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Materials Manual
Superpave Mix Design Manual March 29, 2005
I. SCOPE
This manual describes the method for the design of SUPERPAVE Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA) mixtures. This method outlines a complete procedure for the
design of Superpave mixtures with and without Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
(RAP) and having an aggregate nominal maximum size not exceeding 19.0 mm.
II. SIGNIFICANCE
The Superpave Hot Mix Asphalt mixture design system and Performance Graded
(PG) Binder specification were developed as a result of research performed
during the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). The Superpave mix
design system was developed to be a performance based design system which
addresses the three principal distresses that effect HMA pavements: rutting,
fatigue cracking, and low temperature cracking by identifying the performance
properties needed to insure that the in-place HMA will achieve the pavement
design life. Superpave HMA will be designed for the specific climate and traffic
conditions that they will be exposed to during the life of the pavement.
AASHTO T 176 Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and Soils by Use of the
Sand Equivalent Test
AASHTO T 312 Method for Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot
Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by Means of the SHRP
Gyratory Compactor.
ASTM D4791 Standard Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles,
or Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate
Mixtures
A. CONTRACTOR
1. Documentation
2. Samples
d. One bag of RAP material (30 lbs.), if applicable, for the determination
of the RAP bulk specific gravity.
AGGREGATES
4. Separate each aggregate into individual size fractions above the No. 8
sieve and store in clean containers. The minus 8 portion of each
aggregate is stored in a separate container. The desired fractions
shall be the appropriate sieves for the specific mix type involved.
5. The dry bulk specific gravity target for each coarse and fine aggregate
can be obtained from the aggregate producer.
1. Obtain RAP samples using one of the methods outlined in section 334
of the Florida Department of Transportation Standard Specifications for
Road and Bridge Construction.
2. The RAP material should be heated at 230 ± 9°F until it is soft enough
to break down by hand. Break the RAP material down into small pieces
without degrading the aggregate. Dry the RAP material to constant
weight at 230 ± 9°F. Cool to room temperature stirring frequently to
prevent the material from recombining.
NOTE: Excessive heating of the RAP material may cause the viscosity
to increase.
NOTE: When roadway cores are used in the design process the
designer may need to apply a milling factor to the RAP gradation
in order to accurately represent the degradation experienced
during the milling process.
6. Separate the dried and cooled RAP material into individual size
fractions above the No. 8 sieve and store in clean containers. The
minus 8 portion is stored in a separate container.
7. Determine the mass of each size fraction and calculate the gradation
(percent retained) of the coated RAP material using the following
equation. This information will be used to calculate the batch sheets
during sample preparation.
0
Sieves Weight Retained Percent Retained
3/4”
1/2” 300.0 3.0
3/8” 300.0 3.0
No. 4 1100.0 11.0
No. 8 1700.0 17.0
-8 6600.0 66.0
Mr
Pr = × 100
Mt
where:
example:
300.0
Pr = × 100 = 3.0
10000.0
1100.0
Pr = × 100 = 11.0
10000.0
8. Determine the bulk specific gravity of the RAP material using one of
the following methods:
Ps
G se =
100 Pb
−
G mm 1.030
where:
example:
94.5
G se = = 2.703
100 5.5
−
2.481 1.030
G se ×G b
G sb =
⎡⎛ P ba ×G se ⎞ ⎤
⎢⎜ 100 ⎟ + G b ⎥
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
where:
example:
2.703 × 1.030
G sb = = 2.562
⎡⎛ 2.1× 2.703 ⎞ ⎤
⎢⎜ ⎟ + 1.030 ⎥
⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦
GA-182
GA-183
Limestone KY-309 0.43
Granite GA-185 0.47
Limestone IL-353 0.56
Limestone KY-329 0.66
Tuscumbia Limestone AL-351 0.94
Oolitic 87-339 1.77
Ft. Thompson Formation & 93-406 1.84
Caloosahatchee
Miami Oolite & Ft. Thompson Formation 86-139 2.21
87-089
87-145
Suwannee Limestone 08-004 2.58
08-005
08-012
Miami Oolite 87-049 2.54
87-090
Ft. Thompson Formation & Tamiami 03-017 2.54
03-340
12-008
12-260
Caloosahatchee 01-011 2.69
Avon Park 34-106 3.30
Ocala Formation 38-268 3.28
38-036
29-023
29-361
Ocala Formation & Marianna Limestone 53-311 4.62
53-390
FM 1-T 85 respectively.
100
G sb =
P s ( +8 ) P s ( −8 )
+
G sb (+8 ) G sb (−8 )
where:
example:
100
G sb = = 2.562
34 66
+
2.479 2.607
100
G sb =
P s (c ) P s( f ) P s (− 200 )
+ +
G sb (c ) G s( f ) G sb (− 200 )
where:
example:
100
G sb = = 2.562
34 58 8
+ +
2.479 2.589 2.750
A ×a B×b C×c D× d
P(n) = + + + +Z (etc).
100 100 100 100
where:
⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞ ⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎛ 15 ⎞
P1/2 = ⎜ 97 × ⎟ + ⎜ 70 × ⎟ + ⎜100 × ⎟ + ⎜100 × ⎟ = 91
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞ ⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎛ 15 ⎞
P200 = ⎜ 8.0 × ⎟ + ⎜1.0 × ⎟ + ⎜ 2.0 × ⎟ + ⎜ 7.0 × ⎟ + 1.6 = 5.0
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
NOTE: It is the designer’s responsibility to reflect and note any changes to the
JMF anticipated during the production process.
NOTE: When using RAP material, use the gradation (percent passing) from
B. Plot each trial blend on the corresponding Superpave 0.45 power chart (see
Figure 7). Compare each gradation blend to appropriate mixture
specifications. Gradation control is based on four control sieves: the
maximum sieve, the nominal maximum sieve, the No. 8 mm sieve, and the
No. 200 sieve. Select only the trial blends that meet the design gradation
specification requirements.
Note: An aggregate blend will be designated FINE when it plots above the
primary control sieve (PCS), and COARSE when it plots below the PCS (see
AASHTO M 323-04, Table 4).
100
90
80
Percent Passing
70
60 PCS Control Point
50
40
30
20
10
0
# 200
# 100# 50 # 30 # 16 #8 #4 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1"
A. SAMPLE BATCHING
NOTE: For the sample batching section it may be helpful to refer back to the
Job Mix Formula in Figure 6 on page 17 to see where the percentages
of different materials and individual sieve sizes come from.
1. Determine the sample mass based on the mix design type and specific
test being performed.
P−200
M −200 = M t ×
100
Madj = Mt −M−200
where:
example:
1.6
M −200 = 2500.0 × = 40.0
100
Ps
M s = M adj ×
Psr
P sr = 100 − Pbr
where:
example:
15
Ms = 2460 × = 390
94.5
Ps
M s = M adj ×
100
where:
example:
30
Ms = 2460 × = 738
100
4. Calculate the weight retained of each size fraction for each aggregate
component using the following equation.
Pr(n)
Mrap (n ) = Mrap ×
100
where:
example:
3
M rap(1/2) = 390 × = 11.7g
100
3
M rap(3/8) = 390 × = 11.7g
100
11
M rap(#4) = 390 × = 42.9g
100
17
M rap(#8) = 390 × = 66.3g
100
66
M rap( −8) = 390 × = 257.4g
100
1 1/2
3/4
where:
size fraction.
Ms = mass of the aggregate component.
Ps(n) = percent passing of the aggregate component on a
particular size fraction.
Ps(n+1) = percent passing of the aggregate component on
the sieve one size larger than sieve size, n.
example:
⎛ 100 − 70 ⎞
Ms(1/2) = 738 × ⎜ ⎟ = 221.4g
⎝ 100 ⎠
⎛ 70 − 38 ⎞
Ms(3/8) = 738 × ⎜ ⎟ = 236.2g
⎝ 100 ⎠
⎛ 38 − 5 ⎞
Ms(#4) = 738 × ⎜ ⎟ = 243.5g
⎝ 100 ⎠
⎛5− 4⎞
Ms(#8) = 738 × ⎜ ⎟ = 7.4g
⎝ 100 ⎠
⎛ 4−0⎞
Ms( −8) = 738⎜ ⎟ = 29.5g
⎝ 100 ⎠
1 1/2
3/4
1/2 12 221
3/8 23 458 49
4 66 701 610 30
1 1/2
3/4
1/2 11 221
3/8 23 458 49
4 66 701 610 30
Date 01 / 01 / 2000
Technician J. Doe
NOTE: The adjustment to the blend is eliminated by using the adjusted sample
mass when calculating the aggregate component mass.
NOTE: It is essential that the batched samples represent the Job Mix Formula
for accurate determination of the volumetric properties.
1. Batch up an aggregate sample for each trial blend that will provide
approximately 1,500 grams of minus 8 material.
2. Wash each sample over a No. 200 sieve in accordance with AASHTO
T 11 and determine the dry bulk specific gravity of each sample in
accordance with FM 1-T 84.
4. Separate each of the samples into the individual size fractions and
recombine in accordance with test method AASHTO T 304 Method A.
⎛ F⎞
⎜V − ⎟
G⎠
U= ⎝ × 100
V
where:
example:
⎛ 135.0 ⎞
⎜ 99.8 − ⎟
⎝ 2.475 ⎠
U= × 100 = 45.3
99.8
4. Determine the amount of flat and elongated particles using a 5:1 ratio
in accordance with ASTM D4791. Refer to Section 334 of the Florida
Department of Transportation Standard Specifications for Road and
Bridge Construction for specification compliance.
M fe
P fe = × 100
Mt
where:
example:
10.0
Pfe = × 100 = 5.0
200.0
S
P se = × 100
C
where:
example:
3.3
P se = × 100 = 41.3 = 42%
8.0
NOTE: Always round the sand equivalent value up to the next whole
number (i.e., if Pse = 42.2, then Pse is actually shown as 43%).
M fp
P fp = × 100
Mt
where:
Pfp = percent fractured particles
Mt = mass of sample
Mfp = mass fractured particles
A. COMPOSITE GRADATION
3. Wash each sample over a No. 200 sieve in accordance with AASHTO
T 11.
6. Calculate the percent passing on each sieve, (see Figures 15 & 16),
M(−200 ) = M t −M w +M(pan )
where:
M(-200) = mass of –200 material
Mt = total mass of sample
Mw = mass of the washed sample
M(pan) = mass of –200 material retained in the pan
example:
S A M P LE # Trial 1 LA B NO.
S UP P LIE R
M A TE RIA L
W A S HE D W E IGHT 2385.0
LOS S 115.0
+ 10.0
TOTA L 125.0
⎛ M(n ) ⎞
P (n ) = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟ × 100
⎝ M t ⎟⎠
where:
example:
⎛ 224.9 ⎞
P(n) = ⎜1 − ⎟ × 100 = 91.0 %
⎝ 2500.0 ⎠
S A M P LE # T ria l 1 LA B NO .
S U P P L IE R
M A TE R IA L
O R IG IN A L W E IG H T 2500.0
W A S H E D W E IG H T 2385.0
LO S S 115.0
+ 2385.0
T O TA L 2500.0
W e ig h t R e t a in e d P e rc e n t P a s s in g
1"
3/4" 1"
4 1423.9 3/8" 79
8 1725.5 4 43
16 1949.3 8 31
30 2073.6 16 22
50 2250.5 30 17
100 2325.7 50 10
R e m a rk s :
T e c h n ic ia n : D ate: 01/01/2000
1. Batch out a minimum of two samples, for each asphalt content, of the
appropriate mass as outlined in FM 1-T 209 of the dried and separated
material for each trial blend.
A
Gmm =
B +D −E
where:
example:
1050.0
Gmm = = 2.338
1052.0 + 3310.2 − 3913.1
1. Batch out a minimum of two samples, for each asphalt content, of the
appropriate mass of the dried and separated material for each trial
blend. The mass can be calculated using the following equation or
based on the past experience of the designer:
example:
5. Place all necessary equipment for the compaction process in the oven
30 – 60 minutes prior to compaction.
6. Ensure that all calibration requirements have been met on the gyratory
compactor as outlined in Section 334 of the Florida Department of
10. Calculate the bulk specific gravity at Ndesign as outlined in FM 1-T 166
using the following equation:
Mair
Gmb =
Mssd − M water
where:
example:
4606.6
Gmb = = 2.267
4608.0 − 2576.4
11. Calculate the bulk specific gravity at Nini using the following equation:
Hdesign
Gmb @ Nini = G mb @ Ndesign ×
Hini
where:
example:
115.1
Gmb @ Nini = 2.267 × = 2.056
126.9
1. VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS
Gmm − Gmb
Va = × 100
Gmm
where:
example:
2.338 − 2.244
Va = × 100 = 4.0%
2.338
2. Calculate the Voids in the Mineral Aggregate (VMA) using the following
equation:
⎛ G ×P ⎞
VMA = 100 - ⎜⎜ mb s ⎟⎟
⎝ G sb ⎠
where:
example:
⎛ 2.244 × 93.5 ⎞
VMA = 100 - ⎜ ⎟ = 15.0%
⎝ 2.467 ⎠
3. Calculate the percentage of voids filled with asphalt (VFA) using the
following equation:
(VMA - Va )
VFA = × 100
VMA
where:
example:
VFA =
(15.0 - 4.0) × 100 = 73%
15.0
4. Calculate the effective specific gravity (Gse) using the following
equation:
Ps
G se =
⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛ Pb ⎞
⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎜G ⎟ ⎜ 1.030 ⎟
⎝ mm ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
where:
example:
93.5
G se = = 2.564
⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛ 6.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2.338 ⎠ ⎝ 1.030 ⎠
⎡ (G - G sb ) ⎤
Pba = ⎢ se ⎥ × 1.030 × 100
⎣ (G se × G sb ) ⎦
where:
⎛ P ×P ⎞
Pbe = Pb − ⎜ ba s ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
where:
example:
⎛ 1.58 × 93.5 ⎞
Pbe = 6.5 − ⎜ ⎟ = 5.0%
⎝ 100 ⎠
P(-200)
Dust to Effective Binder Ratio =
Pbe
where:
example:
5.0
Dust to Effective AC Ratio = = 1.0
5.0
G mb @ N ini
%G mm @ N ini = × 100
G mm
where:
example:
2.057
%Gmm @ Nini = × 100 = 88.0%
2.338
G mb @ N max
%G mm @ N max = × 100
G mm
where:
example:
2.268
%G mm @ N max = × 100 = 97.0%
2.338
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
% Air Voids
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Asphalt Content
2.245
2.235
2.225
2.215
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Asphalt Content
2.370
2.360
Gmm
2.350
2.340
2.330
2.320
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Asphalt Content
90.0
89.0
% Gmm @ Nini
88.0
87.0
86.0
85.0
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Asphalt Content
100.0
99.0
% Gmm @ Nmax
98.0
97.0
96.0
95.0
94.0
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Asphalt Content
6. Calculate the VMA, VFA, Pbe, and the Dust to Effective AC Ratio of the
optimum asphalt content using the equations from section IX.
3. MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY
5. Place all necessary equipment for the compaction process in the oven
30 – 60 minutes prior to compaction.
9. The number of gyrations should be set so that air voids of 7.0% ± 1.0%
are achieved.
11. Discard any compacted specimen that results in air voids other than
7.0% ± 1.0%.
12. Arrange the compacted specimens into two groups of three specimens
so that the average air voids of the two groups are approximately
equal. One set of specimens will be designated as the control group
while the other set will be designated as the conditioned group.
13. Determine the volume of air voids using the following equation.
V a ×V mb
V va =
100
where:
example:
7.27 × 498.3
Vva = = 36.23
100
14. Store the control group at room temperature until time for testing.
V wa = Mssd2 − Mair
where:
example:
V wa
P st = × 100
V va
where:
example:
32.7
Pst = × 100 = 90.3
36.2
18. Cover the conditioned specimens tightly with plastic film. Place each
specimen in a plastic bag containing 10 ml of water and seal the bag.
Place the specimens in a freezer at 0°F ± 5°F for a minimum of 16
hours.
19. Remove the plastic bags and film from the conditioned specimens and
submerge them in a water bath at 140°F ± 1.8°F for 24 ± 1 hours.
20. Place the control group in leak proof plastic bags. Submerge the
control and the conditioned specimens in a 77°F water bath for a
minimum of 2 hours.
21. Determine the indirect tensile strengths of the control and the
conditioned specimens using the Lottman apparatus as outlined in
FM 1- T 283 using the following equation.
St =
(2 × P)
(π × T × D)
where:
example:
St =
(2 × 2650 ) = 172.2
(3.14 × 2.489 × 3.937 )
22. Determine the average tensile strength of the control specimens and
the average tensile strength of the conditioned specimens.
S cond
TSR = × 100
S cont
where:
example:
157.0
TSR = × 100 = 89%
175.9
4. Mix the sample of asphalt and aggregate until thoroughly coated and
immediately transfer the calibration sample to the sample baskets.
5. Place the catch pan under the sample baskets and evenly distribute
the calibration sample in the sample baskets keeping the material
approximately 1 inch away from the edges of the basket.
7. Weigh the calibration sample and sample basket assembly with guards
in place. Subtract this weight from the sample basket assembly to
determine the sample weight.
9. Enter a calibration factor of 0.00 and the sample weight into the ignition
furnace.
10. Using the proper safety equipment place the sample basket assembly
into the furnace. Care should be taken to ensure that the basket
assembly does not touch the sides of the furnace.
11. Allow the test to continue until furnace indicates that the test is
completed.
12. Using the proper safety equipment remove the sample basket
assembly from the ignition furnace and retrieve the printout.
13. Repeat steps 1 through 12 for the second sample. The difference
between the two samples must be within the single operator precision
or two additional samples will need to be tested.
14. Determine the asphalt calibration factor using the following equation:
C = Pb(actual) - Pb(measured)
where:
example:
Appendix A
4. The mix design is given a conditional number, entered into our Records
Database and sent out to the laboratory for testing.
5. The pre-batched samples are weighed and using the provided optimum
asphalt content, the correct amount of asphalt cement to add to each
sample is calculated and testing begins.
6. One of the large samples is randomly chosen for gradation and Fine
Aggregate Angularity tests.
7. Two of the remaining large samples are chosen for gyratory compaction and
two of the small samples are chosen for Maximum Specific Gravity testing.
These samples are conditioned for two hours at the respective mixing
temperature.
10. A fax will be sent to the mix designer and/or contractor if the data obtained
at the SMO is outside allowable tolerances for the following tests:
• Gradation
• ≥ 5% deviation from the Job Mix Formula on any one sieve
except for the No. 200 sieve
• ≥ 15% combined deviation for all sieves
• > 1.5% deviation on the 0.075μm sieve
• Air voids
• 3.0 – 5.0%
11. If discrepancies do exist, we may test any remaining samples at the SMO,
request new samples from the mix designer, or request that the mix
designer perform additional testing at their laboratory.
12. The mix designer may elect to adjust the optimum AC content. If this
adjustment is 0.5% or less, we will re-calculate the volumetrics using our
original data.
13. Once all of the results compare favorably, seven of the small samples are
mixed, conditioned, and compacted into four-inch specimens for moisture
susceptibility testing. The minimum requirements for this test are 100 p.s.i.
average Dry Tensile Strength (DTS) for the control set of specimens, and
80% Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) for the conditioned set of specimens.
14. If, on Trial #1, TSR is < 80%, a fax will be sent to the mix designer and/or
contractor.
15. If the TSR was ≥ 75%, and the amount of anti-stripping agent in the AC was
0.5%, the mix designer has the option of increasing the anti-stripping agent
to 0.75%. If he/she agrees to do this, the mix design will be approved with
no additional testing necessary.
16. If the TSR was < 75%, an adjustment (percentage or type), is made to the
anti-stripping agent, and the mix designer is required to submit additional
samples for further testing.
17. If, after three attempts are made, the mix design still does not meet the
requirements of the test, the mix design will be rejected.
18. Once all the requirements have been met, the mix design is conditionally
approved, and is available in the Laboratory Information Management
System (LIMS).