И

ИРКУТСКИЙ ГО
ОСУДАРСТВЕН
ННЫЙ УНИВЕР ИЯ 
РСИТЕТ ПУТЕЙ СООБЩЕНИ

3. Раззработаны модельные представления 2. Шастин

Ш В. И.,И Белунни ик А. И., Ло
оцманов Г. С.
С
ккинетики дееструкции нижнего
н слооя покрытияя, на Удаление
У л
лакокрасочн ных покрыти ий излучении-
и основе даны
их д практи
ические и технологиче
т еские ем
е лазера // / Лазерныее технологи ические устаа-
р
рекомендациии по опттимизации и активизаации новки
н и перрспективы и их применения на пред д-
п
процесса очиистки. приятиях
п о
отрасли : м
материалы совещ. М., М
4. Экссперименталльно подтвеерждена целлесо- 1986. 83 с.
о
образность у
ультразвуко
овой активизации этапаа хи- А С. 13745523 (СССР) МКИ В 08 В 7/04. Споо-
3. А.
м
мической о
обработки очищаемойй поверхноости, соб
с очистки и поверхносстей от труд днораствории-
п
предложеныы конструкти ивные решеения и наибболее мых
м слоисттых покрыттий / авт.-иззобрет. Шасс-
о
оптимальны е параметры
ы работы иззлучателя. тин
т В. И. ; Иркут. филлиал по зао оч. обучению
5. Раассмотрены различны ые комбинаации КИИГА
К ; зааявл. 10.07.886 № 40885773.
п
приемов очиистки, с уч
четом обесппечения условия 4. Горюнов
Г Ю В., Перцоов Н. В., Сумм Б. Д. Эф
Ю. ф-
н
неповреждаеемости повверхности обрабатывае
о емых фект
ф Ребинд дера. М. : Н
Наука, 1966. 128 с.
и
изделий. 5. Лихтман
Л В.И., Щукин Е Е.Д., Ребиндер П.А. Фии-
зико-химич
з еская механника металллов. М.: - АН
А
БИБЛИ
ИОГРАФИЯ СССР,1962.
С . – 156с.
6. Ребиндер
Р П
П.А. Физикоо-химическаая механикка.
1 Смирновв Н. С., Просстаков М. Е.,
1. Е Липкин Я.
Я М. Новая
Н облассть науки. – М.: Знаниее, 1958. 64с.
Очистка поверхноссти стали. 2-е2 изд. переераб. 7. Попилов
П Л.Я. Ультразввуковая инттенсификаци ия
и доп. М. : Металлурргия, 1978. 232
2 с. очистки
о и гальваничееских процеессов. – М.: М
Машиностр
М роение, 19699. – 187с.

X
Xiong Guaanggyao, Zhou
Z Zejie, He Bolin, Zhao Longzhi
L УДК
К 669.1.017

EFFE
E ECT OF
O RAARE EART
E TH ON THHE QP
PQ
T ATME
TREA ENT ON
O THE DIES
D S EL
STEE
Introduction n. increeasing the depth
d of layeer to enhancce the suppoort
With thet developm ment and application of new capaacity of diess, reduce proocessing tem mperature heat
h forging dies
hot d steel witth excellent performancee, the treattment to redduce deform mation, whicch ensure thhe
5
5CrMnMo stteel is fallingg into disusee in some devel- accuuracy of dies and applicattion in practiice.
o
oped countriees, but the stteel has not only
o good toough- The rare earth (RE) w with the atoomic structurre
n
ness, tensile strength annd wear resiistance, but also and the activity has widely uused in many y fields. Sincce
g
good hardnesss and high temperature mechanical
m p
prop- the 1960s, reseaarchers begann to use RE in the chem mi-
e
erties. It is used to produuce kinds off suffer and mini-m cal heat
h treatmeent for steel.. After the 1980s,
1 the ree-
tyype forging dies. And itt is a kind of cheap and eco- search on the RE R in the cheemical heat treatment app-
n
nomical mateerial for hot forging dies [1]. The riggidity pearred upsurge in our counttry and a lott of fruits haad
a the wearr resistance, the
and t good touughness and anti- beenn applied in production
p [22].
c
corrosion havve a direct effect
e on thee use and life of t improve the productiion efficienccy
In order to
d
dies. Ordinarry quenchingg and temperring process is so and the quality of the layerr, the RE waas used in thhe
liimited that it i can not meet
m the requuirements off use. QPQ Q process, thhe results shoowed that thhe speed of ni-
n
T failure and
The a damage occurs mosstly from onn the tridiing was highhly improvedd and the peerformance of o
surface or beeginning from m the surfacee, in order too im- nitriiding layer and the nittriding structure was im m-
p
prove the liffe, the reasoonable surfaace strengtheening provved.
teechnology which
w can immprove the material
m potenntial,
immprove surfa face performaance and proolong the usee life 1 Experimment
o dies was used.
of u The layer treated onn QPQ had loots of 1.1 The exxperimental m
material and
d equipment
a
advantages suuch as high rigidity,
r highh wear resisttance The materrial was 5CrMMnMo steel, the chemical
a a little distortion. Thhe QPQ was used on treating
and commponent is shhown in tablle 1, the sam
mples were inn-
h forging dies,
hot d which can
c improvee the use lifee. By cised
d by WEDM M, the size waas 7×7×30m mm, the up annd

   94 
9 Совр
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ехнологии. Системный
й анализ. Мо
оделирован
ние   
 МЕХАНИКА. ТРАНСПОРТ. МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ. ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
The chemical components of 5CrMnMo steel
Element C Si Mn
Content 0.54 0.37 1.38
down plane were polished, QPQ salt-bath and mix RE
metal.
The experiment was done in a crucible furnace
with the size was Φ150×250mm, the furnace power
was 3KW, and the material was graphite, the tempera-
ture was measured by WRP-120 platinum and rho-
dium - platinum thermocouple, and the temperature
controlled by KSW-8D-16 automatic temperature
control.
1.2 The experiment craft process
The content of CNO- in nitriding furnace had
direct effect on the quality of the QPQ treatment, the
hardness was well when the content of CNO- was 34%
to 38 %. In this experiment, the content of CNO- was
36%, then four groups of RE (the content were 0 per-
cent, 1 percent, 3 percents, 5 percents and 7 percents )
were added at 560°C, the craftwork experiment was
done at 560°C for three hours. The microstructure ob-
servation and micro-hardness measurement of these
samples were done finally, according to the results,
the optimum amount of Rare Earth was determined.
1.3 The microstructure observation and micro-
hardness measurement
The surface performance and micro-structure
were observed on the JSM—6360LA SEM, the thick-
ness of nitriding layer was measured on SMV special
test software on the JSM—6360LA SEM. The sample
rigidity was measured on the 401MVA Microscopic
Vickers hardness tester under the test load of 100 gf
and keep on for 10 second, the surface Microscopic
Vickers hardness HV0.1 (three average value) of nitrid-
ing layer was measured. The glide wear experiment
was done on the M-2000 wear experiment machine
and the grinding of standard samples without lubrica-
tion sliding friction, the load was 490N, the rotate
speed was 200r/min, according to the samples weight
loss (average of two samples) to compare their wear
resistance.
The effects of RE chroma on nitriding layer thickness and rigidity
RE chroma 0 1
Layer thickness 19.2 22.9
Micro-rigidity 1032 1090
   Современные технологии. Системный анализ. Моделирование  95
 
Table 1
Cr Mo S P
0.72 0.25 0.014 0.025
2. The results and analysis
2.1 The effects of RE on nitriding layer thickness and
rigidity
Table 2 shows the relative of 5CrMnMo steel
which was treated in different RE contents for 3 hours
at 560°C between the nitriding layer thickness and
surface hardness. It was shown from the microstruc-
ture of nitriding layer that RE had obvious favor in the
infiltration. With the enhancement of the RE contents,
the nitriding speed improved. When the contents came
to 3% to 5%, the speed was the highest. The content
of RE in RE-QPQ salt-bath exist an optimum value,
That is to say, when the RE is 3 to 5%, the layer
thickness (28 ~ 30 µm) was thicker than those mate-
rials without the RE (15 ~ 20 µm). And the hardness
of the surface layer has emerged in a similar trend, at
3 percent the hardness was the highest. The results
indicate that the optimum value of RE in RE-QPQ salt
bath was 3% to 5%, the nitriding thickness increased
obviously, and the rigidity of layer surface improved,
the HV0.1 rigidity was 1139 to 1140 which was the two
time higher than the HV0.1 (521) of the substrate. The-
reby, it was not difficult to conclude that the reason
that the thickness and the rigidity of the nitriding layer
increased was the the proper amount of RE had help
to infiltration in the RE-QPQ. The nitriding speed had
improved 30 percents, the nitriding structure was also
improved, the layer became thick, consequently, the
layer rigidity was improved and the distribution of the
nitriding layer rigidity was also improved.
2.2 The effect of RE on nitriding layer micro-structure
Fig.1 shows the micro-structure of nitriding
layer section of 5CrMnMo hot dies steel for 3 hours
at 560°C without RE. Fig2 and Fig3 show the micro-
structure of nitriding layer section on 5CrMnMo hot
dies stee with 3% and 5% of the total quality of the
RE-QPQ salt bath, respectively. From Fig. 1 to Fig.
3, we can see that the salt bath without RE, some
large coarse grains appear, and infiltrated along the
Tabel 2
3 5 7
26.6 27.1 23.7
1139 1140 1067
 
 И
ИРКУТСКИЙ ГО
ОСУДАРСТВЕН
ННЫЙ УНИВЕР ИЯ 
РСИТЕТ ПУТЕЙ СООБЩЕНИ

grain bounddary. But nitriding layerr was thick with 2.3 The
T effect off RE on nitridding layer weear resistancce
the RE-QPQ Q salt bath treatment. The reason was The wear--resistance teest of 5CrMnnMo steel waas
probably thee RE inproveed the activitty of N atom
m, and a 4 hours at
donee on the threee samples trreated for 3 and
changed thee appearance of Fe2-3N, annd then the struc-
s
560°°C, some weere tested inn QPQ, otheers in the RE E-
ture was refi
fined.
QPQ Q. The wear--resistance reesults were shown
s in table
3. From
F table 3, it is obviously th hat the weaar-
resisstance of thee samples wwhich were treated in RE E-
QPQ Q was two tiimes higher than the sam mples in orddi-
naryy QPQ. The reason wass lots of com mpounds of ε
lavees structure which
w was hhigh rigidity and exiguouus
form
med on nitridding layer wiith RE-QPQ.. Furthermorre,
the rare-earth playing
p impoortant role inn micro-allooy
can improve thee surface layer structure. The solid soo-
Fig. 1. The SE
F EM of rigidificcate layer 600×
× nitring tem
mpera-
tu
ure：560Ԩ niitriding time： ：3h treatmen nt craftwork：QPQ on strengthenning, and thee formation of
lutio o compoundds,
saalt bath suchh as refined grains can improve tensile strengtth
and wear resistannce.

2.4 The
T mechaniism of RE onn nitriding layyer.
The QPQ technical prrinciple is nittrocarburizinng
and oxidation processes
p compound, thee structure of o
the compound
c m
mostly is infilltration comppounds Fe2-3N
and oxide Fe3O4.4 The reasonns why the nitriding
n speeed
is improved
i annd the nitrriding layer structure is
channged in the RE-QPQ
R maiinly is as folllowing:
Firstly, thhe active RE atom increased the nitridd-
Fig. 2. The SE
F EM of rigidificcate layer 5000× nitring tem
mpera-
tu
ure：560Ԩ niitriding time： ：3h treatmen nt craftwork：QPQ ing reaction speeed, more acctive N atom m and C atom m
saalt bath and 3%
%RE appeear which im mproved the nitrogen po otential in saalt
bathh and increassed the flux nnumber of N and C to diif-
fusee from the surrface.
Secondly, the infiltrattion of the large-size
l rarre
earthh atoms in thet crystal R RE enrichmen nt cause hugge
iron atom latticee distortion, w which is favvor to nitrogeen
and carbon atom ms transition and Segregaate in the layeer
in prriority, then the C and N concentratio on in the layeer
is en
nhancing. Ass the high C,, N concentrration gradiennt
appeears on the surface the speed infiltrration and [C C]
and [N] atomic proliferation
p is promotingg.
Fig. 3. The SE
F EM of rigidificcate layer 500×
× nitring tem
mpera- Thirdly, thhe permeatioon of the RE atom producce
tu
ure：560Ԩ niitriding time： ：3h treatmen nt craftwork：QPQ the vacancy
v in itts periphery,, which caused the densitty
saalt bath and 5%
% RE of thhe vacancy and the disslocation inccrease, so thhe
Table 3
The wear-resistance test of 5CrMnMo steeel
 
Orriginal
craftwork Treated mass/g Wear mass/g
m
mass/g
N treatment
No 100.7696 10.7647 0.00049
QPQ，3h 100.8078 10.8066 0.00012
3%RE
E and QPQ，3h 100.9980 10.9969 0.00011
5%RE
E and QPQ，3h 100.6548 10.6542 0.00009
 

   96 
9 Совр
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ехнологии. Системный
й анализ. Мо
оделирован
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 МЕХАНИКА. ТРАНСПОРТ. МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ. ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
multi-channel for the nitrogen atom proliferation is
provided. Above three factors all can play the role in
urging to infiltrate.
Finally, the rare earth permeating in the steel is
favor to refine the superficial crystal grain and the
micro alloy. After the infiltration the superficial crys-
tal grain to be thin. The main reason that after per-
meating the steel in the substrate, the rare earth atom
gathered in the crystal boundary and formed the spe-
cial compound, which strengthened crystal boundary
and retarded carbide to separate out from the crystal
boundary, the modified carbide shape, the distribution
and the crystal boundary condition make the layer
structure, the performance was improving. But the
permeation of the excessive rare earth atom caused the
stress field made of the distortion the crystal lattice,
the crystal boundary, the vacancy, the dislocation
formed mutually restricts appears, which caused the
proliferation atom to break through the nail difficultly,
then the proliferation nitrogen atom is retarding.
Therefore, the RE-QPQ salt bath only having the right
amount of rare earth, can improve the properties of the
infiltration layer.
3 Conclusions
(1) RE-QPQ Salt bath with the right amount
rare earth (3 ~ 5% salt bath gross weight), may en-
hance infiltrates speed, increase the thickness of the
nitriding layer, the layer microstructure performance
and enhances the hardness and the wear-resistance,
but the brittleness decrease.
(2) The craft of the RE-QPQ salt bath is so
simply, stable that it can be applied easily in the prac-
tice, which may enhance the dies service life.
Лукьянов Д.А., Куцый Н.Н.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ, МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ
И ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК МОТОР-
ВЕНТИЛЯТОРОВ ЭЛЕКТРОВОЗОВ
Опыт эксплуатации электровозов нового по-
коления ЭП-1 показал, что межремонтный ресурс
вспомогательных машин (мотор-вентиляторов,
мотор-компрессоров) этих электровозов в 1,5 – 2
раза меньше расчетного. Например, 50% электро-
   Современные технологии. Системный анализ. Моделирование  97
 
Acknowledgment
The word was Sponsored by Opening to the
Foundation Key Laboratory of Conveyance and
Equipment，Ministry of Education .
REFERENCES
1. The heat treatment craft and structure analysis of
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4. Huang Na-chan. Rare-earth element in superficial
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УДК 629.3.015
двигателей вспомогательных машин выходят из
строя при пробеге 150-300 тыс. км., а еще 23% при
пробеге 300 – 450 тыс.км. вместо расчетных 600
тыс.км.[1]. Проведенные исследования показали,
что уровень вибрации мотор-вентиляторов элек-