Unit IV Digital Modulation Techniques PDF

Prof. Pankaj M.
Gulhane
NMIMS, MPSTME SHIRPUR
Introduction
Introduction
Advantages:
 Error correction/detection
 Better encryption algorithms
 More reliable data processing
 Easily reproducible designs
 Reduced cost
 Easier data multiplexing
 Facilitate data compression
Introduction
Disadvantages:
 Heavy signal processing
 Synchronization is crucial
 Larger transmission bandwidth
 Non-graceful degradation
Introduction
Goals:
• To maximize transmission rate, R
• To maximize system utilization, U
• To minimize bit error rate, Pe
• To minimize required systems bandwidth, W
• To minimize system complexity, Cx
• To minimize required power, Eb/No
Introduction
Introduction
Source Channel Pulse Bandpass

Format
encode encode modulate modulate
Digital modulation
Channel
Digital demodulation
Source Channel Demod.

Format Detect
decode decode Sample
Introduction
Main Points:
 The source coding algorithm plays an important role in
higher code rate
 The channel encoder introduce redundancy in data
 The modulation scheme plays important role in deciding
the data rate and immunity of signal towards the errors
introduced by the channel
 Channel can introduce many types of errors due to
thermal noise etc.
 The demodulator and decoder should provide high Bit
Error Rate (BER).
Introduction
 Digital Modulator:
 The binary sequence is passed to digital modulator which in
turns convert the sequence into electric signals so that we
can transmit them on channel. The digital modulator maps
the binary sequences into signal wave forms , for example if
we represent 1 by sin x and 0 by cos x then we will transmit
sin x for 1 and cos x for 0.
 Digital Demodulator:
 The digital demodulator processes the channel corrupted
transmitted waveform and reduces the waveform to the
sequence of numbers that represents estimates of the
transmitted data symbols.
Introduction
Three basic signaling scheme:
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 Categories:
 Coherent techniques:
 Phase synchronized carrier can be generated at the receiver to
recover the information.
 More complex but yield better result
 Noncoherent techniques
 No phase synchronized carrier is needed
 Less complex
Introduction
Advantages:
 Long distance transmission
 Multiplexing techniques can be used for bandwidth conversion.
 Problem such as ISI and crosstalk are absent.
 Analog channels can be used for transmission.
 Large number of modulation techniques are available.
 Disadvantages:
 Modulation and demodulation equipment, transmitter receiver
antennas interface problem make the system complex.
 It is not suitable for short distance communication
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
 Binary symbol ‘1’ or ‘0’ modulate the phase of the carrier.
 Let the carrier be
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
 Where A represent peak value of sinusoidal carrier.
 The power dissipated will be
1 2
𝑃= 𝐴 ∴ 𝐴= 2𝑃
2
 When the symbol is changed, then the phase of the carrier is
changed by 180 degrees (𝜋 radians)
 Symbol ‘1’ : 𝑠1 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
 Symbol ‘0’ : 𝑠2 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝜋)
𝑠2 𝑡 = − 2𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
 BPSK signal can be defined as
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑏(𝑡) 2𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
 Where b(t) = +1 when binary ‘1’ is to be transmitted
= -1 when binary ‘0’ is to be transmitted
 Generation and reception of BPSK signal
 Received signal is
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑏(𝑡) 2𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝜃)
 The output of synchronous demodulator is
𝑏 𝑡 2𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝜃 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
𝑃
=𝑏 𝑡 1 + cos{2 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝜃 }
2
 In the kth bit interval, the output of integrator is
 Power Spectral Density
 The Fourier transform of NRZ pulse is
 The PSD of s(f) is
 For BPSK, only one bit is transmitted Ts = Tb

 The PSD of BPSK is
 Let ±𝑉𝑏 = ± 𝑃,
 Geometrical representation:
 The BPSK signal is
2
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑏(𝑡) 𝑃𝑇𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
𝑇𝑏
𝑠 𝑡 =𝑏 𝑡 𝑃𝑇𝑏 ∗ ∅1 𝑡
2
 where ∅1 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡) represent a orthonormal
𝑇𝑏
carrier signal.
 Geometrical representation:
 The bit energy is defined as
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑃𝑇𝑏
∴ 𝑠 𝑡 = ± 𝑏 𝑡 𝐸𝑏
 Bandwidth = highest frequency – lowest frequency

= f0 + fb – (f0 - fb) = 2fb
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
 DPSK does not need a synchronous carrier at the demodulator.
 Input sequence is modified such that next bit depends upon the
previous bit.
 DPSK transmitter:
d(t) b(t – Tb) b(t)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 Waveform:
d(t) b(t – Tb) b(t)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 Output sequence changes level at the beginning of each interval
in which d(t) = 1
 Phase of the carrier changes only if d(t) = 1.
 Two successive bits of d(t) are checked for any change of level.
Symbol duration (T) = 2Tb
 The modulator output is

𝑠 𝑡 = ± 2𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
 DPSK receiver:
 Multiplier output:
𝑏 𝑡 ∗ 𝑏 𝑡 − 𝑇𝑏 ∗ 𝑃
𝑇𝑏
∗ cos 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑇𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 − + 2𝜃
2
where fo – carrier frequency and Tb – one bit period = 1/fb
 If Tb contains ‘n’ cycles of fo then
𝑛
𝑇𝑏 = 𝑓0 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑛
𝑓0
 𝑏 𝑡 ∗ 𝑏 𝑡 − 𝑇𝑏 ∗ 𝑃 +
𝑇𝑏
𝑏 𝑡 ∗ 𝑏 𝑡 − 𝑇𝑏 ∗ 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 − + 2𝜃
2
∵ cos 2𝜋𝑛 = 1
 In the kth bit interval, the output of integrator is
 𝑠0 𝑘𝑇𝑏 =
𝑘𝑇𝑏
𝑏 𝑘𝑇𝑏 𝑏 (𝑘 − 1)𝑇𝑏 𝑃 (𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
𝑑𝑡 +
𝑘𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
𝑏 𝑘𝑇𝑏 𝑏 (𝑘 − 1)𝑇𝑏 𝑃 (𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 − + 2𝜃 𝑑𝑡
2
𝑘𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏
∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 − + 2𝜃 𝑑𝑡 = 0
(𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏 2
𝑠0 𝑘𝑇𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑘𝑇𝑏 𝑏 (𝑘 − 1)𝑇𝑏 𝑃 𝑘𝑇𝑏 − (𝑘 − 1)𝑇𝑏
𝑠0 𝑘𝑇𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑘𝑇𝑏 𝑏 (𝑘 − 1)𝑇𝑏 𝑃𝑇𝑏

Decision Device:
− 𝑃𝑇𝑏 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑 𝑡 = 1
 𝑠0 𝑘𝑇𝑏 =
+ 𝑃𝑇𝑏 . 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑 𝑡 = 0
Bandwidth:
 One pervious bit is used to decide the phase shift of next bit.
Therefore the symbol duration is T = 2Tb.
2 2 1
 𝐵𝑊 = = =
𝑇 2𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
 𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑏
Advantages:
 DPSK does not need carrier at receiver.
 Complexity is reduced.
 Bandwidth is reduced as compared to that of BPSK.
Disadvantages:
 The probability of error is higher than that of BPSK.
 Error propagation is more. Since DPSK use two successive bits
for reception, error in first bit creates error in second bit.
 Noise interference is more.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
 The channel bandwidth is depend upon the bit rate or signalling
rate fb.
 If two or more bits are combined in some symbols, then the

signalling rate is reduced. Therefore the frequency of carrier
required is also reduced. So the transmission bandwidth is also
reduced.
 Offset QPSK or Staggered QPSK transmitter
 Offset QPSK or Staggered QPSK transmitter
 The symbol duration of both even and odd sequence is 2Tb.
 The first even bit occur after first odd bit.
 First even bit is delayed by first odd bit. This delay is called
“offset”.
 Modulated signals are
 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡
 𝑠𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑜 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡
 Total output is
 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑜 𝑡
= 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑜 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡
• The phase offset is π / 2, as be(t) and b0(t) cannot change at the

same time.
 Phasor diagram
 QPSK receiver:
 QPSK receiver:
 Output of upper multiplier
 𝑠 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 =
𝑏𝑜 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 +
𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡
 Integrating,
(2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
 (2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
𝑠 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
(2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
𝑏𝑜 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 (2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +
(2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏 2
𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 (2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 QPSK receiver:
 Integrating,
(2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
 (2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
(2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
𝑏𝑜 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 (2𝑘 −1)𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +
𝑏
(2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 (2𝑘 −1)𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑏
 QPSK receiver:
1 1
 Integrating, sin 𝑥 cos 𝑋 = sin 2𝑥 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − cos(2𝑥)
2 2
(2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
 (2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
𝑏𝑜 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 (2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
(2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
sin 4𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +
2
𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 (2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
(2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
1𝑑𝑡 −
2
(2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
 QPSK receiver:
 Integrating,
(2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
 (2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
0+ (2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
1𝑑𝑡 − 0
2
𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑃𝑠
= ∗ 2𝑇𝑏 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑇𝑏 𝑃𝑠
2
 QPSK receiver:
 The output of lower integration is
(2𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏
 (2𝑘 −1)𝑇𝑏
𝑠 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑏0 𝑡 𝑇𝑏 𝑃𝑠
 It is not possible to determine whether the transmitted signals

are positive or negative. This is the phase ambiguity in output.
 Signal Space Representation
 The QPSK signal can be written as
𝜋
𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 + (2𝑚 + 1) 𝑚 = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
𝜋
𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑚 + 1) −
4
𝜋
2𝑃𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑚 + 1)
4
 Rearranging,
𝑠 𝑡 =
𝜋 2
𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑚 + 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 −
4 𝑇𝑠
𝜋 2
𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑚 + 1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡
4 𝑇𝑠
𝑠 𝑡 =
𝜋
𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑚 + 1) 𝜑1 𝑡 −
4
𝜋
𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑚 + 1) 𝜑2 (𝑡)
4
2
 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡
𝑇𝑠
2
 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑2 (𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡
𝑇𝑠
 The above signals are orthogonal signals.

𝜋
 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑏0 𝑡 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑚 + 1)
4
𝜋
 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 = − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑚 + 1)
4
𝑠 𝑡 =
1
𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑏 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 −
2 0
1
𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝜑2 (𝑡)
2
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑏0 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝜑2 (𝑡)
2 2
 𝑇𝑠 = 2𝑇𝑏
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 𝑏0 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝜑2 (𝑡)
 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑏 𝑏0 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 − 𝐸𝑏 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝜑2 (𝑡)
 Distance
2 2
𝑑2 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝐸𝑏
𝑑 = 2𝐸𝑏 = 2𝑃𝑏 𝑇𝑏
 The distance represent the noise immunity of system, noise

immunity of BPSK and QPSK are same.
 The power spectrum of b(t) is
2
2 sin(𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑏 )
𝑆 𝑓 = 𝑉𝑏 𝑇𝑏
𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑏
2
sin(𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑠 )
𝑆𝑒 (𝑓) = 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑆 𝑓
𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑠
2
sin(𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑏 )
= 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 ∵ 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑃𝑠
𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑏
2
𝑆𝑜 (𝑓) = 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑠
 Inphase and quadrature component are statistically independent
2
𝑆 𝑓 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠
𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑠
 Bandwidth:
1
𝐵𝑊 = 2 ∗ = 𝑓𝑏
2𝑇𝑏
 Advantages:
 For the same bit error rate, the bandwidth of QPSK is reduced
to half as compared to BPSK.
 Because of reduced bandwidth, the information transmission

rate is higher.
 The carrier power is almost remain constant.

 Ex. In a QPSK system, the bit rate of NRZ stream is 10 Mbps
and carrier frequency is 1 GHz. Find the symbol rate of
transmission and bandwidth requirement of the channel. Sketch
the power spectral density of the QPSK signal.
 Bit rate fb = 10 Mbps BW = fb = 10 Mbps
 Symbol duration Ts = 2Tb
1
 Symbol rate = = 5 MHz
𝑇𝑠
 Ex. In a QPSK system, the bit rate of NRZ stream is 10 Mbps
and carrier frequency is 1 GHz. Find the symbol rate of
transmission and bandwidth requirement of the channel. Sketch
the power spectral density of the QPSK signal.
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
 The frequency of carrier is shifted according the binary
symbol.
 Symbol ‘1’ : 𝑠𝐻 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋(𝑓0 + 𝜑) t
 Symbol ‘0’ : 𝑠𝐿 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋(𝑓0 − 𝜑) t
𝑆 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋(𝑓0 + 𝑑(𝑡) 𝜑) t

𝜑
 𝑓𝐻 = 𝑓0 +
2𝜋
𝜑
 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓0 −
2𝜋
 BFSK transmitter:
 Carrier signals are orthogonal signal.

 BFSK transmitter
 PH(t) and PL(t) are unipolar signals and complementary to each

other.
 If input is 1 then output will be generated otherwise output will

be zero.
 Spectrum of BFSK:
𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝐻 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 2𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝐿 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡

𝑠 𝑡 =
1 1 ′
2𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝐻 (𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 +
2 2
1 1 ′
2𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃 (𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡
2 2 𝐿
𝑠 𝑡 =
𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑠
cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡 +
2 2
𝑃𝑠 ′ 𝑃𝑠 ′
𝑃 (𝑡)cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 𝑃 (𝑡)cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡
2 𝐻 2 𝐿
 Spectrum of BFSK:
𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 sin(𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑇𝑏 ) 2 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 sin(𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑇𝑏 ) 2
 𝑆 𝑓 = 𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓𝐻 + 𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓𝐻 + +
2 2 𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑇𝑏 2 𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑇𝑏
 Bandwidth of BFSK: 𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑓𝑏 + 2𝑓𝑏 = 4𝑓𝑏

 Coherent BFSK Receiver:
 Noncoherent BFSK Receiver:
 Signal Space Representation of orthogonal BFSK :
 The frequencies fH and fL should be some integer multiple of base

band frequency fb.
𝑓𝐻 = 𝑚 𝑓𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝐿 = 𝑛 𝑓𝑏
 The carrier signals are orthogonal over the period Tb.
2
 ∅1 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋𝑚𝑓𝑏 𝑡)
𝑇𝑏
2
 ∅2 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋𝑛𝑓𝑏 𝑡)
𝑇𝑏
 Signal Space Representation of orthogonal BFSK :
2
 𝑠𝐻 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 t = 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 ∅1 𝑡
𝑇𝑏
2
 𝑠𝐿 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 t = 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑏 ∅2 𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝜑 𝜑
 𝑓𝐻 = 𝑓0 + and 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓0 −
2𝜋 2𝜋
 Signal Space Representation of orthogonal BFSK:
 Distance
2 2
𝑑2 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝐸𝑏
𝑑 = 2𝐸𝑏 = 2𝑃𝑏 𝑇𝑏
 Signal Space Representation of non-orthogonal BFSK:
 The signal points will not lie exactly on the axes.
 Distance
sin 2𝜋 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 𝑇𝑏
 𝑑2 = 2𝐸𝑏 1 −
2𝜋 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 𝑇𝑏
 Advantages and Disadvantages:
 The generation is easier.
 Only half of the transmitted energy caries the information.
 Bandwidth is greater than 4fb.
 The error rate is more.

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
 The output waveform is continuous in phase hence there is no
abrupt changes in amplitude. The sidelobes are very small
hence bandpass filtering is not required to avoid interchannel
interference.
 Waveform
 The duration of each bit in b0(t) or be(t) is 2Tb, whereas it is Tb
in b(t).
 Ts = 2Tb
 The transmitted MSK signal is
𝑡
𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 sin 2𝜋 cos 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 +
4𝑇𝑏
𝑡
2𝑃𝑠 𝑏0 𝑡 cos 2𝜋 sin(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
4𝑇𝑏
𝑠 𝑡 =
𝑏0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 1
2𝑃𝑠 sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑡 +
2 4𝑇𝑏
𝑏0 𝑡 − 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 1
2𝑃𝑠 sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 − 𝑡
2 4𝑇𝑏
𝑠 𝑡 =
𝑏0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑓𝑏
2𝑃𝑠 sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑡 +
2 4
𝑏0 𝑡 − 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑓𝑏
2𝑃𝑠 sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 − 𝑡
2 4
𝑏0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑏0 𝑡 − 𝑏𝑒 𝑡
 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝐻 𝑡 = and 𝐶𝐿 𝑡 =
2 2
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝐻 = 𝑓0 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓0 −
4 4
𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐻 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐿 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡
 If b0(t) = be(t) then CL(t) = 0 and CH(t) = ± 1 then
𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐻 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡
 If b0(t) = - be(t) then CL(t) = ± 1 and CH(t) = 0 then
𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐿 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡

 Orthogonality Relation
𝑇𝑏
 0
sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡 = 0
 Above equation will be satisfied if we have integers m and n

such that
 2𝜋 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑛𝜋
 2𝜋 𝑓𝐻 + 𝑓𝐿 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑚𝜋
 Put the value of fH and fL,
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
 2𝜋 𝑓0 + − 𝑓0 + 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑛𝜋
4 4
 𝑓𝑏 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑛𝜋
 𝑛=1
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
 2𝜋 𝑓0 + + 𝑓0 + 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑚𝜋
4 4
 4𝑓0 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑚
𝑚
 𝑓0 = 𝑓
4 𝑏
 If n = 1,
 2𝜋 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 𝑇𝑏 = 1𝜋
𝑓𝑏
 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 =
2
 The difference between fH and fL is minimum and they are

orthogonal.
𝑓𝑏
 𝑓0 = 𝑚
4
 The carrier frequency is integer multiple of fb/4.

𝑓𝑏
 𝑓𝐻 = 𝑓0 +
4
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
 𝑓𝐻 = 𝑚 + = (𝑚 + 1)
4 4 4
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓0 − = 𝑚 − = (𝑚 − 1)
4 4 4 4
 Waveform
 For m= 5, if b0(t) = be(t) the transmitted waveform is of
frequency fH and if b0(t) = - be(t) the transmitted waveform is
of frequency fL .
 Carrier frequency
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
 𝑓0 = 𝑚 = 5 = 1.25𝑓𝑏
4 4
 So MSK is basically FSK with reduced bandwidth and

continuous phase.
 Waveform
𝑓𝑏
𝑓0 = 𝑚
4
𝑓𝑏
=5
4
= 1.25𝑓𝑏
 In waveform, no abrupt changes in amplitude and phase change
occur at zero crossings.
 Because of smooth changes in the side lobes are smaller as

compared to QPSK. Therefore effect of interchannel
interference is less in MSK.
 MSK is called as “Sharped QPSK”

 Signal Space Representation:
𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐻 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐿 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡
2 2
 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐶𝐻 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 𝐶𝐿 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
2 2
 Let ∅𝐻 𝑡 = sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 and ∅𝐿 𝑡 = sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐶𝐻 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 ∅𝐻 𝑡 + 𝐶𝐿 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 ∅𝐿 𝑡
 Signal Space Representation:
 The carrier frequencies are in quadrature.

 Distance:
 𝑑2 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 2 + 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠 2
𝑑= 2𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠
𝑑= 2𝐸𝑠 = 4𝐸𝑠 = 2 𝐸𝑠 ∵ 𝐸𝑠 = 2𝐸𝑏

 Power Spectral Density:
 The waveform which modulates sin(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡) is
𝑡
𝑝 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑏0 𝑡 cos 2𝜋
4𝑇𝑏
 The PSD of above waveform is
32𝐸𝑏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑏 ) 2
 𝑆𝑝 𝑓 =
𝜋2 1 − 4𝑓𝑇𝑏 2
 When the signal modulates the carrier f0 then the total PSD of
baseband signal is divided by 4 and placed at ± f0,
8𝐸𝑏 cos(2𝜋 𝑓 − 𝑓0 𝑇𝑏 ) 2 8𝐸𝑏 cos(2𝜋 𝑓+ 𝑓0 𝑇𝑏 ) 2

 𝑆𝑝 𝑓 = +
𝜋2 1 − 4 𝑓 − 𝑓0 𝑇𝑏 2 𝜋2 1 − 4 𝑓+ 𝑓0 𝑇𝑏 2
 Bandwidth:
 𝑓𝑇𝑏 = 0.75 𝑓 = 0.75𝑓𝑏
 𝐵𝑊 = 0.75𝑓𝑏 − −0.75𝑓𝑏 = 1.5𝑓𝑏

𝑏0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑓𝑏
𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑡
2 4
𝑏0 𝑡 − 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑓𝑏
+ 2𝑃𝑠 sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 − 𝑡
2 4
𝑏𝒆 𝑡 𝑏𝟎 𝑡 𝑠 𝑡 / 2𝑃𝑠
-1 -1 𝑓𝑏
- sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑡
4
-1 1 𝑓𝑏
sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑡
4
𝑓𝑏
1 -1 - sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑡
4
𝑓𝑏
1 1 sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑡
4
 The waveform has continuous phase at any combination of b0(t) and be(t).
𝑓𝑏
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 2𝑃𝑠 sin 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑏0 𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
4
 Hence b0(t) decides the MSK signal and product b0(t)be(t) decides
frequency.
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 2𝑃𝑠 sin ∅(𝑡)
𝑓𝑏
∅ 𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑏0 𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
4
 When 𝑏0 𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 = 1
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
∅ 𝑡 = ∅+ 𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝑓0 + 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝜋 𝑡
4 2
 When 𝑏0 𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 = −1
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
∅ 𝑡 = ∅− 𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝑓0 − 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 − 𝜋 𝑡
4 2
 The phase change is
𝑓𝑏 𝜋𝑡
∅𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑡 = ∅+ 𝑡 + ∅− 𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝑡 =
2 𝑇𝑏
 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 will change its sign at even bit time
𝜋𝑡
∅𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡 = 2𝑇𝑏 , 4𝑇𝑏 , 6𝑇𝑏 , …
𝑇𝑏
= 2𝜋, 4𝜋, 6𝜋, …
 No phase shift in MSK signal.
 𝑏0 𝑡 will change its sign at odd bit time
𝜋𝑡
∅𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑏 , 3𝑇𝑏 , 5𝑇𝑏 , …
𝑇𝑏
= 𝜋, 3𝜋, 5𝜋, …
 No phase shift in MSK signal if b0(t) changes.
 There is no abrupt phase change in MSK signal if bit changes sign.
 Transmitter:
𝒕 𝒕
𝒔 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑷𝒔 𝒃𝒆 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟐𝑷𝒔 𝒃𝟎 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝟎 𝒕)
𝟒𝑻𝒃 𝟒𝑻𝒃
 Receiver:
 Advantages:
 The MSK waveforms are smoother compared to QPSK.
 MSK signal have continuous phase in all cases where as QPSK has abrupt
phase shift of π/2 or π.
 MSK waveform does not have amplitude variation, whereas QPSK signal
have abrupt amplitude variations.
 The main lobe of MSK is wider than that of QPSK.
 The side lobe is smaller compared to that of QPSK. Hence interchannel

interference is significantly larger in QPSK.
 Disadvantages:
 The bandwidth requirement is larger than QPSK.
 The generation and detection is complex.

Comparison
Parameter BPSK DPSK QPSK BFSK MSK
Bits per One One Two One Two
symbol
Number of Two Two Four Two Four
possible
symbols
Detection Coherent Non- Coherent Coherent Coherent
method coherent
Minimum 2 𝐸𝑏 2 𝐸𝑏 2𝐸𝑏 2 𝐸𝑏
distance
Minimum 2𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏 4𝑓𝑏 1.5𝑓𝑏
bandwidth
Symbol 𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏
duration

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Prof. Pankaj M.

Source Channel Pulse Bandpass

Source Channel Demod.

 The PSD of s(f) is

 For BPSK, only one bit is transmitted Ts = Tb

 Bandwidth = highest frequency – lowest frequency

d(t) b(t – Tb) b(t)

 The modulator output is

𝑠0 𝑘𝑇𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑘𝑇𝑏 𝑏 (𝑘 − 1)𝑇𝑏 𝑃 𝑘𝑇𝑏 − (𝑘 − 1)𝑇𝑏

𝑠0 𝑘𝑇𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑘𝑇𝑏 𝑏 (𝑘 − 1)𝑇𝑏 𝑃𝑇𝑏

 If two or more bits are combined in some symbols, then the

 The symbol duration of both even and odd sequence is 2Tb.

 The first even bit occur after first odd bit.

 Modulated signals are

= 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑜 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡

• The phase offset is π / 2, as be(t) and b0(t) cannot change at the

𝑏𝑜 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 +

 The output of lower integration is

 It is not possible to determine whether the transmitted signals

 The above signals are orthogonal signals.

 The distance represent the noise immunity of system, noise

 Because of reduced bandwidth, the information transmission

 The carrier power is almost remain constant.

 Bit rate fb = 10 Mbps BW = fb = 10 Mbps

 Symbol duration Ts = 2Tb

𝑆 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋(𝑓0 + 𝑑(𝑡) 𝜑) t

 Carrier signals are orthogonal signal.

 PH(t) and PL(t) are unipolar signals and complementary to each

 If input is 1 then output will be generated otherwise output will

𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝐻 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 2𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝐿 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡

 Bandwidth of BFSK: 𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑓𝑏 + 2𝑓𝑏 = 4𝑓𝑏

 The frequencies fH and fL should be some integer multiple of base

 The carrier signals are orthogonal over the period Tb.

 The signal points will not lie exactly on the axes.

 The generation is easier.

 Only half of the transmitted energy caries the information.

 Bandwidth is greater than 4fb.

 The error rate is more.

 The transmitted MSK signal is

𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐻 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐿 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡

 If b0(t) = be(t) then CL(t) = 0 and CH(t) = ± 1 then

𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐻 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡

 If b0(t) = - be(t) then CL(t) = ± 1 and CH(t) = 0 then

𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐿 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡

 Above equation will be satisfied if we have integers m and n

 The difference between fH and fL is minimum and they are

 The carrier frequency is integer multiple of fb/4.

 So MSK is basically FSK with reduced bandwidth and

 Because of smooth changes in the side lobes are smaller as

 MSK is called as “Sharped QPSK”

𝑠 𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐻 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝑡 + 2𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝐿 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡

 The carrier frequencies are in quadrature.

𝑑= 2𝐸𝑠 = 4𝐸𝑠 = 2 𝐸𝑠 ∵ 𝐸𝑠 = 2𝐸𝑏

 The waveform which modulates sin(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡) is

 The PSD of above waveform is

8𝐸𝑏 cos(2𝜋 𝑓 − 𝑓0 𝑇𝑏 ) 2 8𝐸𝑏 cos(2𝜋 𝑓+ 𝑓0 𝑇𝑏 ) 2

 𝑓𝑇𝑏 = 0.75 𝑓 = 0.75𝑓𝑏

 𝐵𝑊 = 0.75𝑓𝑏 − −0.75𝑓𝑏 = 1.5𝑓𝑏

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 2𝑃𝑠 sin ∅(𝑡)

 The phase change is

 The MSK waveforms are smoother compared to QPSK.

 The main lobe of MSK is wider than that of QPSK.

 The side lobe is smaller compared to that of QPSK. Hence interchannel