What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the general study of

making intelligent machines. Machines can mimic
learning and problem solving skills of human
beings through AI.

John McCarthy, a professor at Stanford University

came up with the name "artificial intelligence" in
1956 and coined the word ‘artificial intelligence’
at a conference held at Dartmouth college.
In general use, the term "artificial intelligence" means a
machine which mimics human cognition. Cognition is the mental
action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding
through thought, experience, and the senses.

At least some of the things we associate with other minds, such

as learning and problem solving can be done by computers,
though not in the same way as we do.

An extreme goal of AI research is to create computer programs

that can learn, solve problems, and think logically.
Term Intelligence refer to -
➢ Planning
➢ Learning
➢ Reasoning
➢ Perception
➢ Problem Solving
➢ Motion
➢ Manipulation
➢ Creativity
➢ Social Intelligence
➢ Knowledge representation
Nearly everywhere we look today, we see intelligent systems like –
• Siri on your iphone/ipad talking to us.
• Fitbit to understand if you are walking, running, sleeping,
•Google search uses NLP(Natural Language Processing) to understand all articles in web and generate
answers to questions . For eg: If we ask who is captain of Indian Cricket team it uses data it learnt
through NLP from many users, online articles and gives the most popular answer.
•Google Maps showing real time traffic congestion and accordingly it shows ETA(expected time of arrival)
almost accurately.
• When we upload a photo to Facebook, it automatically recognizes the face of the person in the photo
and provides the tag for the person.
•Google lens in scanning the items in real world.
•Google search allows web search through voice.
• While typing in a document/excel, Mirosoft automatically suggests word & grammar corrections and
suggestions.
• Alexa taking our voice commands & reciprocating accordingly.
•Shopping sites like Amazon, Flipkart offering recommendations by understanding your previous choices.
•Self driving cars. And many more…
 AI involves many different fields like -
•Data science
Data science is the nothing but study of data. The goal of data science is to gain insights and knowledge from
any type of data - both structured and unstructured. It involves developing methods of recording, storing, and
analyzing data to effectively extract useful information.
•Computer science
Computer science skills are more important to do anything in AI. This includes knowledge about programming
languages, basic AI concepts and how to apply them in software.
•Mathematics
Calculus, Matrices and linear algebra is the underlying foundation to understand AI. Understanding these
concepts thoroughly will help us in creating AI models.
•Linguistics
Learning linguistics means that you will learn about many aspects of human language, including sounds
(phonetics, phonology), words (morphology), sentences (syntax), and meaning (semantics).
Psychology
When a human makes a decision, she/he considers certain important variables like what is the input(your experiences)
and output(your actions). Since AI makes computer to think , psychology plays a major role here in considering its
inputs and outputs..
 AI involves many different fields like -
• Neuroscience
Neuroscience will help us understand natural intelligence and unlock the secrets of the brain,
and knowledge about how our brains work. This might help us in making artificial intelligence
smarter. The human brain is the best example of intelligence known, with its ability to have
complex, real-time interaction with a constantly changing world.
• Philosophy.
Prof. John McCarthy says “ Artificial intelligence (AI) has closer scientific connections with
philosophy than do other sciences, because AI shares many concepts with philosophy, e.g.
action, consciousness, epistemology (what it is sensible to say about the world), and even free
will”
Dartmouth Conference
Important Phases in development of AI
Fourth wave
AI and Robotics

Third wave (2020)

Internet of Things
Number of Users/devices – over 50 Billion

Second wave (2010)

Mobile Internet
Number of Users/devices – 10 Billion

First Wave (2000)

Internet
Number of Users/devices – 1 Billion
 Enables Machine to
Statistical tool to explore Learn
and analyse data
Multi Neural network Architecture
https://www.afiniti.com/corporate/rock-paper-scissors
DEEP LEARNING
Types of Artificial Intelligence

˃ Weak AI
˃ Strong AI
 Real life usage of AI
The Weak AI systems in today:-
• Gaming
• Natural Language Processing – Alexa
• Decision Making – Diagnosing patients
• Vision systems – Identifying fugitives
• Speech recognition – Robots communicating in natural language
• Handwriting recognition – Crime detection
• Intelligent Robots – Sophia
• Commercial Establishment – AI based solutions
• Life saving AI – Post disaster Rescue
• Entertaining AI – Netflix ˃/Spotify
Weak AI
˃ Strong AI
Analysis
 Three Domains of AI

• Data
• Computer Vision
• Natural Language Processing
 Data
• Data Collection
• Data Format
• Data can be used to get Pattern
• Correct data set
• Data Storage Systems(Enterprise resource planning-ERP /
Management information system-MIS)
• Structured Data
• Data Labelling
• Analysing the data
(eg Weather Prediction model with AI, Google Search,
Amazon, Facebook)
 Big Data
Big data refers to the massive sets of data
Big data and AI are considered by data scientists or other large organizations as data
mechanical legends. Many organizations are hoping that AI will revolutionize their
organizational data. Machine learning is considered an advanced version of AI
through which different machines can send or receive data and learn new concepts
by analyzing data. Big data helps companies analyze existing data and draw
meaningful insights from the same.
Here, for example, we can consider a leather garment manufacturer that exports its
clothes to the European market and knows about customer benefits rather than
collecting data from the market and analyzing it through various algorithms.
According to their interests, they can provide clothes. For this, algorithms can help
to find insight and accurate information.
 Computer Vision
Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that trains computers to
interpret and understand the visual world. Using digital images from cameras
and videos and deep learning models, machines can accurately identify and
classify objects — and then react to what they “see.”
• Web – tagging in Social Media, Geolocalization, Object Recognition, youtube
content categorization
• VR/AR – Object occlusion(dense depth estimation
• Smartphones – QR codes, Panorama construction, face detection, snapchat
filters, Night sight
• Content based Image retrieval(CBIR) – Earth Sciences, MRI construction,
automatic pathology, AI guided surgery
• Media – visual effects
• Smart Interactions – Games like scavenger hunt
• Environment Perceptions – Security Systems, Smart Vehicles, Drone Based
Surveillance
 Key elements of Computer Vision Application

• Object Classification – human/animal/thing

• Object Identification – Cat/dog
• Object verification – confirmation
• Object Detection – place of object in image
• Object Landmark Detection
• Object Segmentation - Pixels
• Object Recognition
 Computer Vision - Challenges

• Privacy and ethics

• Lack of explain ability
• Deep Fakes ( creating Fake images/vision using deep learning
techniques)
• Adversarial Attacks (misguiding the vision)
 Natural Language Processing
Natural language processing is a subfield of linguistics, computer science, information
engineering, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between
computers and human languages, in particular how to program computers to process and
analyze large amounts of natural language data.
A typical interaction between humans and machines using Natural Language Processing
could go as follows:
1. A human talks to the machine
2. The machine captures the audio
3. Audio to text conversion takes place
4. Processing of the text’s data
5. Data to audio conversion takes place
6. The machine responds to the human by playing the audio file
 Natural Language Processing
Well known applications of NLP
1. Machine Translation - Google translate
2. Speech Recognition - Google Assistant, Siri
4. Question Answering - chat boxes and virtual assistants
5. Text Classification – Grammar Check in ms- word
6. Interactive Voice Response – Callp centres (basic support queries)
7. Character Recognition - receipt character recognition, invoice character
recognition, check character recognition, legal billing document character
recognition
 Natural Language Processing Constraints
1. Longer sentence
2. Usage of Slangs
3. Incorrect grammar
4. Multiple language

Eg “The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak,”

Translation in Russian – “The drink is good, but the meat is rotten”
 COMPONENTS OF NLP
There are two components of NLP as given −
• Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
Understanding involves the following tasks −
➢ Mapping the given input in natural language into useful representations.
➢ Analyzing different aspects of the language.
• Natural Language Generation (NLG)
It is the process of producing meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of natural language from
some internal representation.
It involves −
➢ Text planning − It includes retrieving the relevant content from knowledge base/data stored.
➢ Sentence planning − It includes choosing required words, forming meaningful phrases, setting
tone of the sentence.
➢ Text Realization − combining phases and words for sentence structure.
The NLU is harder than NLG.
 NLP Terminology
• Phonology − It is study of organizing sound systematically.
• Morphology − It is a study of construction of words from primitive meaningful units.
• Morpheme − It is primitive unit of meaning in a language.
• Syntax − It refers to arranging words to make a sentence. It also involves determining the
structural role of words in the sentence and in phrases.
• Semantics − It is concerned with the meaning of words and how to combine words into
meaningful phrases and sentences.
• Pragmatics − It deals with using and understanding sentences in different situations and
how the interpretation of the sentence is affected.
• Discourse − It deals with how the immediately preceding sentence can affect the
interpretation of the next sentence.
• World Knowledge − It includes the general knowledge about the world.