5 Sets and Number Systems

NT of MATHEMATICS and STATISTICS
EGE OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS, MSU-ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

A Commission on Higher Education - Center of Excellence
Sets and Number Systems

Sheila M. Menchavez, Ph.D.
sheila.menchavez@g.msuiit.edu.ph
September 20, 2020
DEPARTMENT
.
of MATHEMATICS and STATISTICS
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS, MSU-ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
A Commission on Higher Education - Center of Excellence
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
Sets and Number Systems September 2020 1/57
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DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Sets
The basic notion of a set is so fundamental to

the different branches of Mathematics that it is
impossible to give a precise definition in terms
of more basic concepts.
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DMS Department of
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Sets

It is introduced in the work of George Cantor
(1845-1918),
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DMS Department of
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Sets

It is introduced in the work of George Cantor
(1845-1918), a German Mathematician.
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DMS Department of
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Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
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DMS Department of
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Sets
Definition 1.1
A set is a collection of clearly defined objects,
called elements of a set.
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Sets
Definition 1.1
A set is a collection of clearly defined objects,
called elements of a set.
Sets are usually denoted by capital letters of the
English alphabet while small letters denote
elements of the set.
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DMS Department of
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Sets
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DMS Department of
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Sets
Notation 1.2
∈ means ”is an element of ”
or ”belong to”
or ”is a member of ”.
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Sets
Notation 1.2
∈ means ”is an element of ”
or ”belong to”
or ”is a member of ”.
∈
/ means ”is not an element of ”
or ”does not belong to”
or ”is not a member of ”.
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Sets
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DMS Department of
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Sets
Example 1.3
1 A = the set of all vowels of the English
alphabet
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Sets
Example 1.3
alphabet
2
B = the set of all counting numbers from 5 to
90
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Sets
Example 1.3
alphabet
2
90
3
C = the set of all integers
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Sets
Example 1.3
alphabet
2
90
3
4
D = the set of all persons with 4 eyes
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Sets
Example 1.3
alphabet
2
90
3
4
In this case, a ∈ A,
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Sets
Example 1.3
alphabet
2
90
3
4
In this case, a ∈ A, 2 ∈
/ B,
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Sets
Example 1.3
alphabet
2
90
3
4
In this case, a ∈ A, 2 ∈
/ B, − 3 ∈ C ,
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DMS Department of
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Sets
Example 1.3
alphabet
2
90
3
4
/ B, − 3 ∈ C , 12 ∈
In this case, a ∈ A, 2 ∈ / C and
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DMS Department of
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Sets
Example 1.3
alphabet
2
90
3
4
/ B, − 3 ∈ C , 12 ∈
In this case, a ∈ A, 2 ∈ / C and
Sheila ∈/ D.
Sets and Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
September 2020 4/57
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Methods of Describing a Set
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1) Roster Method
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1) Roster Method
It enumerates, lists, or tabulates distinct
elements of a set which are separated by a
comma and enclosed by a pair of braces {}.
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1) Roster Method
Example 1.4
The sets in Example 1.3 can be described using
roster method as
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1) Roster Method
Example 1.4
roster method as
A = {a, e, i, o, u},
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1) Roster Method
Example 1.4
roster method as
A = {a, e, i, o, u}, B = {5, 6, . . . , 90},
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DMS Department of
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1) Roster Method
Example 1.4
roster method as
A = {a, e, i, o, u}, B = {5, 6, . . . , 90},
C = {. . . , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, . . . } Sheila M. Menchavez
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DMS Department of
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1) Roster Method
Example 1.4
roster method as
A = {a, e, i, o, u}, B = {5, 6, . . . , 90},
C = {. . . , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, . . . } and D = {}.
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Remark 1.5
The order of listing the elements of a set does not
affect the set itself.
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Remark 1.5
The three dots (. . . ) in set B means that there
are still counting numbers between 6 and 90
that are elements of set B.
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Remark 1.5
The three dots (. . . ) in set B means that there
are still counting numbers between 6 and 90
that are elements of set B.
The three dots (. . . ) in set C means that there
are still many integers before −2 and after 2
that belong to set C .
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2) Rule Method
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2) Rule Method
It uses a phrase that describes the property of
the elements of the set and enclosing it by a
pair of braces.
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Remark 1.6
The rule method uses the set descriptive notation
{x : x is a (descriptive phrase)}.
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Remark 1.6
The letter x is a variable and is used to
represent any element of a set and may be
replaced by any other letter.
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Remark 1.6
The letter x is a variable and is used to
represent any element of a set and may be
replaced by any other letter.
The colon ” : ” is read as ”such that” and we
may use the vertical ”|” to replaced it.
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Example 1.7
rule method as
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Example 1.7
rule method as
A = {x : x is a vowel of the English alphabet},
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Example 1.7
rule method as
B = {z|z is a counting number from 5 to 90},
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Example 1.7
rule method as
C = {m : m is an integer}, and
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Example 1.7
rule method as
C = {m : m is an integer}, and
D = {y |y is a person with four eyes}.
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Empty Set
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Empty Set
Definition 1.8
An empty set or null set, denoted by {} or ∅,
is a set that does not contain any element.
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Empty Set
Definition 1.8
An empty set or null set, denoted by {} or ∅,
is a set that does not contain any element.
Example 1.9
Set D in Example 1.3 is a null set.
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Universal Set
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Universal Set
Definition 1.10
A universal set, denoted by U, is a set
containing all elements included in a single
discussion. It is a set from which all other sets are
derived.
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Universal Set
Definition 1.10
A universal set, denoted by U, is a set
containing all elements included in a single
discussion. It is a set from which all other sets are
derived.
Example 1.11
Set C in Example 1.3 may be considered as a
universal set of set B.
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Subsets
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Subsets
Definition 1.12
Let A and B be sets. Set A is a subset of set B,
denoted by A ⊆ B, if every element of A is also
an element of B.
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Subsets
Definition 1.12
Let A and B be sets. Set A is a subset of set B,
denoted by A ⊆ B, if every element of A is also
an element of B. Set A is not a subset of set
B, denoted by A * B, if there is at least one
element of A that is not an element of B.
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Subsets
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Subsets
Remark 1.13
1
The empty set is considered subset of all sets.
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Subsets
Remark 1.13
1
2
Any set is a subset of itself.
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Subsets
Remark 1.13
1
2
3
A set with n number of elements has 2n total
number of distinct subsets.
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Subsets
Remark 1.13
1
2
3
A set with n number of elements has 2n total
number of distinct subsets.
Example 1.14
In Example 1.3, set B ⊆ C but C * B.
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Equality of Sets
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Equality of Sets
Example 1.15
Consider set E = {c, a, t}.
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Equality of Sets
Example 1.15
Consider set E = {c, a, t}. Then E has 23 or 8
subsets given as follows:
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Equality of Sets
Example 1.15
∅,
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Equality of Sets
Example 1.15
∅, {c}, {a}, {t},
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Equality of Sets
Example 1.15
∅, {c}, {a}, {t}, {c, a}, {c, t}, {a, t},
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Equality of Sets
Example 1.15
∅, {c}, {a}, {t}, {c, a}, {c, t}, {a, t}, {c, a, t}.
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DMS Department of
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Equality of Sets
Example 1.15
∅, {c}, {a}, {t}, {c, a}, {c, t}, {a, t}, {c, a, t}.
Definition 1.16
Two sets A and B are said to be equal, denoted
by A = B, if they have exactly the same elements.
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DMS Department of
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Equality of Sets
Example 1.15
∅, {c}, {a}, {t}, {c, a}, {c, t}, {a, t}, {c, a, t}.
Definition 1.16
Two sets A and B are said to be equal, denoted
by A = B, if they have exactly the same elements.
That is, A = B if A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.
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DMS Department of
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Equality of Sets
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Equality of Sets
Remark 1.17
1
A ⊆ B means A is contained in B or A = B.
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Equality of Sets
Remark 1.17
1
2
If A is contained in B and A 6= B, then we say
A is a proper subset of B, denoted by
A ⊂ B.
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DMS Department of
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Equality of Sets
Remark 1.17
1
2
If A is contained in B and A 6= B, then we say
A is a proper subset of B, denoted by
A ⊂ B.
Example 1.18
In Example 1.15, set {c, a, t} = {a, c, t} but
{c, a, t} =
6 {a, c, l }.
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Finite and Infinite Sets
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Definition 1.19
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one
(1-1) correspondence if each element of A can
paired with exactly one element of B and each
element of B can paired with exactly one element
of A
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Definition 1.19
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one
(1-1) correspondence if each element of A can
paired with exactly one element of B and each
element of B can paired with exactly one element
of A
Example 1.20
The sets {x, y , z} and {c, a, t} are in 1-1
correspondence while {s, m, l } and {x, l } are not.
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Definition 1.21
Sets A and B are said to be equivalent, denoted
by A ∼ B, if there is a 1-1 correspondence
between them.
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Definition 1.21
between them.
Remark 1.22
1
If A and B are not equivalent, we write A B.
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Definition 1.21
between them.
Remark 1.22
1
If A and B are not equivalent, we write A B.
2
If A and B have the same number of elements,
then A ∼ B.
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Definition 1.23
A set is said to be finite if it is empty or it is
equivalent to the set {1, 2, . . . , n} for some
integer n. A set which is not finite is called
infinite.
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Definition 1.23
A set is said to be finite if it is empty or it is
equivalent to the set {1, 2, . . . , n} for some
integer n. A set which is not finite is called
infinite.
Example 1.24
Consider the sets in Example 1.3, A, B and D are
finite but C is infinite.
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Definition 1.25
The cardinality of a finite set A, denoted by
n(A), is the number of elements of A..
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Definition 1.25
The cardinality of a finite set A, denoted by
n(A), is the number of elements of A..
Example 1.26
Consider the finite sets in Example 1.3, namely,
sets A, B and D. Clearly, we have
n(A) = 5, n(B) = 86 and n(D) = 0.
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Venn Diagram
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Venn Diagram
Definition 1.27
A Venn diagram shows the relationships among
sets and between elements and sets. It is named
after the English logician James Venn(1834-1883).
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Venn Diagram
Definition 1.27
A Venn diagram shows the relationships among
sets and between elements and sets. It is named
after the English logician James Venn(1834-1883).
Remark 1.28
In a Venn diagram, the Universal set U is usually
represented by a rectangular, while the other sets
that are subsets of U are represented by circles,
triangles, and other closed geometric figures.
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Venn Diagram
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Venn Diagram
Figure taken from ck.org.
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Venn Diagram
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Venn Diagram
Example 1.29
Let U = {u, v , w , x, y , z, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A =
{u, v , 3}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and C = {v , w , x}.
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DMS Department of
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Venn Diagram
Example 1.29
Let U = {u, v , w , x, y , z, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A =
{u, v , 3}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and C = {v , w , x}.
Sheila M. Menchavez
SetsFigure
and Number Systems
taken from DMS Algebra & Trigonometry Book. September 2020 22/57
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Operations on Sets
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Operations on Sets
Definition 1.30
The union of two sets A and B, denoted by
A ∪ B, is the set of all elements that belong to
either A or B, or both A and B. In set descriptive
notation, we have A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
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Operations on Sets
Definition 1.30
Remark 1.31
For any set A,
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Operations on Sets
Definition 1.30
Remark 1.31
For any set A,A ∪ ∅ = A,
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Operations on Sets
Definition 1.30
Remark 1.31
For any set A,A ∪ ∅ = A, A ∪ U = U
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Operations on Sets
Definition 1.30
Remark 1.31
For any set A,A ∪ ∅ = A, A ∪ U = U and
A ∪ A = A.
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Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
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DMS Department of
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Operations on Sets
Figure taken from DMS Algebra & Trigometry Book Sheila M. Menchavez
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DMS Department of
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Operations on Sets
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DMS Department of
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Operations on Sets
Example 1.32
Let U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }. Then
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DMS Department of
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Operations on Sets
Example 1.32
Let U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }. Then
A ∪ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∪ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} =
{a, c, e, 3, 5, d , 4, 6},
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Operations on Sets
Example 1.32
Let U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }. Then
A ∪ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∪ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} =
{a, c, e, 3, 5, d , 4, 6},
A ∪ U = {a, c, e, 3, 5, b, d , 4, 6, 7} = U,
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Operations on Sets
Example 1.32
Let U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }. Then
A ∪ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∪ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} =
{a, c, e, 3, 5, d , 4, 6},
A ∪ U = {a, c, e, 3, 5, b, d , 4, 6, 7} = U,
C ∪ A = {a, d , c, e, 3, 5}, and
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Operations on Sets
Example 1.32
Let U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }. Then
A ∪ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∪ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} =
{a, c, e, 3, 5, d , 4, 6},
A ∪ U = {a, c, e, 3, 5, b, d , 4, 6, 7} = U,
C ∪ A = {a, d , c, e, 3, 5}, and
A ∪ B ∪ C = {a, c, e, 3, 5, d , 4, 6}.
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Operations on Sets
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Operations on Sets
Definition 1.33
The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted
by A ∩ B, is the set of all elements that belong to
both A and B.
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Operations on Sets
Definition 1.33
both A and B. In set descriptive notation, we have
A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
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MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.33
both A and B. In set descriptive notation, we have
A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Remark 1.34
For any set A, A ∩ ∅ = ∅, A ∩ U = A and
A ∩ A = A.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.35
Consider the sets
U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d } in Example 1.29. Then
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.35
Consider the sets
U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
A ∩ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∩ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6}
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.35
Consider the sets
U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
A ∩ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∩ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6}
= {c, e, 5},
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.35
Consider the sets
U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
A ∩ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∩ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6}
= {c, e, 5},
A∩U
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.35
Consider the sets
U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
A ∩ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∩ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6}
= {c, e, 5},
A ∩ U = {a, c, e, 3, 5} = A,
C ∩A
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.35
Consider the sets
U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
A ∩ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∩ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6}
= {c, e, 5},
A ∩ U = {a, c, e, 3, 5} = A,
C ∩ A = {a} and
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.35
Consider the sets
U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
A ∩ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∩ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6}
= {c, e, 5},
A ∩ U = {a, c, e, 3, 5} = A,
C ∩ A = {a} and A ∩ B ∩ C
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.35
Consider the sets
U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
A ∩ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} ∩ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6}
= {c, e, 5},
A ∩ U = {a, c, e, 3, 5} = A,
C ∩ A = {a} and A ∩ B ∩ C = ∅.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.36
Sets A and B are said to be disjoint if
A ∩ B = ∅.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.36
A ∩ B = ∅.
Remark 1.37
For any sets A and B, where A ⊆ B,
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.36
A ∩ B = ∅.
Remark 1.37
A ∪ B = B.
1
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.36
A ∩ B = ∅.
Remark 1.37
A ∪ B = B.
1
A ∩ B = A.
2
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.38
The complement of set A, denoted by A0 or Ac ,
is the set of all elements of the universal set U
that do not belong to set A. In set descriptive
notation, we have Ac = {x ∈ U : x ∈ / A}.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.38
Remark 1.39
For any universal set U,
U c = ∅,
1
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.38
Remark 1.39
For any universal set U,
U c = ∅,
1
∅c = U.
2
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.40
Consider the sets U, A, B and C in Example
1.29.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.40
1.29.That is, U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.40
1.29.That is, U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }.Then
A0 = {a, c, e, 3, 5}0 = {b, d , 4, 6, 7},
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.40
1.29.That is, U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }.Then
A0 = {a, c, e, 3, 5}0 = {b, d , 4, 6, 7},
(C ∩ A)0 = {a}0 = {b, c, e, d , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.40
1.29.That is, U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }.Then
A0 = {a, c, e, 3, 5}0 = {b, d , 4, 6, 7},
(C ∩ A)0 = {a}0 = {b, c, e, d , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and
(A ∩ B)C ∪ C = {c, e, 5}c ∪ {a, d } =
{a, b, d , 3, 4, 6, 7} ∪ {a, d } = {a, b, d , 3, 4, 6, 7}.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.41
The set difference of sets A and B, denoted by
A \ B, is the set of all elements that are in A and
not in B. In set descriptive notation, we have
A \ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.41
A \ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Remark 1.42
For any set A,
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.41
A \ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Remark 1.42
For any set A,
A \ A = ∅,
1
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.41
A \ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Remark 1.42
For any set A,
A \ A = ∅,
1
A \ ∅ = A.
2
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Figure taken from DMS Algebra & Trigometry Book

Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.43
Consider the sets U, A, B and C in Example 1.29.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.43
That is, U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, , 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }. Then
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.43
That is, U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, , 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }. Then
A \ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} \ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} = {a, 3},
B \ A = {d , 4, 6}, and
C 0 \ A = {b, c, e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {a, c, e, 3, 5}
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.43
That is, U = {a, b, c, d , e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A =
{a, c, e, 3, 5}, B = {c, d , e, , 4, 5, 6} and
C = {a, d }. Then
A \ B = {a, c, e, 3, 5} \ {c, d , e, 4, 5, 6} = {a, 3},
B \ A = {d , 4, 6}, and
C 0 \ A = {b, c, e, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {a, c, e, 3, 5}
= {b, 4, 6, 7}.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.44
The Cartesian product of two nonempty sets A
and B, denoted by A × B, is the set of all ordered
pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B. In set
descriptive notation, we have
A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.44
A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}.
Remark 1.45
For sets A and B,
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Definition 1.44
A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}.
Remark 1.45
For sets A and B,
i) A × B 6= B × A ii)A × ∅ = ∅.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.46
Let A={1,2} and B = {a, b}.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Operations on Sets
Example 1.46
Let A={1,2} and B = {a, b}.Then
A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)} and
B × A = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2)}
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Properties of Set Operations
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DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
The operations union ∪ and intersection are

binary set operations while the complement 0 is a
unary operation. The following are some of the
properties of these set operations.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS

Property 1.47
Let A, B and C are sets. Then
Commutative Properties:
1
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS

Property 1.47
1
i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A ii)A ∩ B = B ∩ A
Idempotent Properties:
2
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS

Property 1.47
1
i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A ii)A ∩ B = B ∩ A
2
i) A ∪ A = A ii)A ∩ A = A
Associative Properties:
3
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS

Property 1.47
1
i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A ii)A ∩ B = B ∩ A
2
i) A ∪ A = A ii)A ∩ A = A
Associative Properties:
3
i) A ∪ (B ∪ C ) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
ii) A ∩ (B ∩ C ) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
(4) Distributive Properties:
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DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS

i) A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C )
ii)A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C )
(5) De Morgan’s Laws:
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS

i) A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C )
ii)A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C )
(5) De Morgan’s Laws:
i) (A ∪ B)0 = A0 ∩ B 0
ii) (A ∩ B)0 = A0 ∪ B 0.
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Exercises
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Exercises
I. Let U = {x : x is a distinct letter of the word mathematics },
A = {m, a, t, h}, B = {a, i, m}, C = {t, e, a, m}.
1 Describe the universal set U using the roster method.
2 Find Ac ∩ B.
3 Find (A ∪ C ) ∩ ∅c .
4 Find (A ∪ B) ∩ C c .
5 Find (A ∩ C )c \ B.
6 Find n(A ∪ C ).
7 Find B × C .
8 Find n((A ∩ C ) × B.)
9 Illustrate the relationship among sets U, A, B and C by a Venn
diagram.
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Exercises
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Exercises
II. Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},

A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {8, 9, 10, 11}, C = {3, 6, 9}.
1 Describe the universal set U using the roster method.
2 Find n(B c ∩ C ).
3 Find (B \ C ) ∩ Ac .
4 Find (A ∩ C )c ∩ B.
5 Find (A ∪ C ) ∩ B.
6 Find (A ∩ C ) × B.
7 Illustrate the relationship among sets U, A, B and C by a Venn
diagram.
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.1
The set of whole numbers, denoted by W, is
the set given by W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . }.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.1
The set of whole numbers, denoted by W, is
the set given by W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . }.
Remark 2.2
The number 0 is said to be unsigned, that is, it
is neither positive nor negative.
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.3
The set of natural numbers, denoted by N, is
the set consisting of the positive whole numbers.
That is, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . }.
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.3
The set of natural numbers, denoted by N, is
the set consisting of the positive whole numbers.
That is, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . }.
Remark 2.4
The set N is also called the set of counting
numbers or positive integers.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.5
The set of integers, denoted by Z, is the set
consisting of the natural, the negative of natural
numbers, and 0. That is,
N = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.5
The set of integers, denoted by Z, is the set
consisting of the natural, the negative of natural
numbers, and 0. That is,
N = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }.
Remark 2.6
The set N of natural numbers is a subset to the
set Z of integers, that is, N ⊆ Z.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.7
The set of negative integers is the set
{. . . , −3, −2, −1}. The set of non-negative
integers is the set {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.7
The set of negative integers is the set
{. . . , −3, −2, −1}. The set of non-negative
integers is the set {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }.
Definition 2.8
If a, b and c are nonzero integers, and ab = c,
then a and b are said to be factors or divisors of
c. In this case, c is said to be a multiple of a and
b, and that c is said to be divisible by a and b.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.9
Consider the integers 5, 7 and 35. Then 5 and 7
are factors or divisors of 35 since 5.7 = 35. Also,
35 is a multiple of 5 and 7. The integer 35 is
divisible by 5 and it is also divisible by 7.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.9
Consider the integers 5, 7 and 35. Then 5 and 7
are factors or divisors of 35 since 5.7 = 35. Also,
35 is a multiple of 5 and 7. The integer 35 is
divisible by 5 and it is also divisible by 7.
Definition 2.10
A prime number is an integer greater that 1
whose only factors are 1 and the number itself.
That is, {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, . . . } is the set of
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Remark 2.11
The set {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, . . . } is the set of
prime numbers.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Remark 2.11
The set {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, . . . } is the set of
prime numbers.
Definition 2.12
An even number is an integer which divisible by
2. That is, if m is an even number then it is of the
form m = 2n for some integer n.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.13
The number −8, 44 and 0 are even numbers since
−8 = 2(−4), 44 = 2(22) and 0=2(0).
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.13
−8 = 2(−4), 44 = 2(22) and 0=2(0).
Definition 2.14
If m is an odd number then it is of the form
m = 2n + 1 for some integer n.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.13
−8 = 2(−4), 44 = 2(22) and 0=2(0).
Definition 2.14
If m is an odd number then it is of the form
m = 2n + 1 for some integer n.
Example 2.15
The numbers −11 and 101 are odd numbers since
−11 = 2(−5) + 1 and 101 = 2(50) + 1.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.16
The rational number is a number that can be
written or expressed as fraction or a quotient of an
integer m and a nonzero integer n. The set of
rational numbers is denoted by Q and we write
Q = { mn : m, n ∈ Z, n 6= 0}.
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.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.17
The numbers −5 3 7
3 , 4 , 11 , −10 and 0 are rational
numbers. Note that −5 3 = −1.6666 . . . ,
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.17
numbers. Note that −5 3 = −1.6666 . . . , 3
4 =
0.75,
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.17
4 =
7
0.75, 11 = 0.636363 . . . ,
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.17
4 =
7
0.75, 11 = 0.636363 . . . , − 10 = −101 ,
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Example 2.17
4 =
7
0.75, 11 = 0.636363 . . . , − 10 = −10 0
1 , and 0 = 1 .
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.18
The irrational number is a number such that
when it is expressed in decimal, it is
non-terminating and non-repeating. The set of
irrational numbers is denoted by Q0.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.18
Example 2.19
√ √
The numbers 2, 3 5√and π are irrational
numbers. Note that 2 = 1.414213562 . . . ,
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.18
Example 2.19
√ √
numbers.
√ Note that 2 = 1.414213562 . . . ,
3
5 = −1.709975947 . . . , Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Definition 2.18
Example 2.19
√ √
numbers.
√ Note that 2 = 1.414213562 . . . ,
3
5 = −1.709975947 . . . , π = 3.141592654 . . . .
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Remark 2.20
The sets Q and Q0 are disjoint, that is,
Q ∩ Q0 = ∅.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Remark 2.20
The sets Q and Q0 are disjoint, that is,
Q ∩ Q0 = ∅.
Definition 2.21
A real number is either a rational or an
irrational number. The set of real numbers is
denoted by R.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Real Number System
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Real Number System

The following tree diagram is taken from slideserve.com
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Remark 2.22
1
Q ∪ Q0 = R.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Number Systems
Remark 2.22
1
Q ∪ Q0 = R.
2
N ⊆ Z ⊆ Q ⊆ R.
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Exercises
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
Exercises
I. Let U = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2, . . . , 10},

A = {a ∈ U : a is even}, B = {b ∈ U : b is odd},
C = {c ∈ U : c is prime}, D = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}.
1 Describe sets A, B, C using the roster method.
2 Find B ∪ D.
3 Find A ∩ D.
4 Find (B ∪ C )0 .
5 Find (A ∩ C ) ∩ B.
6 Find n(A \ D).
7 Find n((A ∩ C ) × {a, b}.)
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
References
Sheila M. Menchavez
.
DMS Department of
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS
References
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, MSU-IIT. Algebra and

Trigonometry.
Leithold L. Algebra and Trigonometry, Addison -Wesley Publishing
Company, 1989.
Vance, E. Modern Algebra and Trigonometry. Addison -Wesley
Publishing Company, 1984.
Sheila M. Menchavez

5 Sets and Number Systems

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NT of MATHEMATICS and STATISTICS

EGE OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS, MSU-ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Sets and Number Systems

September 20, 2020

The basic notion of a set is so fundamental to

The basic notion of a set is so fundamental to

The basic notion of a set is so fundamental to

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Methods of Describing a Set

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite and Infinite Sets

Figure taken from ck.org.

Figure taken from DMS Algebra & Trigometry Book

Properties of Set Operations

Properties of Set Operations

The operations union ∪ and intersection are

Properties of Set Operations

Properties of Set Operations

Properties of Set Operations

Properties of Set Operations

Properties of Set Operations

Properties of Set Operations

Properties of Set Operations

(4) Distributive Properties:

Properties of Set Operations

(4) Distributive Properties:

Properties of Set Operations

(4) Distributive Properties:

II. Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},