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Volume 4 Issue 5, July-August 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33248 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1620
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
In this study, a five- story RC residential building is chosen as The building is designed as per IBC 2006 and ASCE 7-05 for
a case study in order to compare the seismic performance of both gravity design and seismic design. The storey height of
gravity only design and seismic design buildings. For both the building is 10 feet. The plan dimensions are 25ft x 49 ft.
designs, nonlinear static pushover analysis is performed For gravity design model, the compressive strength of
using SAP2000 software to generate the capacity curve of concrete f'c is 2500 psi and yield strength of reinforcing bars
the building models. Then, Fragility curves are derived based fy is 40000 psi. On the other hand, the compressive strength
on HAZUS methodology for two different seismic hazard f'c and yield strength of reinforcing bars fy for seismic design
levels i.e. design basic earthquake (DBE) level and maximum model are 4000 psi and 50000 psi respectively. The material
considered earthquake (MCE) level. Discrete probabilities properties values for case study building are considered to be
for different damage states under two hazard levels are consistent with the practice in the construction industry for
calculated for both designs. Damage probability matrices this type of building in Yangon.
(DPM) are formed depending on the performance point
corresponding to each hazard level and the damage states For gravity design, only gravity loads are considered.
are compared. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is However, detailing for structural members are provided as
performed in order to derive hazard curve with annual per requirements of intermediate moment resisting frame
frequencies of exceedance per peak ground acceleration. according to information from Yangon City Development
Then expected annual loss values are calculated for both Committee, YCDC.
design models and the results are compared.
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33248 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1621
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Typical beam plan for seismic design and gravity design are IV. Damage Assessment
described in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively. Sizes of columns A. Damage State Thresholds
for seismic design model and gravity design model are shown Barbat et al. have proposed damage state thresholds for four
in Table I. damage states as slight, moderate, severe and complete
damage states based on yield and ultimate spectral
III. Methodology displacement of the buildings. Those damage state
A. Nonlinear Pushover Analysis thresholds values are shown in Table II. and Fig. 4.
In this study, nonlinear static pushover analysis is performed
considering both material and geometric nonlinearities. The TABLE II. DAMAGE STATE THRESHOLDS
material nonlinearity is considered by assigning plastic Damage States Spectral Displacement (cm) (Sd,ds)
hinges at the end of beam and column elements. P-M2-M3 Slight 0.7Dy
hinge considering the interaction of axial force and bending Moderate Dy
moments are used for columns and flexural M3 hinges are Severe Dy + 0.25(Du − Dy )
used for beams. The hinge properties according to FEMA- Complete Du
356 are used in this study. Geometric nonlinearity is
modelled by considering P-Δ effects. [4] The yield spectral displacement (Dy) and ultimate spectral
displacement (Du), are obtained analytically from the
B. Capacity Curve capacity curve. Yield capacity point represents the true
Building capacity curves, used with capacity spectrum lateral strength of the building considering redundancies in
method provide simple and reasonably accurate means of design, conservatism in code requirements and true strength
predicting inelastic building displacement response for of materials. Ultimate capacity point represents the
damage estimation purposes. Building response is maximum strength of the building when the global structural
characterized by building capacity curves. A building system has reached a fully plastic state. [2]
capacity curve is a plot of a building’s lateral load resistance
as a function of a characteristic lateral displacement. It is
derived from a plot of static-equivalent base shear versus
building roof displacement, pushover curve. [1]
C. Fragility Curves
For the development of fragility curves, guidelines given by
HAZUS technical manual have been used. HAZUS
methodology was developed for FEMA by National Institute
of Building Science (NIBS). Building fragility curves are
lognormal functions that describe the probability of
reaching, or exceeding, structural and non-structural damage
states, given median estimates of spectral response, for
example spectral displacement. These curves take into
account the variability and uncertainty associated with
capacity curve properties, damage states and ground
shaking. For a given damage state, a fragility curve is Figure 5. Damage State Thresholds from Capacity
described by the lognormal probability density function as in Spectrum
equation (1). [3]
B. Demand Spectrum
1 S For the demand spectrums, MCE spectral response
P ds / Sd ln d (1) acceleration at short period Ss value of 0.77g, MCE spectral
ds S d,ds
response acceleration at 1 sec period S1 value of 0.31g and
long-period transition period T L value of 6 sec is taken for
Where, Yangon Region according to Myanmar National Building
Sd = spectral displacement Code (MNBC). [5]
S̅d,ds = the median value of spectral displacement at which the
building reaches the damage state threshold, ds C. Damage Probability Matrix
βds = the standard deviation of the natural logarithm of A mean damage index or weighted average damage index,
spectral displacement for damage state, ds DSm is close to the most likely damage state of the structure
Φ = the standard normal cumulative distribution function and can be calculated as in equation (2). DSm can be applied
to estimate the most likely damage state of the structure.
The standard deviation of the natural logarithm of spectral
displacement for each damage state, βds are obtained from 4
HAUS MH-MR 4. According to the description for model DSm ds P ds
i i (2)
building types of HAZUS methodology, the case study i 1
building is a mid-rise concrete moment frame, C1M. Seismic
design level for seismic design model is taken as moderate Where, the values of dsi are 1, 2, 3 and 4 for the damage
code because the building is located in seismic zone 2B. For states i considered in the analysis and P[dsi] are the
gravity design model, the seismic design level is taken as corresponding occurrence probabilities. Table III. shows the
precode level as seismic loads are not considered in the most probable damage grade as a function of the mean
design. [3] damage index. [2]
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33248 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1622
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
For each seismic hazard level, damage probability matrices
(DPM) mainly depend on the spectral displacement of the
performance point and the capacity of the building.
D. Results for Seismic Design Model Figure. 7 Fragility Curve for Seismic Design Model
After performing the pushover analysis, capacity curve for
both designs are obtained by capacity spectrum method of TABLE V. DAMAGE PROBABILITY MATRICES AND
ATC 40. [1] MORE PROBABLE DAMAGE STATES FOR SEISMIC
DESIGN MODEL
Hazard Weighted More
Damage state probabilities
Level Mean Probable
Damage Damage
DS1 DS2 DS3 DS4
Index (DSm) State
Slight
DBE 0.19 0.15 0.16 0.13 1.47
damage
Moderate
MCE 0.17 0.18 0.23 0.24 2.17
damage
TABLE IV. MEAN SPECTRAL DISPLACEMENT FOR EACH According the mean damage index values from Table V, it
DAMAGE STATE OF SEISMIC DESIGN MODEL has been observed that the seismic design model is expected
Median spectral displacement S̅ d (cm) to be in slight damage state for DBE level and in moderate
Slight Moderate Severe Complete damage state MCE level. Fig.7 shows the discrete
(DS1) (DS2) (DS3) (DS4) probabilities of different damage states of two hazard levels
2.53 3.62 5.15 9.74 for seismic design model.
The fragility curves for four damage states are derived for E. Results for Gravity Design Model
seismic design model and are shown in Fig. 6. The capacity curve and demand curve of gravity design
model for DBE and MCE hazard levels are shown in Fig.8.
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33248 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1623
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
TABLE VII. DAMAGE PROBABILITY MATRICES AND
MORE PROBABLE DAMAGE STATES FOR GRAVITY
DESIGN MODEL
Hazard Weighted More
Damage state probabilities
Level Mean Probable
Damage Damage
DS1 DS2 DS3 DS4
Index (DSm) State
Moderate
DBE 0.14 0.16 0.26 0.33 2.50
damage
Severe
MCE 0.08 0.12 0.27 0.49 3.09
damage
Figure 10. Fragility Curve for Gravity Design Model Figure 12. Discrete Probabilities of Different Damage
States for Gravity Design and Seismic Design at DBE
According to Figure. 9, it can be seen that for DBE hazard Hazard level
level of 4.37 in spectral displacement Sd, the expected From the figures, it can be seen that the probabilities of
probability for the slight damage is nearly 88%, moderate complete damage for gravity design model are more than
damage 75%, severe damage 59% and complete damage double of those values for the gravity design model for both
33% respectively. Similarly, for MCE hazard level of 6.56 in DBE and MCE hazard levels. The probabilities of extensive
spectral displacement Sd, the damage is increased to damage are also higher for gravity design model. On the
expected probability for the slight damage of 96%, moderate other hand, it is observed that the probabilities of none and
damage of 88% severe damage of 76% and complete damage slight damage for seismic design model are significantly
of 49%. higher than those corresponding values for the gravity
design model.
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33248 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1624
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Figure 13. Discrete Probabilities of Different Damage Figure 15. Fragility Curve for Seismic Design Model
States for Gravity Design and Seismic Design at MCE
Hazard level Using the corresponding building period and the
amplification factor for site class D, the peak ground
Therefore, it is clear that gravity design model is more acceleration PGA (g) are calculated and fragility curves are
vulnerable and may undergo severe damage condition and derived for both design in terms of PGA (g) and are shown in
encounter losses under high seismic loading. Figure 13 and 14.
TABLE VIII. MORE PROBABLE DAMAGE STATES FOR B. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
SEISMIC DESIGN AND GRAVITY DESIGN Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is performed to
More Probable Damage State calculate surface ground motion and to derive hazard curve
Hazard Level for the study area, Latha Township. In this study, the
Seismic Design Gravity Design
estimated seismic hazard levels and Gutenberg-Richter
DBE (1.47) Slight (2.50) Moderate relationship of Sagaing fault are based on the seismic hazard
MCE (2.17) Moderate (3.09) Severe assessment for Myanmar developed by Myo Thant et al
(2012). [9]
Table VIII. shows the comparison of probable damage states
for seismic design and gravity design for DBE and MCE The annual rate of exceedance curve for Sagaing fault is
hazard levels. The probable damage state of the seismic developed as a function of corresponding moment
design model is slight for DBE hazard level and moderate for magnitudes and is shown in Fig. 15.
MCE hazard level. For gravity design, it has been observed
that probable damage state for DBE and MCE hazard levels Peak ground acceleration (PGA) at the bed rock is estimated
are moderate and severe damage states respectively. for the southern segment of Sagaing fault, SGSMS_03, a right
Therefore, under the higher seismic hazard level, the gravity lateral strike-slip fault, by applying the attenuation
design model is more likely to experience severe damage relationship proposed by Boore, et al. (1997).
and losses. Vs
ln Y b1 b 2 (M 6) b3 (M 6) 2 b5 ln r b v ln (3)
VA
V. Expected Annual Loss Calculation
A. Fragility Curves in terms of PGA
r rjb
2
h2
Conversion of spectral displacement Sd to peak groung
acceleration PGA (g) are carried out using formulations and
tables based on the method stated in the SYNER-G (2011). b1= b1SS for strike-slip earthquakes
[14] Y = peak horizontal acceleration or pseudo acceleration
response (g)
M = moment magnitude
rjb = closest horizontal distance to the surface projection of
the rupture plane (km)
Vs = average shear wave velocity to 30m (m/sec)
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33248 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1625
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
hazard has been computed in terms of the annual rate of
exceeding a given PGA and denoted by λ(PGA). The
probability of expected annual loss l is estimated using
hazard curve and fragility curve as follow:
(4)
(5)
Fig. 17 Location map of case study area and the
Sagaing Fault Where for the last limit state, P(n + 1|PGA) = 0 and n value is
4 as there are four limit states for this study. For each limit
state, mean damage ratio (MDR) value has been defined
according to the Table IX.
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33248 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1626
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
The expected annual loss values are calculated for each [8] ICC, International Building Code, International Code
design model and results are compared. The results shows Council, Inc. U.S.A. 2006.
that the expected annual loss (EAL) value for the gravity
[9] Myo Thant, Nwai Le’ Ngal, Soe Thura Tun, Maung
design model is apparently higher than those value for
Thein, Win Swe, and Than Myint. Seismic Hazard
seismic design model. Therefore, it can be seen that the
Assessment for Myanmar. Myanmar Earthquake
earthquake insurance premium value for gravity design may
Committee (MEC), Myanmar Geosciences Society
be apparently higher than the seismic design model if the
(MGS). 2012.
expected annual loss value is considered as the pure
premium value for this building. To sum up, as the damage [10] Computers and Structures, Inc. 1995. Pushover
state conditions and expected annual loss value of seismic Analysis Manual in Structural Analysis Program 2000
design model is considerably lower than those value of Version 14.0.0, University Avenue Berkeley, California,
gravity design model, it can be concluded that seismic design 1995.
model may undergo less damage and losses and will provide
[11] Chit Su San, “Generation of Ground Motion for Yangon
safer environment condition for residents.
City Area”, Ph.D Thesis, Yangon Technological
University, Yangon, Myanmar, December. 2018.
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[2] A. H. Barbat, L. G. Pujades, N. Lantada, Seismic Damage
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[4] FEMA, Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic
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Emergency Management, 2000.
[15] Myo Thant, Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment
[5] MNBC. Myanmar National Building Code 2016. Part 3,
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Journal Part C, Vol 3 No 2, ISSN 2286-8150, 2012.
[6] ACI Committee 318. Building Code Requirement for
[16] Jong Wha Bai, Seismic Fragility Analysis And Loss
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A&M University, December 2011.
[7] ASCE 7-05 “American Society of Civil Engineers,
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other
Structures”, 2006.
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