BUDDHISM

JAINISM

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY SCHOOLS

BHAKTI MOVEMENT

SUFISM
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 Indian Schools of Philosophy
ORTHODOX MEANING —

following or conforming to the traditional or generally accepted

rules or beliefs of a religion, philosophy, or practice.

HETERODOX MEANING —

not conforming with accepted or orthodox standards or beliefs.

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Indian philosophy is very rich, ancient and has its roots in the Vedic
period. The great rishis or sages of India lived a secluded life in the
forests and meditated on the ultimate truth or the nature of reality.

Indian philosophy is distinctly spiritual in its approach.

The Indian philosophy takes a comprehensive view of life
and the universe. For an Indian philosopher, philosophy is
not merely an intellectual pursuit, but a way of life too.
The Indian philosopher tries to apply and exemplify the
philosophy in his life. The tenets and teachings of the
philosophy are also reflected in the life of the followers of
the philosophy.
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SPRITUAL MEANING — aims to recover the original shape
of man; true nature of a man—
MORALITY at roots.

• Compassion
• Self control
• sympathetic joy
• Harmony

COMPREHENSIVE MEANING — including or dealing with all

or nearly all elements or
aspects of something.
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 INTELLECT MEANING —

The faculty of reasoning and understanding

objectively, especially with regard to abstract matters.

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the

fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship
between mind and matter, between substance and attribute,
and between potentiality and actuality.

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 JAINISM

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Jainism is an ancient religion that is rooted
in the philosophy that teaches the way to
liberation and a path to spiritual purity
and enlightenment through disciplined non-
violence to all living creatures.

MORAL
You arrive at conclusions
and determinations about मेरे फुंडे िक्लयर हैं life के
life through spiritual reason.
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PHILOSOPHY— The study of the fundamental nature of
knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered
as an academic discipline. — दशर्न

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Tenets of Jainism

▪ Belief in God: Jainism recognised the existence of

god but not as a creator and placed them lower than Jina
(Mahavira).

▪ It did not condemn the varna system but attempted to

mitigate the evils of the varna order and the ritualistic
Vedic religion.
◦ According to Mahavira, a person is born in higher or
lower varna as the consequence of the sins or the
virtues in the previous birth. Thus, Jainism believes in
the transmigration of the soul and the theory of
13 Karma.
• In Jainism the world is accepted as a real and eternal
entity which requires no creator for its existence.

• In Jainism soul is also accepted as a real and eternal

entity and so the Jainism is based on the ideal of
Dualism (world & soul both are eternal). According to
Jainism the soul is an all pervasive entity which is
found even in non living being and so Jainism places
maximum emphasis on non-violence.

KEVALYA GYAN PUDGALA

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 • Anekantavada

• Syadvada
conditioned
predication

With any point

of view.

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 It mainly aims at the attainment of liberation, for which no
ritual is required.

◦ It can be attained through three principles called Three

Jewels or Tri-ratna i.e.

• Right Faith (Samyak darshana)

• Right Knowledge (Samyak jnana)

• Right Action (Samyak charita)

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 Five Doctrines of Jainism

◦ Ahimsa: Non-injury to a living being

◦ Satya: Do not speak a lie

◦ Asteya: Do not steal

◦ Aparigraha: Do not acquire property

◦ Brahmacharya: Observe continence

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Sects/ School

Jain order has been divided into two major sects: Digambara and
Svetambara. The division occurred mainly due to famine in Magadha
which compelled a group led by Bhadrabahu to move South India.

During the 12 years famine, the group in South India stick to the strict
practices while the group in Magadha adopted a more lax attitude and
started wearing white clothes.

After the end of famine, when the Southern group came back to
Magadha, the changed practices led to the division of Jainism into two
sects.

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Digambara
◦ Monks of this sect believe in complete nudity.
Male monks do not wear clothes while
female monks wear unstitched plain white
sarees.

◦ Follow all five vows (Satya, Ahimsa, Asteya,

Aparigraha and Brahmacharya).

◦ Believe women cannot achieve liberation.

◦ Bhadrabahu was an exponent of this sect.

 ◦ Major Sub-Sects

• Mula Sangh

• Bisapantha

• Terapantha

• Taranpantha or Samaiyapantha

◦ Minor Sub-Sets

• Gumanapantha

• Totapantha
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Svetambara
◦ Monks wear white clothes.

◦ Follow only 4 vows (except

brahmacharya).

◦ Believe women can achieve

liberation.

◦ Sthulabhadra was an exponent of

this sect.

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 Major Sub-Sects

• Murtipujaka

• Sthanakvasi

• Terapanthi

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Spread of Jainism

▪ Mahavira organised an order of his followers which admitted both men

and women.

▪ Jainism did not very clearly mark itself out from Brahmanism, therefore it
spread gradually into West and South India where brahmanical order
was weak.

▪ The great Mauryan King Chandragupta Maurya, during his last years,
became a jain ascetic and promoted Jainism in Karnataka.

▪ Famine in Magadha led to the spread of Jainism in South India.

◦ The famine lasted for 12 years, and in order to protect themselves,
many Jains went to South India under the leadership of Bhadrabahu.

24▪ In Odisha, it enjoyed the patronage of Kalinga King of Kharavela.

 Mahaveer Swami in buddhist text — Nigantha Nataputta

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 BUDDHA to -ism

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 ▪ Founded by Gautam Buddha (Original
Name → Siddhartha)
▪ Born in 563 BC at Lumbini in Nepal near Kapilavastu
(As a kshatriya in Shakya clan)
▪ Parents → Suddhodhana & Mahamaya
▪ Left Home at the age of 29 in search of truth & did
intense penance & meditation
▪ Attained Nirvana under a Pipal tree at Bodh Gaya &
henceforth known as Buddha (The enlightened one)
▪ Delivered his 1 sermon at Sarnath (Banaras) & died
st

at the age of 80 at Kushinagar (U.P)

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Tenets of Buddhism

▪ Buddha asked his followers to avoid the two extremes of

indulgence in worldly pleasure and the practice of strict abstinence
and asceticism.

▪ He ascribed instead the 'Madhyam Marg' or the middle path which

was to be followed.

▪ According to him everyone was responsible for their own happiness

in life, stressing upon the individualistic component of Buddhism.

▪ The main teachings of Buddhism are encapsulated in the basic

concept of four noble truths or ariya-sachchani and eightfold
path or astangika marg.

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 ▪ Dukkha and its extinction are central to the Buddha’s
doctrine. Suffering is not limited to the actual pain but
also to the potential to experience these things.

▪ The essence of Buddhism is the attainment of

enlightenment. It points to a way of life that avoids self-
indulgence and self-denial. There is no supreme god or
deity in Buddhism.

▪ The ultimate goal of Buddha’s teaching was the

attainment of nibbana which was not a place but an
experience, and could be attained in this life.
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Schools of Buddhism
Theravada

◦ It is the most ancient branch of extant Buddhism today.

◦ It remains closest to the original teachings of the Buddha.

The Therigatha, often translated as Verses of the Elder Nuns,

is a Buddhist text, a collection of short poems of early women
who were elder nuns. The poems date from a three hundred
year period, with some dated as early as the late 6th century
BCE.

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 PERSONAL INFORMATION ABOUT BUDDHA

EVENTS IN HIS LIFE —

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 PLACES

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 IMPORTANT PERSONS WITH BUDDHA
• DEV DUTTA

• MAHAPRAJAPATI GAUTAMI

• ANANDA

• SUJATA

• CHANNA

• KATHAK — HIS HORSE

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 Six Orthodox Schools of Hindu Philosophy
ORTHODOX MEANING —

following or conforming to the traditional or generally accepted

rules or beliefs of a religion, philosophy, or practice.

HETERODOX MEANING —

not conforming with accepted or orthodox standards or beliefs.

46
Indian philosophy is very rich, ancient and has its roots in the Vedic
period. The great rishis or sages of India lived a secluded life in the
forests and meditated on the ultimate truth or the nature of reality.

Indian philosophy is distinctly spiritual in its approach.

The Indian philosophy takes a comprehensive view of life
and the universe. For an Indian philosopher, philosophy is
not merely an intellectual pursuit, but a way of life too.
The Indian philosopher tries to apply and exemplify the
philosophy in his life. The tenets and teachings of the
philosophy are also reflected in the life of the followers of
the philosophy.
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SPRITUAL MEANING — aims to recover the original shape
of man; true nature of a man—
MORALITY at roots.

• Compassion
• Self control
• sympathetic joy
• Harmony

COMPREHENSIVE MEANING — including or dealing with all

or nearly all elements or
aspects of something.
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 INTELLECT MEANING —

The faculty of reasoning and understanding

objectively, especially with regard to abstract matters.

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 Four Purushartha — The Vedic tradition recognises four
basic ends or purusharthas of human
life. They are as follows:

• Dharma (righteousness, moral values)

• Artha (prosperity, economic values)

• Kama (pleasure, love, psychological values)

• Moksha (liberation, spiritual values)

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 Orthodox Systems: Heterodox Systems:

• Nyaya • Jainism

• Vaiseshika • Buddhism

• Samkhya • Charvakas

• Yoga

• Mimamsa (Purva-Mimamsa)

• Vedanta (Uttar-Mimamsa)
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Samkhya Philosophy


• Sankhya is the oldest of all philosophies put forth by the sage Kapila.
•
• It is a dualistic philosophy with Purusha (soul) and Prakriti (nature) in it.
•
• Advaita Vedanta derives its base from Sankhya School.

• Samkhya also devolves philosophical basis for Yoga.

•
• It emphasises the attainment of knowledge of self through meditation and
concentration.

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• Prakṛti constitutes three guṇas or qualities - sattva, rajas and tamas.

• The existence of God or a supreme being is not directly asserted nor

considered relevant by the Samkhya philosophers. Sāṃkhya denies the final
cause of Ishvara (God).
गनेश तुम में तमस भरा है !!!

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Yoga Philosophy


• Yoga school introduces the methods of the discipline of body and mind.

• Sage Patanjali is the founder of Yoga.

• Emancipation of Purusha from Prakriti by self-awareness through the

discipline of body and mind is conceptualised by Yoga.

• It is believed that practising Ashtanga Yoga is the way to relieve oneself

from past sins in order to make way for liberation.

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The important aspect of the Yoga philosophy is the Astanga Yoga, which
sets out the eight (aṣṭa) limbs (anga) of the practice of yoga. The eight
limbs are:

Yama: Abstention from evil-doing, such as harming others, telling

falsehoods, stealing etc.

Niyamas: Cultivation of good habits such as personal hygiene, studying

religious texts, observing austere vows and feeling content in life.

Asana: It is a discipline of the body and adopting comfortable postures such

as padamasana, virasana etc.

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Praṇayama: It is the regulation of breath performed through different ways.

Pratyahara: It refers to the withdrawal of the mind from sense objects.

Dharana: It is a form of concentration in which one fixes one’s mind on an

object.

Dhyana: It is a form of meditation characterised by the steadfast

contemplation of the object without any disturbance.

Samadhi: It is the final step in yoga and there is absorption in the self

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Nyaya Philosophy


• Nyaya school follows a scientific and a rational approach.

• Sage Gautama is the founder of this school.

• Nyaya school banks upon various pramanas (mechanism of attaining

knowledge).

• It believes that gaining knowledge through the five senses is the sole way
of attaining liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

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• Nyaya’s theory of causation is called Asatkaryavada that believes that the
effect does not pre-exist in its cause and effect is a new creation.

• Nyaya recognises God as the creator, maintainer and destroyer of the

world.

• Liberation is the state of pure existence. It is freedom from all pains and
pleasures.

• One can attain liberation through tattva-jnana (true knowledge) of self and
all other objects of experience.

• Allied system of Vaisheshika.

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 Vaisheshika

• Vaisheshika school deals with metaphysics.

• It was founded by the sage Kanada.

• It is an objective and realistic philosophy of the Universe.

• According to the Vaisheshika school of philosophy, the universe is

reducible to a finite number of atoms, Brahman being the fundamental
force causing consciousness in these atoms.

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 Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the
fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship
between mind and matter, between substance and attribute,
and between potentiality and actuality.

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 critical investigation

Purva Mimamsa


• Purva Mimamsa school believes in the complete authority of Vedas.

• It is based on sage Jaimini’s Mimamsa Sutras.

• It emphasises the power of yajnas and mantras in sustaining the activities of

the universe.

• It states that a human being can attain salvation only by acting in conformity
with the principles of Vedas.
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 • Mimamsa is a pluralistic realist philosophy and accepts the reality of the
world as well as that of the individual souls.

• The soul is accepted as an eternal and infinite substance.

• The soul is accepted as distinct from the body, the senses and the mind.

• Logical justification of rituals.

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Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanta)

• Vedanta school is a monoistic school of philosophy that believes that the
world is unreal and the only reality is Brahman.

• The three sub branches of Vedanta are Advaita of Shankaracharya,

Vishishta Advaita of Ramanujacharya and Dvaita of Madhwacharya.

• Uttara Mimamsa is based on Upanishads (the end portions of Vedas).

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 The Dvaita Vedanta school believes that God (Vishnu,
supreme soul) and the individual souls (jīvātman) exist as
independent realities, and these are distinct, being said that
Vishnu (Narayana) is independent, and souls are dependent
on him.

Vishishta Advaita
Brahman alone exists, but is characterised by multiplicity. It can
be described as qualified monism or qualified non-dualism or
attributive monism. It is a school of Vedanta philosophy which
believes in all diversity subsuming to an underlying unity.
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 SUFISM

“Do not feel lonely, the entire

universe is inside you”

RUMI

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 ISLAM

Originated in Arabian peninsula in 7th century AD

Preached by Prophet Muhammed — revelation of god

Islam word meaning — “submission” to god

Both the Christian & Muslims share Abraham as a

common ancestor
 TEACHINGS OF ISLAM

KORAN — WORDS OF GOD

HADITH — TRADITIONS OF THE PROPHET
SUNNAT — CONDUCT

SHARIYAT
 BASIC TERMS IN ISLAM

NAMAZ— PRAYER

JUMA NAMAZ — FRIDAY PRAYER

HAJJ — HOLY PILGRIMAGE

ADVENT OF SUFISM
 MEANING OF SUFI — CLEANING, PURIFICATION

• It represents mysticism in Islam.

• It rose as a protest against growing materialistic tendencies in the

islamic world.

Mysticism meaning —

The experience of mystical union or direct communion with

ultimate reality reported by mystics.
 Characteristics of Spiritual Leader

They lead others into their own encounters with God

They lead others to discover their own purpose and identity

They lead others into transformation—not just production

They impact their atmosphere

They help people see old things in new ways

 PHILOSOPHICAL SIDE OF SUFISM
In sufism the objective is to realise what is known as
unity of being called Wahadat-ul-wajood.

Wahadat-ul-wajood — It is a state of communion with

god in which once own identity is completely lost and
the distinction between the creator and the creation
is completely annihilated — this state is known as
FANAA
 How to FANAA — through inner realisation of god and
through developing intuitive understanding of god.

This state is realised through successive stages of spiritual evolution

———>>>> under the guidance of spiritual mentor called PEER or
MURSHID ——>>>guides his disciples (MURIDS) at all levels of spiritual
development.

Acknowledged the importance of guru

Ultimate reality — HAQ —> after realisation of unity
Anal Haq — I AM THE TRUTH
What kind of practices they do ?
• Recitation of the name of god

• Contemplation and meditation

• Self torture — some degree

• Mortification — वैराग्य

• Yogic practices

• Simple life (FAKIRI)

• Services to the poor and needy

 TWO TRENDS OF SUFISM

Bashara – Those who obeyed the Islamic laws.

Beshara – Those who were more liberal.

 Be-shara
• Did not consider Shariyat to useful in realisation of god

• Lived a wandering life known as QUALANDERS/

MALANG/HAIDARIS

• No monastic establishments — commonly known as

‘babas’
Meditation जान लेना
करना मेरा मेरा नशा है
मज़ा है
 Ba-shara
• Acknowledged the role of shariyat though did not consider it as
essential aspect of their practise

• They maintained their monastic establishments known as

KHANQAHS where they lived along with their disciples

• They were organised in different orders known as SILSILA based on

the tradition of PEERI and MURIDI

• Different orders maintained cordial relation among themselves and

generally they divided spiritual territories known as WILAYAT or
DAIRA
 TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH SUFISM

• MAZAR/RAUZA — TOMB OF SUFIS — DARGAH

• SAMAN— MUSICAL RECITAL —> POPULAR FORM

KAWWALI

• HALA — AFTER SAMAN STATE OF EXTECY —>

MOMENTRY LOSS OF CONCIOUSNESS

• RAQUSH — SUFI DANCE

SAMAN HALA
 SUFISM IN INDIA
• There is mention of Rabia and Mansoor Al Halaz in
Persia in 8th and 9th century.

• This time in India there was advent of Bhakti movement.

• Alvar saints became in South India.

• Sufism came in India at the time of Turkish invasion.

• Salar Masood Gazi came at the time of Mahmood

Ghaznavi.
Rabia of Basra
"O Lord, if I worship You
because of Fear of Hell,

then burn me in Hell;
If I worship You because I
desire Paradise,

then exclude me from
Paradise; Classic example of
But if I worship You for
Yourself alone,

then deny me not your िनष्काम कमर्
Eternal Beauty.”
 DIFFERENT SUFI ORDER ‘SILSILA’
CHISTI SILSILA

• Founded by Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti (1143-1223 AD)

• Established his Khanqah in Ajmer
• Every year ‘Urs’ an annual congregation is held at
Ajmer.
• Most widespread Sufi order
• Their philosophy — “panthetic monoism” i.e.
“Wahadat-ul-wajud”
• Aloof of royal court
 Some renowned sufi saints of Chisti order
Qutubuddin Bhaktiyar Kaki

Direct disciple of Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti

Qutub minar building started by Qutub-ud-din Aibak and finished by

Iltutmish in his memory
Hamiduddin Nagaouri

Similar as QBK — direct disciple of Khwaja ji

Peasant — cultivated 1 bigha land

Based in Nagaur Rajasthan

Fariduddin Ganjshakar

• Popularly known as baba Fareed

• Propogated sufism in Punjab region
• His saying was “Hunger is the root cause of trouble”
• Laid the basis for vernacular Punjabi
• His poetry included in Guru Granth Sahib
Nizam-uddin-Aulia

• Spiritual successor (WALI) of Baba Farid.

• Known as Mahboob-e-ilahi
• Aamir Khusrau is his most famous disciple
• Known as “Siddha pursue” — yogic practices
• Differences with Tuglaq dynasty — GST
• “Dilli door hai”
Sheikh Nasiruddin Mahmud

• Successor of Nizamuddin Aulia

• He did not left his successor

• “Chirag-e-Delhi”

• His belonging buried along with him — end of chisti

tradition at Delhi
Sheikh Burhanuddin Garib

Laid the foundation of chisti community in South

India.

The city of Bijapur emerged as a centre for the Sufi

movement.
 SUHRAVARDI SILSILA

• Founded by Sheikh Shihabuddin Suhrawardi in

Baghdad
• In India estd. by Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya— “Sheikh-
ul-islam” title by Iltutmish
• First KHANQAH — in Multan
• Accepted royal patronage and amassed a lot of
property
• Belief — Sufi should hold property, Knowledge and
hal(mystical enlightenment)
• Rejected some chisti practices
 QADARIYA SILSILA

• Founder Abdul Qadir Gilani(Pir Dastagir)

• Shah Namatullah introduced it in India
• It became popular in Sindh and Punjab
• Supported Wahadat-ul-wajud
• Miyan Mir, Hausrat Mohani, Muhammed Iqbal etc.
• Prince Dara Shikoh got enrolled into it
 NAQSHBANDI SILSILA
• Established by Khwaja Bahauddin Naqshbandi in India

• Most popular saint was Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi —> title given to
himself ‘Mujeddid Ali Saffani’ — reformer of the new millennium

• Became popular in the reign of Akbar

• It was radical in nature — Aurangzeb became its one of the follower

• No Wahadat-ul-wajood
 SHATTARI SILSILA

• Established by Sheikh Sirajuddin Abdullah Shattar (d.

1406 AD)

• Became popular in Malwa, Jaunpur and Bengal

• Tansen, the legendary musician of Akbar court —>

follower
IMPORTANT RULERS AND THEIR PATRONAGE
Babur — Naqshbandi

Akbar — Chisti

Jahangir — Chisti

Aurangzeb — Naqshabandi

Dara Shiko — Quadri

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 Bhakti Movement (8th – 18th Century)

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 Intense devotion or love of God is the legacy of various
kinds of bhakti and Sufi movements that have evolved
since the eighth century. The idea of bhakti became so
popular that even Buddhists and Jainas adopted these
beliefs.

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• In the ninth century Sankara started a Hindu revivalist
movement giving a new orientation to Hinduism.

• His doctrine of Advaita or Monism was too abstract to

appeal to the common man.

• Moreover, there was a reaction against the Advaita

concept of Nirgunabrahman (God without attributes)
with the emergence of the idea of Sagunabrahman (God
with attributes).

अपने अपने भगवान

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 God can be experienced in two aspects –

• NIRGUNA — without attributes

• SAGUNA — God with (tangible) attributes

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