pressure :
• Blood pressure ( mmHg ) is the pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood
vesses , and is one of the principal vital signs.
• Normal blood pressure ranges between 100/60 and 139/89
• a Sphygmomanometer , a device used to measure arterial pressure.
• Blood pressure may be affected by many different conditions :
◦ Gender : Male has higher pressure than female , due to hormones , however it is equal at
menopause.
◦ Age : Elderly have a higher blood pressure than childreen , due to atherosclerosis
◦ Emotions : They increase the pressure due to the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
◦ Exercise increases the pressure due to positive venous return
◦ Hormones : increase the pressure due to Adrenaline , noradrenaline and Thyroid H.
◦ gravity : Higher pressure at lower limbs than upper limbs.
◦ Race : Orientals have higher pressure than westners due to dietary factors or weather.
◦ Sleep : decreases pressure due to negative venous return
◦ Pregnancy : increases blood pressure due to metabolism.
• Pulse rate : the normal pulse for healthy adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute.
◦ Factors contributing to differences in resting heart rates :
▪ Heart size
▪ Genetic factors
◦ Pulse is the rate at which the heart beats; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a
person's health