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Self-Test.

1. Public Administration has no fixed conceptual and operational meaning.


It varies depending on the mood and temper of the times and the
inclinations of the individual making the definition. From your own
viewpoint, and considering your exposure to contemporary Philippine
Public Administration how do you define “Public Administration”. In
your definition, use social equity, client orientedness and relevance in
governance as your frame of references. Give or state real-life
circumstances or situations to support your definition.

Public administration is a field in which leaders serve communities to


advance the common good and effect positive change. In this certain
field, it involves implementation of public policies. While the day-to-
day responsibilities of public administrators can vary greatly
depending on the type of organization they work for, the common
thread among public administrators is most typically a deep
commitment to serve their communities and contribute to their overall
improvement. The term “public service” is used frequently in the field
of public administration, and it is this desire to serve the public good
that calls people to become a public administrator.

2. Across the country, we witness an almost daily manifestations of


discontentment from all sectors of society and (contentment in fairness
to some sectors). with varied passions and inspired with whatever
ideologies or principles, ostensibly prescribe how people should be
governed and what public administration ought to be. Has Philippine
public administration reach a point of irrelevance? Or has Philippine
public administration remained firm and is still a showcase of
democracy? Personally, how would you like to be governed? Present a
valid argument regarding this issue.

Nowadays, Philippine public administration remained firm and is still


a showcase of democracy. For it continues to adhere to the
constitution stating that the Philippines is a democratic and
republican state. While sovereign powers are delegated to the agencies
of the government, sovereignty itself remains with the people, by
whom and for whom all government exist and acts.

Personally, I would like to be governed as a citizen possessing full


civil, political and economic rights. However, I will also be responsible
to all my actions and be subjected to corrective measures if ever I
violated the rights of other people.
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Introduction to Public Administration
3. Consider the objectives or programs of your own agency or the basic
reasons why your agency was created or established. Now, from the
article written by Lamarca as presented in your module, from what
concepts or perspectives ( e.g TPA, NPA, DA, DPA, OR DPA refocused)
were these programs/ objectives might have been patterned or
conceptualized? Why? Is your agency effective and efficient enough in
contributing towards the attainment of the ultimate objective of “Public
Administration”? State your justification.

The programs and objectives of our agency has been patterned to


Traditional Public Administration (TPA) wherein it sought to be a
“politically neutral, professional, morally irreproachable and efficient
bureaucracy.

In which efficiency, effectiveness and economy of administration can


be served by 1) separating administration from politics and 2)
applying scientific principles. It being so, administrative capability or
the ability to attain development may be viewed in terms of the ability
to efficiently execute policy externally processed. The measures for
enhancing such ability are: 1) the separation of administration from
politics, 2) application of principles, and 3) organizing along
bureaucratic lines.

4. What do you think are the possible constraints that inhibits the
Philippine bureaucracy to promote the culture of excellence in the
delivery of basic social services? Cite particular examples?

Some of the conflicting Filipino values are the possible constraints


that inhibits the Philippine bureaucracy to promote the culture of
excellence in the delivery of basic social services which includes
culture of bureaucratic mediocrity and the culture of graft and
corruption.

In culture of mediocrity, what continues to demotivate government


employees to work harder is their apparent hinanakit toward the
administration or not having the priority to raise their salaries to
realistic levels when it has money to fund for “perks” enjoyed by top
government officials. The government workers interpret the attitude of
the government as insensitivity to their plight or walang damdamin sa
kapwa or walang kalinga sa kapwa, hence, the mediocrity in their
performance

In the culture of graft and corruption, anybody who is in power can


make a promise to at least minimized if not to eradicate corruption,
but on the contrary and in reality, may not succeed perhaps because
of the following reasons: 1) there is no convincing political will nor iron
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hand in the campaign to eradicate graft and corruption; 2) corrupt


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officials are given face-saving way out, so thee big fishes escape the

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Introduction to Public Administration
net’; 3) the government is making investigation but taking no visible
direct actions; 4) the grafters are still in place in high positions; 5)
because of utang na loob and pakikisama.

5. NGO’s / PO’s have become enmeshed in a complex web or relationships


with state agencies and actors since 1986 that they played a very
important role in putting to an end the 25 years of Marcos
Administration. In your own viewpoint, do these NGOs and POs really
manifest and carry the popular will of the people? Are they really
efficient and effective partners of the government in the pursuit of good
governance? State your opinion regarding this.

Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and People’s Organizations


(POs) are organizations of people from the community who have
played or continuously playing an important role in influencing the
political climate of our country both locally and nationally.

These NGOs and Pos are really efficient and effective partners of the
government in the pursuit of good governance because they are
committed to the task of socio-economic developments and
established primarily for service. Such service may involve assisting
citizens or people’s organizations in various ways by educating,
training, or giving financial assistance to them. Moreover, the Local
Government Code has institutionalized NGOs as active partners in
local governance.

6. What suggestion will you offer for your agency to undertake in order to
contribute in the pursuit of an “Ideal Public Administration? Make a
simple operational plan or action plan.
The external governance framework seeks to produce standards of
behavior and actions within organizations, for example, legislation.

As for internal governance, this is a set of mechanisms and processes


that organizations use to organize, coordinate, and govern
internally. In other words, internal governance seeks to guide actions
and produce standards from within an organization, for example,
internal auditing committee.

Organizations use different types of internal governance mechanisms,


and they deploy these in many and various ways. Internal
governance mechanisms are parts of an organizational system and
need to be viewed as part of the whole if they are to be understood and
managed effectively. Exhibit below summarizes some uses for
various internal governance mechanisms.
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Applications of internal governance mechanism

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Self-Test.

1. Evaluate/ assess your own organization in terms of its human


resources. In your assessment, consider the following.
Part I.

a. Conduct a human resource inventory and try to find out if your


organization possesses the right number of qualified employees.
b. Identify the personnel – related strength and weaknesses

Part II

a. Design a simple personnel development program in order to maintain


those strengths and minimize those weaknesses related to your
human resources.

PERSONNEL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

EMPLOYEE TRAINING
- Training enhances job related skills and also facilitates acquiring of
new skills.
- Training may be defined as a systematized tailor-made program to
suit the needs of a particular organization for developing certain
attitudes, actions, skills and abilities in employees irrespective of
their functional levels.

Purpose:
 Training serves following important purposes for an organization:
 To increase the performance level of an employee and to develop
him/her in such a manner that he/she can rise to a position of
higher responsibility.
 To constantly develop manpower to meet the current as well as
future needs of the organization.
 To ensure effective utilization of human resources.
 To integrate individual goals with organizational goals.

Training Methods:
 Training methods are classified by the location of instruction.
 On the job training is provided when the workers are taught
relevant knowledge, skills and abilities at the actual workplace.
 Off the job training requires that the trainee learns at a location
other than the real workplace.
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2. The Philippine bureaucracy is said to be bloated or overstaffed. Some
sectors however believe otherwise. In your own assessment, is the
government really overstaffed or understaffed? Explain and justify your
stand. Cite examples and statistics to back up your point.

Every government in every nation of the world is overstaffed and


bloated as a result of excessive bureaucracy and a lack of
accountability of the repercussions of their actions.
The size or number of people does matter but, in the government, a
bloated bureaucracy could mean more problems resulting in long
queues, rude clerks, delays and mistakes in the processing of vital
documents and never-ending tales of red tape. With 1.3-million
workforce, the country’s civil service is the Philippines’ largest
employer even as payments for personnel services take the biggest
chunk in the government’s annual national budget.
The sad fact however is that majority of those in the government
service are not qualified and unprepared to do their jobs since many
of them are political appointees. This so-called padrino system
or patronage politics not only spawn’s inefficiency and corruption but
also robs more deserving employees due recognition resulting to
subpar and mediocre public service.
Statistics
During her speech, Legarda noted that even President Rodrigo Duterte
in his inaugural speech expressed concern over the size of the Civil
Service. According to statistics forwarded by Legarda, the national
government now has 186 departments from 176 in 2000.
For 2017, 29.57% of the P3.35 trillion national budget (or P990.5
billion) is allocated for Personnel Services (PS), an increase from
2016’s 27.05% equivalent to P812 billion and 2015’s 28.62%
or around P746 billion.

3. The budget reflects what government does and is indicative of whatever


directions it intends to pursue within a financial timeframe and under
particular considerations. From the past few years, and if you are going
to analyse the Philippine National Budget, what has the Philippine
government apparently been prioritizing? Identify the possible short
term and long-term applications to the overall well-being of the entire
Philippine society with regards to these government priorities as
reflected in the previous national budget.
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In general, the budget is the financial mirror of government policy.
Thus, to be an effective instrument, the budget should be as
comprehensive as possible. Two major issues are involved here: First,
if the budget excludes major expenditures, there can be no assurance
that scarce resources are allocated to priority programs and that
legal control and public accountability are properly enforced.
Second, the amount of expenditures not included in the budget is
itself often uncertain and opaque. In turn, this makes macroeconomic
programming more difficult and increases the risk of corruption and
waste. Budget comprehensiveness does not mean that all
expenditures should be managed according to the same set of
procedures. For efficiency, specific arrangements for administer some
programs may be established, provided that they do not lead to a
fragmented approach to budgeting and expenditure policy
formulation.

4. The Philippine national budget process undergoes four stages, where


could you think the bottleneck in the budget process lies? Why? How
about in the local budgets?

Out from the four stages, the bottleneck in the budget process where
implementation and movement happen lies in the budget
implementation.

After the President signs the General Appropriations Act into law, the
DBM requires the different government agencies to submit their
respective work and financial plans. These work plans indicate the
monthly breakdown of agency financial requirements, as well as
monthly output targets. On the basis of such information the DBM
programs are the release of government funds to respective agencies.

Same is true in the budget process of the local government units,


budget implementation is where the bottleneck lies.

5. The implementation of RA 7160 is in line with government’s


decentralization policy to make local government units more
autonomous. Did RA 7160 achieve this purpose? In your own personal
opinion assess the contribution of decentralization to local fiscal
administration. Has this strategy improved the financial autonomy of
local government units. If so, in what ways?
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The RA 7160 Local Government Code has achieved its purpose to


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make local government units more autonomous. By virtue of the said

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law, local governments have the freedom to impose local taxation,
generate revenue with its assigned sources, allocate its financial and
material sources, determine and authorize its annual budget without
external interference.

6. What are the modes of decentralization to attain local autonomy?


Discuss/explain each concept including the advantages and
disadvantages.

There are three modes of decentralization namely: deconcentration,


devolution and debureaucratization.

Deconcentration involves the transfer of function to lower level


administrative units designated by the central office. It is essentially a
management tool to decongest the central office and spare it from
having to act on matters, including routine and administrative
matters, that may best be addressed at the lower levels.
Deconcentration therefore is mostly administrative in nature.

Devolution involves the transfer of powers and authorities to lower


level political or local government unit. A local government essentially
has a following major features: it has an elected local executive; it has
specific taxing powers; and it has jurisdiction over a certain defined
geographic area. The notion of the devolution has always been related
to that a local autonomy. Devolution is political in nature.

Debureaucratization involves the transfer of powers and authorities to


units not within of purview of government. This involves the transfer
of such powers and authorities to nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) and people’s organizations (Pos), including the private sectors,
all of which are sometime collectively referred to as “civil society.”
Debureaucratization also harnesses the energies of the private sector
to bring governance.

7. Assess the involvement of these NGO, and Pos in state policy advocacy.
Is there involvement really plays a very significant role in the
formulation of responsive and relevant public policies? Do you think
that in your own simple way, have also a role to play in policy
formulation? How?

The involvement of NGOs and Pos in policy making is very significant


because their role has been recognized in the Local Government Code
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which provides the legal and institutional framework for the


participation of civil society by allocating to NGOs and Pos specific

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Introduction to Public Administration
seats in local special bodies as mandatory such as the local
development council, the local health board and the local school
board.

This is in recognition of the NGOs and Pos ability to organize local


residents which paved the way to participatory governance
particularly in promoting local accountability and answerability.

8. The Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards in Public office contains


provisions on how public officials and employees carry themselves
while in the civil service. But these are “easier said than done” present
a valid argument regarding this issue.

The phrase “easier said than done” means it is more easily talked
about than put into practice. Basically, the Code of Conduct and
Ethical Standards in Public Office comprises the provisions on how to
promote high standard of ethics in public service and mandate
government functionaries at all times to be accountable to the people
and discharge their duties with utmost responsibility, integrity,
competence and loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest
lives and uphold public interest over personal interest.

However, the provisions that has been embedded in the said code of
conduct is not being observed or put into practice by some of the
public officials and employees of the government. Basically, because
they are using their positions and connections to promote their own
vested personal interest than the welfare of the people.

9. If you are going to design a program/project in your own organization


geared towards upholding the time honored principle “public office is
public trust” what would it be? Present the details of your program.

Name of Program/Project: Transparency Corner


Rationale: To enhance transparency and enforce accountability, all
government officials and employees must post their SALN in the
transparency corner available for public viewing and scrutinizing.
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