MET201 Mechanics of Solids

MODULE 2 – PART 2
Generalized Hooke’s law, Relation between Elastic constants

Sidheek P A
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Rajagiri School of Engineering &
Technology

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 Constitutive equations
• The components of stress acting on an elastic body are related to the
components of strain
• The equations relating the components of stress and strain are called
constitutive equations/Generalized Hooke’s law
• They relate the state of stress at a point to the state of strain at the same
point
• They contain coefficients related to elastic behavior of the material of the
body which are determined by testing of materials

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Constitutive equations contd.
• There are 9 Rectangular components of stress and strain
• The 9 rectangular components of stress are related to the 9 rectangular
components of strain and there will be 81 elastic constants
• Due to equality of cross shears – only 6 independent components of
stress and strain – 81 elastic constants reduces to 36

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 Constitutive equations contd.
• In most generalized case mathematically expression for the above
statement can be written as

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 Constitutive equations contd.
• Conversely the six strain-stress equations can be written as

• Where a11, a12, b11, b12,…… are constants for a given material
• For a homogeneous linearly elastic anisotropic material eqns (1) and
(2) are known as Generalized Hooke’s law
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 Generalized Hooke’s Law for Tri-axial Loading
• If the material at a point is subjected to a state of triaxial stress,
associated normal strains will be developed in the material

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 Numerical Problem
1. A metallic bar of size 300 mm x 100 mm x 40 mm is subjected to a force of
5 kN, 6 kN and 4kN along X, Y and Z directions respectively as shown in
figure. Determine the change in volume of the block. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2
and Poisson's ratio = 0.25

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Solution

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 Numerical Problem
2. A metallic bar of size 250 mm x 100 mm x 50 mm is loaded as shown in
figure. Find the change in volume. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2 and Poisson's
ratio = 0.25
Also find the change that should be made in the 4 MN load, in order
that there should be no change in the volume of the bar.

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Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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Hooke’s law for shear stress and shear strain

• If we apply a shear stress τxy to the element, Fig. a, the material will deform
only due to a shear strain γxy ; that is, τxy will not cause other strains in the
material
• Likewise, τyz and τxz will only cause shear strains γyz and γxz (Fig. b & c)
• Thus Hooke’s law for shear stress and shear strain can be written as

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 Relation between Elastic Constants (E, ν and G)
• Consider a square element ABCD under
the action of a simple shear stress τ
• Distorted element is AB’C’D

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 Relation between Elastic Constants (E, ν and G) contd.
• In a state of simple shear on 2 perpendicular planes, the planes at 45° are
subjected to a tensile stress (of magnitude = shear stress) while the planes
at 135° are subjected to a compressive stress of same magnitude as shown

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 Relation between Elastic Constants (E, ν and K)
• Consider a body of initial volume V, subjected to 3 mutually perpendicular
stresses of equal intensity as shown

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Relation between Elastic Constants (E, G and K)

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 Numerical Problem
1. A material has modulus of rigidity equal to 0.4 × 105 N/mm2 and bulk
modulus equal to 0.8 × 105 N/mm2. Find its Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s
Ratio.

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 Numerical Problem
2. A bar of 25 mm diameter is tested in tension. It is observed that when a load of 60 kN is
applied, the extension measured over a gauge length of 200 mm is 0.12 mm and
contraction in diameter is 0.0045 mm. Find Poisson’s ratio and elastic constants E, G, K.

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