IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO.

4, APRIL 2007 747

Design and Analysis of Super-Wide Bandpass

Filters Using a Novel Compact Meta-Structure
Xian Qi Lin, Hui Feng Ma, Di Bao, and Tie Jun Cui, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper presents a novel compact meta-structure,

which is characterized by left-handed properties. In the novel
structure, two linear arrays of metallic vias and short-stub in-
ductors are used to generate shunt inductors besides the series
interdigital capacitors. Compared with conventional composite
right/left-handed transmission-line structures, the new structure
has weaker coupling to other components and is easily controlled
by adjusting the shunt inductance and series capacitance to
produce different left-handed properties. Due to the isolation of
two via arrays, the proposed structure can also be transplanted
directly from the microstrip system to the coplanar-waveguide
system. We have proposed an efficient procedure to retrieve the
equivalent propagating modes for both forward and backward
waves based on the matrix pencil method, which provides an
easy way to study the propagation characteristics. Using such
a meta-structure, a series of super-wide bandpass filters are
designed and fabricated at different frequency bands. Good
agreements between simulation and experiment results have been Fig. 1. Outline of a novel meta-structure with two unit cells.
achieved, and good performance in passbands and stopbands has
been observed with a relative 3-dB bandwidth larger than 70%.
For easy design of such super-wide bandpass filters, an experi-
enced formula is given between the physical size and the center from the left- to right-handed bands at different frequencies.
frequency of the 3-dB passband, which can be used to redesign In other words, we almost need new designs if the working
any filters at other frequency bands. frequency changes. Moreover, the periodical discontinuity of
Index Terms—Composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmis- structures leads to serious coupling noise, especially in large or
sion line (TL), matrix pencil method, meta-structure, propagating very large scale integrated circuits [15], [16].
mode, super-wide bandpass filter. In this paper, a novel compact composite right/left-handed
(CRLH) structure is proposed, where two linear arrays of
metallic vias and short stub inductors are used to generate
I. INTRODUCTION the shunt inductance. Detailed transmission prosperities are
ECENTLY, artificial materials characterized by simul- discussed versus the conventional structures in Section II.
R taneously negative permittivity and permeability
, which are called metamaterials or left-handed materials
Due to the equivalently electric walls of two arrays of vias,
the novel structure is easy to be integrated with other com-
(LHMs), have received considerable attention in both scientific ponents with weak side coupling of electromagnetic fields.
and engineering communities [1]–[7]. Besides meta-structures This is very important and useful in large or very large scale
composed of split-ring resonators and metal wires, the trans- integrated circuits, where serious coupling noises exist. The
mission-line (TL) approach of LHM was proposed almost shunt inductors generated by stubs connecting to via-walls give
simultaneously by three different groups [8]–[10]. Based on the more flexible selections of inductance values. Based on the
TL approach, many novel microwave components have been matrix pencil method [17], [18], the detailed characteristics
designed such as hybrids, couplers, filters, phase shifters, and of wave propagation in the structure are investigated, from
antennas [11]–[14]. However, most of proposed meta-structures which one clearly observes the backward-wave properties in
are complicated to be analyzed and are difficult to keep balance the left-handed regime. Using such a compact structure, a series
of super-wide bandpass filters are designed and fabricated, as
Manuscript June 14, 2006; revised November 20, 2006. This work was shown in Section III. Experimental and simulation results have
supported in part by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China good agreement.
under Grant 2004CB719802, in part by the National Science Foundation of
China under Grant 60496317, Grant 60225001, Grant 60671015, and Grant
60621002, and in part by the National Doctoral Foundation of China under II. CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS
Grant 20040286010.
The authors are with the Center for Computational Electromagnetics and the
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Department of Radio Engineering,
A. Analysis on the Transmission Prosperities
Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail: tjcui@seu.edu.cn). We propose a novel meta-structure, as shown in Fig. 1. The
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. unit cell of the structure consists of a series interdigital capacitor
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMTT.2007.892811 and two coupling stub inductors connected to the sides of two
0018-9480/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE

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748 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 4, APRIL 2007
Fig. 2. Equivalent-circuit model for the unit cell.
Fig. 3. Amplitudes of magnetic fields along the x-directional cross sections
of four structures, where l = 5:0 mm, w = 0:6 mm, and l
0:14 mm.
linear arrays of metallic vias, which can be regarded as two elec-
trical walls. We fabricate the whole structure on the substrate of
F4B-1/2, which is made of polytetra-fluoroethylene and glass
fiber with a thickness of mm and a relative permittivity
of . The feedlines at two ports have a width of 2.2 mm,
which is matching to 50 . Four peg holes are used to fix the
experiment board. The parameters , , , and in-
dicate the distance between two vias, the length of interdigital
capacitor, and the width and length of shunt stub, respectively.
We also give the equivalent-circuit model of each unit cell, as
shown in Fig. 2. Here, the left-handed components include the
series interdigital capacitor and the shunt stub inductor
shorted to via-walls, and the right-handed contributions contain
the shunt capacitance and series inductance provided
by the natural parasitics of the interdigital capacitor and stub in-
ductor. and refer to the loss of structure. We remark that
such lumped parameters can be easily retrieved using -param-
eters [13].
Here, we will give a detailed analysis on the transmis-
sion prosperities of such a meta-structure, which will lead to
some superiorities compared to conventional CRLH structures
[19]–[21].
First, we study the isolation of side coupling, which is mainly
determined by the diameter of vias and vias periodicity . The
software of CST Microwave Studio 5 [22] has been used for
full-wave simulations of the structure. Fig. 3 illustrates the am-
plitudes of magnetic fields along the observation line 1 (see the
sublet of Fig. 3), the centrally transverse cross section of two in-
terdigital capacitors. Here, simulation results for four structures
are presented at the frequency of 4.6 GHz, which is located in
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Fig. 4. Simulation results of S -parameters.
the left-handed band. In the first structure, the via-walls do not
exist, and shunt inductors are provided by vias from interdig-
ital fingers connecting to the ground with a diameter of 0.2 mm.
= In the other three structures, the via-walls exist with different
values.
From Fig. 3, we observe that the novel meta-structures with
via-walls have better isolation for side coupling. The smaller
is, the weaker the leakage of the electromagnetic field. Ac-
cording to [23] and [24], in which the substrate integrated wave-
guide is synthesized using a dielectric substrate with linear ar-
rays of metallic vias [25]–[27], the sizes of the via-walls can be
chosen with the following relation:
(1)
where is the free-space wavelength at the operating frequency,
and is the diameter of vias.
From Fig. 3, we also notice that the amplitude of the magnetic
field in the structure without via-walls is larger than those with
via-walls. This is because the observation line is very close to
the centrally small via, as shown in the sublet of Fig. 3. If we
observe the magnetic field far away from the central via, such as
line 2 in the sublet of Fig. 3, the magnetic field in the structure
without via-walls will be smaller than those with via-walls.
The corresponding -parameters of the four structures are
demonstrated in Fig. 4. We clearly observe that the -param-
eters of three structures with via-walls have similar behaviors
although is different. The insertion loss in such three cases is
much smaller than that in the structure without via-walls. More-
over, the structure without via-walls is difficult to be fabricated
using the conventional printed circuit board technology because
the via diameter is too small. We remark that a good balance has
been achieved from the left- to right-handed band in Fig. 4 under
the balance condition [28], which yields super-wide passbands.
In the meta-structure shown in Fig. 1, the shunt inductors
are realized using short stubs connecting to via-walls instead of
using vias shorted to ground. From the analysis in [11], we know
LIN et al.: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SUPER-WIDE BANDPASS FILTERS USING NOVEL COMPACT META-STRUCTURE 749

Fig. 7. Outline of structure fed by CPW.

Fig. 5. Two structures with longer stubs in which the overall sizes remain un-
changed.

Fig. 6. S -parameters of structures shown in Figs. 1 and 5, where the stub in-
ductance changes.

that a larger value of will lead to a wider left-handed pass-

band. The formula to approximate the stub inductor is simply
given by [29]

nH

(2)
in which and are the width and length of the stub, and is the
thickness of the substrate. All of and are in millimeters.
Equation (2) shows that a longer and narrower stub possesses a
larger value of inductance.
We remark that stub inductors can also be used in the con-
ventional CRLH structures. However, the width of the stub is
limited by the minimum diameter of the shunt-inductor vias
on it, and a very longer stub leads to a large area of unit cell
and notable coupling noise. In the new meta-structure shown
in Fig. 1, the stub width can be very thin since there is no via
on it. We can even warp the stub and insert it into the side
copper board to achieve a more compact size and less coupling.
Two revised structures are shown in Fig. 5(a) and (b). We com-
pare the -parameters of two such structures with those of the
original design, as illustrated in Fig. 6. Here, mm,
mm, mm, and mm.
Clearly, wider passbands can be obtained by adding the length
of stubs to increase . electromagnetic parameters can be extracted such as the refrac-
Due to the isolation of via-walls, the new meta-structure can
be easily transplanted from the microstrip system to the coplanar
Fig. 8. Comparison of S -parameters for structures fed by CPW and microstrip
line. (a) Amplitude. (b) Phase.
waveguide (CPW) system. This is another superiority different
from the conventional CRLH structures. In order to verify this
point, we change the source feeding system as shown in Fig. 7,
where the CPW structure is adopted at two ports and all other pa-
rameters are the same as those shown in Fig. 1. We give the com-
parison of -parameters for structures fed by the CPW and mi-
crostrip, as illustrated in Fig. 8. We clearly observe good agree-
ments of -parameters using two such feeding systems. In this
manner, we can also use the new meta-structure as a connector
between the microstrip and CPW circuits.
B. Analysis of Propagation Modes
The -parameters retrieval method has recently become the
principal tool to characterize artificial materials. From the cal-
culation of -parameters for finite-thickness samples, the bulk
tive index , the wave impedance , the electric permittivity ,
and the magnetic permeability [30].

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750 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 4, APRIL 2007

TABLE I
PROPAGATION MODES OF E

Fig. 9. Ten-unit-cell structure, where l = 5:0 mm, w = 0:6 mm,

l = 0:14 mm, and p = 0:974 mm.

TABLE II
PROPAGATION MODES OF H

Fig. 10. Comparison of simulated and measured S -parameters for the ten-unit-
cell structure.
In practice, however, the properties retrieved by such a
method contain the effect of connectors, where the total elec-
tromagnetic fields are used. Moreover, the multiple branches
associated with the inverse cosine in the calculation make an
unambiguous determination of material parameters. Reference
[31] provides an improved retrieval procedure, but the multi-
branch problem was not really solved.
Here, we propose a new retrieval procedure of propagation
modes, which avoids the choice of multiple branches. This pro-
cedure is especially useful for multiunit structures. Based on the
method of pencil matrix [17], [18], the total electric or magnetic
field can be expanded as
(3)
where is the total field exported by simulations, denotes
the distance between the source and observation points along
the propagation axis, represents the dominant or
higher order propagation mode, which contains input and re-
flected fields, and and are the amplitude and propagation
constants of the corresponding mode.
Take a ten-unit-cell structure, as shown in Fig. 9 as an ex-
ample, where mm, mm, mm,
and mm. Fig. 10 illustrates the comparison of
-parameters simulated by CST Microwave Studio 5.0 and
measured from the Agilent E8363B Network Analyzer. A good
agreement has been observed. We export the principal compo-
nents of electromagnetic fields and at the frequency of
4.6 GHz in the left-handed band from CST simulations, which
are used for retrieval. The propagation modes are expanded
along the -axis, and the retrieved parameters are listed in
Tables I and II.
From Tables I and II, we notice that the dominant modes ex-
tracted from and are nearly the same, which present the
backward-wave nature. In another word, the Poyntion vector
is antiparallel with the phase velocity. The
tables also show some higher order modes, which are useful to
the analysis of effective wave properties for periodic structures.
More dominant propagation modes containing the propaga-
tion and attenuation constants of and are computed at
different frequencies from the left- to right-handed bands, as
shown in Fig. 11. Clearly, the left-handed band is from 3.4 to
5.8 GHz, and the right-handed band is from 5.8 to 8.0 GHz,
both of which have small losses.
III. SUPER-WIDE BANDPASS FILTERS
Here, we use the novel meta-structure to realize a series of
super-wide bandpass filters. As analyzed in Section II, the area
of each unit cell in the new meta-structure is nearly 20% smaller
than that in the CRLH microstrip-line structure [19] and CRLH
CPW structure [13], [21] at the same central frequency. We have
shown that the new structure with two units has a good perfor-
mance in the balance from the left-handed frequency band to the
right-handed frequency band, as shown in Figs. 4, 6, and 8.

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LIN et al.: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SUPER-WIDE BANDPASS FILTERS USING NOVEL COMPACT META-STRUCTURE 751

Fig. 11. Propagation and attenuation constants of the dominant modes at dif-
ferent frequencies.

Fig. 12. Three super-wide bandpass filters.

Using the new structure, we only need to change a single pa-

rameter to design super-wide bandpass filters at different
central frequencies, while keeping better performance in both
the passband and stopband. Based on the CST simulation re-
sults, we develop an experienced formula describing the relation
between and central frequency of the designed filter

mm
(4)

Three super-wide bandpass filters have been designed

and fabricated at central frequencies of 5.679, 3.751, and
2.576 GHz. In the above designs, all parameters are chosen as
shown in Fig. 1, except different values of . Corresponding
Fig. 13. Simulation and experimental results of the S -parameters. (a) l =
to the above frequencies, we choose as 5, 8, and 12 mm, 5 mm, f = 5:679 GHz. (b) l = 8 mm, f = 3:751 GHz. (c) l =
respectively. The distance between two vias are selected as 12 mm, f = 2:576 GHz.
1.0 mm to satisfy condition (1), and and are fixed
as 0.6 and 0.14 mm.
Fig. 12 shows a photograph of three such filters, and the sim- with a unit of gigahertz, and and voltage standing-wave ratio
ulation and experimental results are demonstrated in Fig. 13. (VSWR) are the relative 3-dB bandwidth and the value of the
Using the method reported in [13], the bulk lumped parameters standing wave ratio.
of each unit cell shown in Fig. 2 are also extracted, as listed From Fig. 13 and Tables III and IV, we clearly see that the
in Table III. We also provide the main performance parameters simulation and experimental results have good agreements, and
of these filters in Table IV, in which , , and represent the designed filters have excellent performance. The relative
the lowest, highest, and central frequencies of the 3-dB band 3-dB bandwidth is over 70% and VSWR in all three

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752 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 4, APRIL 2007
TABLE III
EQUIVALENT LUMPED PARAMETERS OF EACH
UNIT CELL FOR DIFFERENT FILTERS
TABLE IV
MAIN PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF FILTERS
cases. Using (4), we can also design other filters in the required
frequency bands easily.
We remark that the experienced formula (4) is only used to de-
termine the central frequency of the passband from , keeping
an overall good performance of the filter. When other parame-
ters such as the bandwidth, passband response, and stopband
cutoff are important, however, detailed optimization of other
physical sizes are required.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have presented the design and analysis of
super-wide bandpass filters using a novel compact meta-struc-
ture. Based on the pencil matrix method, the dominant and
higher order propagation modes of electromagnetic fields are
extracted, which is useful to design the CRLH filters, antennas,
and other microwave components.
In the new structure, two arrays of metallic vias are used to
confine most of fields within the structure. Hence, it is easily
connected with other components with little coupling noise.
The shunt inductor provided by the stub connecting to via-walls
gives more flexibility to satisfy some special requirements. We
also notice that such a structure is easy to be transplanted from
the CPW system to microstrip-line system without any re-fab-
rications. Based on simulation results, we have presented a de-
sign formula, i.e., (4), which gives a convenient way to design
filters working at different frequency bands by only changing
one parameter.
We also remark that the cheap F4B substrate has been used in
our design and fabrication of filters. If low-loss substrates and
better fabrication techniques are adopted, a better performance
will be achieved.
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Xian Qi Lin was born in Zhejiang Province, China,
on July 9, 1980. He received the B.S. degree in elec-
trical engineering from the University of Electronic
Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,
in 2003, and is currently working toward the Ph.D.
degree at the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter
Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
His research interests include computational elec-
tromagnetics, metamaterial, microwave circuits, and
antennas.
Hui Feng Ma was born in Jiangsu Province, China,
on December 10, 1981. He received the B.S. degree
in electrical engineering from the Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, in 2004,
and is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree
at the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves,
Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
His research interests include design and analysis
of microwave circuits and metamaterials.
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753
Di Bao was born in Jiangsu Province, China, on
May 16, 1983. She received the B.S. degree in
radio engineering from Southeast University (SEU),
Nanjing, China, in 2006, and is currently working
toward the M.S. degree at the State Key Laboratory
of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University.
Her current research interests include nanomate-
rials and applications of metamaterials in microwave
circuit designs.
Tie Jun Cui (M’98–SM’00) was born in September
1965, in Hebei, China. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc.,
and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from
Xidian University, Xi’an, China, in 1987, 1990, and
1993, respectively.
In March 1993, he joined the Department of
Electromagnetic Engineering, Xidian University,
and became an Associate Professor in November
1993. From 1995 to 1997, he was a Research
Fellow with the Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik
und Elektronik (IHE), University of Karlsruhe,
Karlsruhe, Germany. In July 1997, he joined the Center for Computational
Electromagnetics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Uni-
versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, initially as a Post-Doctoral Research
Associate and then as a Research Scientist. In September 2001, he became a
Chang-Jiang Professor with the Department of Radio Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing, China, under the Cheung Kong Scholar Program awarded
by the Ministry of Education, China. He is currently an Associate Director
with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University.
He has authored four book chapters, over 100 scientific journal papers, and
has presented over 50 conference papers. His research interests include wave
propagation, scattering, inverse scattering, landmine detection, geophysical
subsurface sensing, fast algorithms, integrated circuit simulations, and meta-
materials.
Dr. Cui is a member of URSI (Commission B). He is a Senior Member of the
Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE). He is currently an associate editor for the
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING. He is a member
of the Editorial Staff for the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. He was
the recipient of a 1999 Young Scientist Award presented by the International
Union of Radio Science (URSI), a 1995 Research Fellowship presented by the
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, Germany, a 2002 National Science
Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars, and a 2003 Teaching
Award presented by Southeast University.