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English For Academic

and Professional
Purposes
Quarter 1 – Module 1:

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the English for Academic and Professional Purposes Alternative Delivery
Mode (ADM) Module on Language and Text Structure across Disciplines!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

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 Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the English for Academic and Professional Purposes Alternative Delivery
Mode (ADM) Module on Language and Text Structure of Academic Texts across
Disciplines!

Academic language represents the language of the discipline that students need to
learn. It helps develop their content understandings and a means to participate in
the content area in meaningful ways. While some features of academic language may
vary, it is also important to note that academic or informational texts are also
different to a certain extent depending upon the author’s purpose, the topic and the
genre.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current
lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson.

This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice

to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

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 What I Have Learned This includes questions or
blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you
learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help

you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or
concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you

to enrich your knowledge or skill of

the lesson learned. This also tends retention

of learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

The purpose of this module is to acquaint you on the language used as well
as on the text structure of academic texts from various disciplines. To further develop
your academic language abilities, all activities are geared to help you become a more
confident and comfortable learner. The graphic organizers that include various kinds
of graphs and diagrams will help you organize ideas visually and will guide you in
your understandings to the different reading materials.

By the end of this module, you will:

1. Distinguish the language used in texts across disciplines;

2. Identify the dominant text structures in academic texts; and 3.
Use appropriate graphic organizers to locate information.

What I Know
DIRECTIONS: Read the following excerpts and answer the questions that follow.
Write only the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

The food business is similar in some ways to the clothing business. In some
ways, it is different. What both businesses have to sell are in demand. But the
things that each business sells are so unlike. While one business sells products to
eat, the other business sells product to wear. Which business would you like to
engage in?

Source: Dumagpi, L. & Gonzales, Mildred J. (1998). Reading in the Content Areas,
UPOU Module

1. Which of the text types below does the text belong to?
A. Business C. Natural Science
B. Mathematics D. Literature and the
Arts
2. Which text structure is used in the passage?
A. Classification C. Description B.
Cause and Effect D. Comparison and Contrast
3. Which graphic organizer would best illustrate the passage?
A. Venn Diagram C. Concept Map
B. Modified Wheel D. Spider Web
4. What types of businesses are being compared?
A. Fast foods
B. Clothing lines

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 C. Food business and clothing business D. Products to eat and
products to wear
5. How do you think the author organized the information?
A. By defining food business and clothing business
B. By presenting a procedure on how to start a business
C. By presenting the characteristics of the two businesses
D. By presenting the similarities and differences of food and clothing
businesses

Trend and Forecasting of COVID-19 in Davao City by SIR Model

The COVID-19 outbreak has shown enormous global impact as it both

affect the health and economy of many countries. As reported in John Hopkins
University Corona Virus Center, approximately 4.3 million people around the
world contracted the disease with 297,197 total deaths (JHU, 2020). Moreover,
the coronavirus pandemic provides unprecedented challenge to every country’s
economy. In fact, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS, 2020)
reported that many countries are implementing financial measures such as Japan
($9.6 billion, or 0.19 percent of GDP), South Korea ($9.2 billion, 0.56 percent of
GDP), and Italy ($4.1 billion, 0.20 percent of GDP). However, the sufficiency will
depend on how long the virus will be contained and eliminated.

In the Philippines, the outbreak started on the 30th of January that

involved a 38-year-old Chinese woman who was confined in a Hospital in Manila.
As of May 09, 2020, there have been a total of 10,610 confirmed cases in the
country (DOH,

2020). Out of these cases, a total of 704 deaths and 1,842 recoveries were
recorded. There has been a slowing down of turnout of result in the early month
of outbreak at a rate of 200 to 250 patients per day due to limited testing kits
(Magtulis, 2020). In late March, more testing kits have been availed and additional
testing laboratories were accredited by Department of Health to increase the
testing rate in the country (Modesto, 2020).

Davao Region being one of the affected areas in the Philippines has
recorded its first case in March 15 that involves a 21-year old female who had a
travel history to United Kingdom and Manila (Lumawag, 2020). Subsequently,
more spread of disease were recorded in the Region which were mostly associated
to cockfighting derby in Matina Galleria in Davao City. On April 4, the Region was
place into enhanced community quarantine to control the movement of people in
and out of the Region.

Source: Chavez, Felix, Jr. C., (2020) Trend and Forecasting of COVID-19
in Davao City by SIR Model.

6. What is the primary topic of the article?

A. The impact of COVID-19 outbreak
B. COVID-19 cases in Davao region
C. The total deaths and recoveries of COVID 19

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 D. The report from John Hopkins University Corona Virus Center
7.What does the underlined word “COVID 19” mean?
A. It is a lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection.
B. It is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses.
C. It is a voluntary or involuntary act that clears the throat and
breathing passage of foreign particles.
D. It is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS), a new strain of virus first
detected in Wuhan, China in 2019.
8. Which of the following terms is the synonym of the word “pandemic?”
A. Impact C. Turnout
B. Unprecedented D. Outbreak
9. In what discipline does the technical term pandemic commonly used?
A. Sociology C. Business
B. Medical Science D. Psychology
10.Which of the following best describes a science text?
A. It uses vivid language to create images and impressions.
B. It explains statistics, notations, and variables.
C. It uses connotative language and figure of speech.
D. It contains scientific method that discuss the objective result and
experiment.
11.What text structure did the writer useto help you understand what
you are reading?
A. Problem-solution C. Description
B. Recount of a sequence D. Definition
12. How do you think the author organized the information? A. He
presented a chronological order of events.
B. He defined COVID-19 with supporting details.
C. He listed the countries that are affected by COVID-19.
D. He explained the solution, then discusses the effects of the
solution.
13. According to the information, why does COVID 19 outbreak
create an enormous global impact?
A. It affects both the health and economy of many countries.
B. It provides unprecedented challenge to every country’s economy.
C. Region was placed into enhanced community quarantine.
D. There is no vaccine yet to combat COVID-1.
14.Which of the following is the purpose of theauthor in writing the text?
A. To define C. To inform
B. To describe D. To compare and contrast
15. Which of the following isNOT a purpose in writing academic texts?
A. To provide a solution to the problem
B. To convey useful information concisely and precisely
C. To report a fact that has been taken from reliable sources
D. To convince the reader to believe one’s personal opinion without
basis

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Lesson
Language and Text
1 Structure Across Disciplines

As a student, it can be a challenge for you to master your ability to understand

academic language and
vocabulary proficiently. Thus,
in order to succeed in any
content area, you need to
equip yourself through
reading, listening, writing and
expressing this new
knowledge and skills you
acquire from different subject
areas.

Word Riddle Puzzle

What’s In
Activity 1 Unveil the Hidden Word

DIRECTIONS: Tell what academic word is described in each statement and write the
hidden word on your answer sheet. The number of dashes indicates the number of
letters. Some letters are given to help you.

1. It is a specialized text written by experts or

___d____ __x_ professionals in a given field using formal
language. The last letter of the second word is
at the end of “contrast”.
2. These are special words or expressions that
_a____ are used by a particular profession or group.
Its last syllable rhymes with “comparison”.
3. It means done in accordance with rules of
__r___ convention or etiquette and it is the opposite of
“informal”.

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 C_ _ _ _ _ _ 4. It refers to the subject, idea or topic to discuss
in academic writing. Its last letter is at the
beginning of “thought”.
_ t_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5. The word means a system or organization
made up of interrelated parts functioning as a
whole. Its last syllable rhymes with
“procedure”.
___c______ 6. It means a branch of knowledge and its last
four letters are the last four letters of “outline”.
____c__ 7. This is a type of academic text offers results
of research and development and its middle
letter is the first letter of “information”.
_______ 8. These provide evaluation of works published
in scholarly journals and its last letters are
“views”.

We have reviewed some of the basic concepts of academic texts by going

through this Word Riddle Puzzle. You may wish to turn to the Answer Key page to
check your answer. If you got all correct, then congratulations! If not, don’t worry,
you are still doing good. Cheers!

What’s New

Activity 2 Reflect On

An understanding to academic language will lead to your understanding of its

relevance to academic writing. Before we proceed to the next part of this module,
read and reflect tothe quotation below and answer the questions that follow.

Learning academic language is not learning new words to d o the

same thing that one could have done with other words; it is learning to do
new things with language and acquiring new tools for these purposes.”
By: William Nagy and Dianna Townsend (2012)

1. Do you agree with the speakers? Why?

2. What values do you give to learning to academic language?

Activity 3 Gearing Up

Academic language promotes and affords a kind of thinking different from

everyday language. The two speakers emphasized that since academic language
conveys the kind of abstract, technical, and complex ideas and phenomena of the
disciplines, it allows users to think and act, for example, as scientists, historians,
and mathematicians.

A. Academic Vocabulary Enrichment

Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word as used in the sentence.

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  The bank manager asked the depositor about what type of account he wants
to open.
A. the account which is opened with a bank for monetary
transactions
B. a formal business arrangement providing for regular dealings or
services and involving the establishment and maintenance of an
account
 A call center agent might handle account inquiries, customer complaints or
support issues.
A. the account which is opened with a bank for monetary
transactions
B. a formal business arrangement providing for regular dealings or
services and involving the establishment and maintenance of an
account

B. Reading Academic Texts

Read the two passages below and do your part in our conversation by answering the
questions given for you.

Passage #1 Passage #2

How to Open a Bank Account Call Center Agent

To open a bank account, first you
have to go to a bank and express your
desire to the manager of the bank. There
are many kinds of accounts such as
saving account, current account, fixed
deposit account etc. Therefore, the
manager will ask you about what type of
account you want to open. Then he will
provide you with a form to fill it up. Then,
you need an introducer who has account
in that bank. The introducer will put his
signature and account number on the
form. You also have to attach two passport
size photographs. After that, you have to
put your specimen signature on the
signature card. Finally, you have to
deposit minimum amount of money or
more on favor your account number.
Thus, you can open a bank account.
Source:
http://collegiatebd.blogspot.com/2013/0
2/how-to-open-bank.html
A call center agent is a person who
handles incoming or outgoing customer
calls for a business. A call center agent
might handle account inquiries, customer
complaints or support issues. A call center
agent who manages both incoming and
outgoing customer calls is also referred to
as a blended agent. Other names for a call
center agent include customer service
representative (CSR), contact center
agent, telephone sales or service
representative (TSR), attendant, associate,
operator, account executive or
team member
Source:https://searchcustomerexperienc
e.techtarget.com/definition/call-
centeragent-call-center-representative

1. How does the word “account” differ its meaning as used in the two passages? You:
______________________________________________________________________

Teacher: Yes, exactly! For call center agents the word account means company
while for bankers it means an account, which is opened with a bank for

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 monetary transactions. Therefore, each field of discipline or profession has its
own distinct vocabulary or jargon.

2. What sequence of events is being described in passage 1?

You: ______________________________________________________________________

Teacher: Yes, still you are correct! The text presents a sequence of events from
beginning to end on how to open a bank account.

3. Can you tell us how the text in passage 2 is organized?

You: ______________________________________________________________________

Teacher: Correct! The writer defines a call center agent and describes his/her
attributes.
We hope that the above activity gives you an overview about academic
language and how a certain text is organized. Now, let’s move on and discuss these
concepts one at a time.

What is It

Keep in mind what you have learned from the previous activities. You are
about to delve deeper into the more interesting part of this module.

What is Academic Language?

Academic language is the language used in academic settings and for

academic purposes to help students acquire and use knowledge (Anstrom, 2010). It
is the language needed for students to access disciplinary content and textbooks and
successfully participate in activities and assessments involves knowledge and ability
to use specific linguistic features associated with academic disciplines (Gottlieb &
Ernst-Slavit, 2014).

In addition, academic language represents the language demands of school

(academics). It includes language used in textbooks, in classrooms, on tests, and in
each discipline. It is different in vocabulary and structure from the everyday spoken
English of social interactions. Each type of communication (both academic and
social) has its purpose, and neither is superior to the other (Gebhard & Willett,
2008).

The features of academic language may vary as a function of the discipline for
example differences between the academic language used in social science vs.
mathematics, topic, and whether the information is communicated orally or via
written text. Knowledge and understanding of academic language can be readily
applied by you in everyday situations, allowing you to communicate more effectively
and precisely.

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Language across Disciplines

Mathematics Texts
Mathematics can be easily recognized because of its unique language features.
Its most prominent language feature is the use of symbols in place of words, such as
symbols for operations like’+’ for addition, ‘x’ for multiplication. It also often uses
letters with special meanings, like ‘x’, ‘y’, and ‘z’ are used to stand for variables or the
unknown. Notations, numbers, and formulas are typical of math texts. If there are
nouns and verbs in ordinary language, in the language of math, the nouns could be
numbers or expressions with numbers and the verb could be the equal sign =.

Business Texts
Like mathematics, business has a special vocabulary (jargon), so first of all
you have to learn its jargon, like remit, obligate, loan, collateral, interest, stocks, etc.
Some compound nouns are standard expressions in business, like tax collection
system, company car, price list, and bulk buying.

Polite expressions such as the following are part of the ritual of politeness in
business: (Cortes de los Rios, 2010).
• Could you please…
• We are extremely sorry…
• May I suggest…
• Thank you for your inquiry on…
• Please let us know…

Social Science Texts

Political Science (communism, monarchy, and executive branch), Economics
(market, profit, equity, and trade relations), Sociology (migration, social, class, and
discrimination), Psychology (depression, suicidal, personality, and motivation) are
some of the jargons in Social Science Text.

Graphs and tables are common features of social science readings, therefore,
knowing how to analyze graphic data is a big advantage.

Natural Science Texts

In natural science texts such as physics, chemistry, and biology, technical
terms, symbols (ph, NaCI, and CO2) and abbreviations are common. Similar to other
disciplines, common words like power, pressure, force, work, and impulse have a
technical meaning. To help yourself understand many of the technical terms, you
have to know some prefixes (uni, semi, and multi), root words (bio, geo, vis, and
derma), and suffixes. Diagrams and drawings are also characteristic of science texts.

Literature and the Arts

Like the other disciplines, literature and the arts have their content-specific
terms or jargon (examples: gothic mood, symbol, balance, mosaic, hue, etc.) but what
makes them different is the dominant use of connotative language and figures of
speech to describe and convey content. Vivid language is used to create images and
impressions. The importance given to language and structure is due to the value
attached to a work’s ‘style’. In other words, creativity weighs as much as content in
literature and the arts.

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 We spent time distinguishing academic language across disciplines, hereon
we shall deal with how these texts are organized. Let us look at the text structure of
the representative texts in math, in business, in the natural and social sciences, and
in humanities. When you understand how the writer has organized information, you
will understand and remember the text better. Writers organize text in several
different ways to fit their purposes.

What is Text Structure?

Text structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized.
Text types depends on the primary purpose of a text and what information the author
introduces in the text. As authors write a text to communicate an idea, they will use
a structure that goes along with the idea (Meyer, 1985).

Learning to recognize the structure text may help you focus on the important
information in a particular passage and can serve as a foundation for attaining the
other text structure objectives.

The following are the nine main informational text structures:

1. Definition 6. Comparison and Contrast
2. Description 7. Enumeration
3. Recount of a sequence 8. Classification
4. Cause-effect 9. Thesis- Evidence
5. Problem-Solution

There are three approaches to determine the text structure,

• Noting language cues (key words that characterize each text structure) •
Making graphic representation of the text (text mapping)
Text mapping is the general term for graphically organizing and
representing the various parts of a text in a manner that shows how the
parts relate to each other.
• Outlining presents the framework of a text by showing its main ideas and
subtopics which you will learn later on

Language Cues and Text Structures across Disciplines

Definition
Definition text structure is the method of identifying a given term and making
its meaning clear. Its main purpose is to clarify and explain concepts, ideas and
issues by answering the question, “What does it mean?”

Further, definition is the dominant text structure of Social Sciences Texts and
Literature and the Arts.
Some words that signal definition texts are:
• the verb is/are, for example, can be, is defined as, means;
• words that refer to composition such as contain, make-up, involves;
• words that suggest a likeness such as appears to be, refers to;
• general words that refer to a class or genus, such as form of
(exercise), a branch of (engineering), a type of (worship), a kind of
ship, etc.

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 Sample
Education and a Nation’s Destiny

What is education? It does not mean teaching people what they do not
know. It means teaching them to behave as they do not behave. It is not teaching
the youth the shape of letters and the tricks of numbers, and then leaving them
to turn the arithmetic to roguery, and literature to lust. It means, on the
contrary, training them into the perfect exercise and kingly continence of their
bodies and souls. It is a painful, continual, and difficult work to be done by
kindness, by watchfulness, by precept, and by praise, but above all, by example!

Source: https://www.clintonnc.com/news/44142/education -and-a-

nationsdestin y

The sample above uses the following signal words: is and mean.
A modified wheel can represent a definition text. At the center of the wheel is
the main topic of the article and forming the spokes of the wheel are the details about
the concept.

Description

A descriptive text gives concrete details about appearance, characteristics, and

actions. This type of text structure is common to Business Texts and Literature and
the Arts.

Some words that signal description are:

• adjectives to describe size (example: huge, small, or numbers that specify

dimensions)
• shape (example: spherical, octagon), position (middle, top)
• texture (example: rough, smooth, velvety)
• color (example: verdant green, onyx-like)
• adverbs to qualify an action or thing (example: evenly, roughly,
consistently)
• adjective phrases (example: a 10-gallon container, a four-day weekend,
2day-old chicks)

Sample

Tuna (Yellow Fin Fish): General Santos’ Bountiful Harvest!

Tuna is the most beautiful and impressive of the sea’s creatures. This fish, with
its delicate colors and wonderfully streamlined bodies, has evolved to what

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 appears to be the limit of hydrodynamic refinement. When a tuna is swimming
rapidly, its fins are retracted into grooves and their eyes form a smooth surface
with the rest of the head.
Tuna gets its oxygen from water and not from the air. It swims with its mouth
open which shoots a jet of water over its grills from which it extracts oxygen.
Because of this system, it must remain swimming and can never stand still. The
constant physical action also creates an enormous demand for energy, and a
need to eat large quantities of food. A typical tuna, which grows very large, may
eat one-quarter of his weight in food in one day.
In general Santos City, the record weight for a whole tuna was 250 kilos, which
is equivalent to five bags of rice. Tuna is a good source of protein, vitamins,
mineral, and it is also known to be rich in Omega-3 fatty acids. Research shows
that Omega-3 fatty acids can help lower the risk of heart disease, improve
immune and inflammatory conditions, ease the pain of arthritis, reduce the risk
of certain cancers, and help lower blood pressure and cholesterol.

Source: Reading and Writing: Strategies for Critical &Purposeful Communication

The sample paragraph above uses the following descriptive words:

beautiful, impressive, delicate, wonderfully streamlined, rapidly, smooth,
constant, enormous, large, typical, and inflammatory Visually,
the descriptive text may appear like this:

Recount of a Sequence
A recount of a sequence is a chronological narration of a historical period, a
sequential description of a process or a procedure.
Recount of a sequence text structure is common to Social Sciences Texts.

Some signal words are:

• First, second, now, before, after, then, finally, while, meanwhile,
during

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 • Other expressions of time duration describing the steps in a process
or procedure
• Dates may also be considered as language cues

Sample 1
The Intelligent Telephone

A smart phone is a mobile phone with built-in computer system that can send
emails, view websites, or download applications. The first use of the term smart
phone was in 1997, when Ericson described its GS 88 as a “smart phone.” In
2003 phones got even smarter when Andy Rubin launched the Android mobile
operating system. It would take years for the first Android powered phone to
reach the market, but today over 80% of all mobile phones are powered by
Android. Yet, perhaps the biggest development in the history of smart phones
occurred in 2007, when the original iPhone was released. The first iPhone didn’t
even have an app store, but it set many of the standards that people have come
to expect from smart phones, like using the phone with just a finger on the screen
rather than with a keypad or stylus. Smart phones have changed the world and
continue to improve. I don’t know where the future will take us, but I bet that
the phones will be cooler.

Source: Text Structure

Worksheet.https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/textstructure/
The paragraph above uses dates as language cues and can be presented through a
timeline.

A timeline maybe used to represent the above information.

Sample 2
Screen Protector

Before applying the screen protector, clean the surface of your phone’s
screen with a soft cloth. Once the surface of your screen is clean, remove the
paper backing on the screen protector. Evenly apply the sticky side of the
screen protector to your phone’s screen. Smooth out any air bubble trapped
on between the protector and the phone screen. Enjoy the added protection.

15
 Source: Text Structure
Worksheet.https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-structure/

A flow chart may also be used to show the sequence of events or actions. Arrows
are important to show the linear flow.

Cause and Effect

A cause and effect text presents reasons why a situation is obtained. Though
logically the cause comes before the result, in academic writing it is the effect that is
usually presented first, perhaps to achieve a more dramatic effect. Cause-effect text
structure is a common text structure for Social Sciences Texts and Literature and
the Arts. To achieve this, writers use signal words as sampled below:

Signal Words for Cause and Effect

1. To Show Causes-the first cause (second, third), the first reason (second, third),
yet another factor, because of, is caused by, due to, and a cause of

2. To Show Effects- one important effect, another result, a third outcome, as a

result, consequently, explanation for, accordingly, then, next, therefore, thus, so, and
so that

Sample
Dropping Out

For many teenagers, there are numerous negative factors that can lead

them to give up on their education and drop out of school. The first cause is that
many teenagers lack posi tive role models in their lives. The lack of an

encouraging adult in their lives can cause them to think negatively about

themselves and it does not allow them to live up to their full potential. Also, the
lack of a positive role model can cause them to get involved with the wrong
kind of people and activities. When students get involved in these types of

negative situations, they usually don't focus on school. This can lead many

impressionable young children to give up on their education. Another factor that

cause a student to give up on school is a lack of determination. If they're not
determined to graduate, it can be very difficult for them to stay in school.

Many students find it difficult to stay focused on school when they when they

feel that getting an education is useless. Some students only attend school

16
 because they are forced to and they are not there to further their education. The
third and final factor is peer pressure. Many students give into pure pressure
very easily. If the pure pressure is negative, this can lead them into drugs and
alcohol. The drugs and alcohol can cause them to drop out very easily because
that is the only thing that they are focused on and it can easily ruin a child's life.
Source:
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5add520f5f7ba3001b76ebd7/textstruct
ure

In the example, the expressions that indicate cause are:first cause, another
factor and the third and final factor. The effect is stated at the very beginning of the
paragraph: lead them to give up on their education and drop out of school.

The sample cause-effect text above can be visually represented this way:

Cause 1

Effect
Cause 2
Dropping out of school

Cause 3

Problem and Solution

Problem and solution text structure shows the development of a problem and
the solution(s) to the problem. The author takes a problem, clarifies or explains the
problem and suggests one or more solutions to the problem.

Problem and solution text structure is a common structure for Mathematics

Texts and Business Texts.

Signal words which may indicate problem and solution text structure are:
propose, solution, answer, issue, problem, problematic, remedy, prevention, fix,
since, the problem is , the puzzle is, the dilemma is, the question is, as a
consequence, this led to, so that, nevertheless, accordingly, one reason for the
problem, if, so, perhaps, possibly, a solution is, solutions are, this resulted in, one
answer is and therefore.

Sample Teenage Vaping

It's no secret that vaping and juuling is growing in popularity across the
nation and world. Kids and teenagers are exposed to these dangerous ecigarettes
at a young age, and an alarming percentage of students have vaped. Young
person quickly become addicted to the chemicals in the liquids used in vaping,
and in some unfortunate cases, some adolescents have died as a direct result of
vaping.

To solve this growing issue, students and parents must first be

17
 educated on the negative health effects. One answer is for schools to hold
assemblies or prevention programs that discuss the short-term and long-term
health risks of vaping and e -cigarettes. It would also be a good idea to invite
parents to this school-wide assembly so that they are also aware of the risks.
Students need to understand the reality and seriousness of these health
concerns so that they can make the smart decision not to vape.

Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-identify-the-problem-
andsolution-in-a-reading-selection.html

A problem-solution text can be represented in various ways; the number of

boxes may be adjusted to fit the number of problems and solutions presented in the
text. For instance, if one problem has three solutions, the text can look like this:

On the other hand, it can look like this if the outcome of the solution attempted is
emphasized in the text. Several boxes can be drawn if several solutions are tried,
each one with a different result.

The example above can be visually represented this way.

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Comparison and contrast

Compare and contrast is a text structure or pattern of organization where the

similarities and differences of two or more things are explored. It is important to
remember that with the compare and contrast text structure the text should be
discussing similarities and differences. If the text only discusses similarities, it is
only comparing. Likewise, if it only discusses ways that the things are different, it is
only contrasting. The text must do both to be considered compare and contrast. This
structure is commonly used for Mathematics and Social Science texts.

Signal words found in a compare-contrast paragraph are the following:

Compare- same as, alike, not only…but also, either…or, likewise, similarly, similar
to, compared with, as well as, resemble, like and both
Contrast-different from, in contrast, although, more than, less than, instead of,
however, on the other hand, on the contrary, as opposed to, but not, while, unless,
unlike and neither
Sample
Books Vs Television

Books were first medium to give people information on printed page, then
Scottish man John Logie Beird transmitted first pictures on 25th October 1925
and television was born. For most people watching television is better than
reading books. Television is very popular medium. Part of reason for its
popularity is number of television channels, which people can easily choose via
their remote control. Another reason that people watch television is to relax. In
fact, television is so popular that it has become part of our everyday routine.
Books are very valuable source of information. There are many more books
available than television channels. Secondly, reader can choose book and part
of book that they want to read. And thirdly speed readers can read faster than
they get information from television program. Books and television can be found
nearly everywhere on planet. Books are cheap to produce and for popular
subjects are cheap to buy. Books are also highly portable and can be read nearly
anywhere. However, televisions are installed in nearly every household and only
needs to be switched on to provide new entertainment and information. Both
books and televisions are great sources of information and entertainment, but
television is very relaxing with sound and moving images and is therefore better
medium.
Source: http://www.jamesabela.co.uk/intermediate/Writing/TVBook.pdf

A Venn diagram can represent the sample passage above since what are
contrasted share some common characteristic, therefore, diagram A shows the
characteristics unique to television, and B shows the unique characteristics of book.
Meanwhile, the two circles intersect represents the commonalities of televisions and
books.

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Enumeration

An enumeration is a listing, as in a list of parts, of characteristics, of examples etc.

It is the common text structure for Social Science Texts and Literature and the Arts.

Some signal words that indicate enumeration are to start with, first, second,
in addition, next, then, another, finally, also, for instance, for example, in fact etc.
Enumeration often appears as numbered list or a bulleted text.

Sample
Traffic During Rush Hour
When traffic is jammed and no one is moving, it’s easy to get a close-up
view of several different types of vehicles. For instance, you’ll see ecoTraffic During
Rush Hour -friendly cars are on the roads. Characteristics of an eco-friendly car
include hybrids and electrics. The electric cars sometimes don’t sound like a
vehicle at all. They simply hum down the road. The hybrids sound like a regular
car but look like a smaller version of one. In addition to the eco-friendly cars,
there are multiple mini-vans. Mini-vans consist of a more roomy ride for multiple
passengers as well as a higher vantage point for the driver. Luxury cars make
up a minority of the vehicles on the road. Their shiny outward look matches the
custom accents that mark the interior.

Source: Identifying Underlying Patterns

https://www.smekenseducation.com/Teach-Readers-to-Discern-Text-S.html

The above paragraph can be presented as a list:

Different types of vehicles

• eco-friendly cars
• multiple mini-vans
• luxury cars

Classification

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 This text structure is an organizational strategy whereby authors arrange
groups of persons, places, things, or abstract ideas according to a common. Some
examples are types of personalities, groupings in a school, species of animals,
categories of films, and television shows.

Some language cues are: there are several types/kinds of, a part of, an
example of, groups/kinds/ways/types/classes of, another kind of, and divided into.
Sample

According to economists, there are four different types of unemployment,

each with its own specific cause. The first type of unemployment is seasonal.
Workers in certain industries—such as agriculture, resorts and retail—are
subject to fluctuating demands for their services because of peak and off-peak
times in these industries. This type of unemployment is regular, predictable, and
relatively short-term. The second type of unemployment is referred to as
frictional. It is caused by school and college graduates seeking jobs for the first
time and by workers changing jobs. These people usually remain unemployed
for just a short time while they seek a position. A third type of unemployment is
structural, caused, for example, by the use of new machinery, such as robots,
that can perform simple repetitive tasks.

Workers displaced by structural changes often experience long-term

unemployment while seeking a job that matches their skills and salary
expectations. The last type of unemployment is cyclical. This kind is produced
by the overall business cycle. Cyclical unemployment increases in recessions; it
decreases during growth periods.

Source: https://www.mpc.edu/home/showdocument?id=12632
The sample above can be summarized visually this way:

Thesis-Evidence

Primarily to serve the purpose of arguing a point/position or interpretation, the

Thesis-Evidence text organization or thought pattern may be arranged deductively
(general statement or thesis followed by supporting details) or inductively (details
from which an inference or thesis is drawn).

Some words that signal this thought pattern are:

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 • some verbs like assert, claim, prove/show that…, support, allege that
• nouns like evidence, proof, argument

Sample

All over the world, the chances of success in school and in life depend
more on family circumstances than any other factor. By age three, kids with
professional parents are already a full year ahead, of their poorer peers. They
know twice as many words and score 40 points higher on IQ tests. By age 10,
the gap is three years. By then, some poor children have not mastered basic
reading and math skills, and many never will: this is the age at which failure
starts to become irreversible.

Source: “How to close the achievement gap,” Newsweek, Aug.23 & 30, 2010, p.37.

The representation below shows a thesis-evidence structure.

In order for you to be acquainted more on the other graphic organizers

appropriate for each type of text structure, you may research about it also.

What’s More

Activity 4 Map It Out

At this time, let us see how well you know about text structure and graphic
organizer.

DIRECTIONS. Read the passages below and identify how each is mainly structured.
On a sheet of paper, put the information from each passage into the graphic
organizer. The following graphic organizers are examples. Feel free to make changes
if necessary.

1. All matter, all things can be changed in two ways: chemically and physically.
Both chemical and physical changes affect the state of matter. Physical changes are
those that do not change the make-up or identity of the matter. For example, clay

22
will bend or flatten if squeezed, but it will still be clay. Changing the shape of clay is
a physical change and does not change the matter’s identity. Chemical changes turn
the matter into a new kind of matter with different properties. For example, when
paper is burnt, it becomes ash and will never be paper again. The difference between
them is that physical changes are temporary or only last for a little while, and
chemical changes are permanent, which means they last forever. Physical and
chemical changes both affect the state of matter.

How is the text structured? ___________________________________ Put

information from the passage into the graphic organizer:

2. In our state dams have been built on many rivers. These dams are used to
produce the electricity we need, but they also create problems for fish and other
wildlife near the rivers. Therefore, we should not build any more dams. Instead, we
should use solar energy, or energy from the sun, to produce electricity. This will help
us protect our wild life and enjoy the natural beauty around us.

How is the text structured? ___________________________________ Put

information from the passage into the graphic organizer:

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 What I Have
Learned

Activity 5- Fill Me In

So far, we have discussed the salient features of academic language and text
structure. Study the following sentences below and fill in the missing word that is
described or defined.

1. _________________is the language used in academic settings and for academic

purposes to help students acquire and use knowledge.
2. Mathematics texts most prominent language feature is the use of
_________________in place of words.
3. _________________refers to how the information within a written text is organized.
4. A recount of a sequence is a_________________ of a historical period, a sequential
description of a process or a procedure.
5. _________________ visual representation representing the various parts of a text
in a manner that shows how the parts relate to each
other.

What I Can Do

Activity 6 Let’s Analyze!

To what extent is your knowledge about text structure? Before moving on to the next
part of the module, please do the following exercise.

DIRECTIONS: Identify the dominant text structure in the following excerpts. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.

1. In order to make a peanut butter sandwich, first you need to take out two pieces
of bread. Next, you need to get the peanut butter and a knife. Then, you spread
the peanut butter on both slices of bread. After that, put the two pieces of bread
together. Finally, enjoy the delicious sandwich!

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2. When sound waves hit an object, some of them bounce back toward their source.
This bounce is an echo. Some animals use this echo effect to help them survive.
They send out sounds that bounce off objects and other animals. (Many of these
sounds are too high-pitched for humans to hear.) The echoes of the sounds then
bounce back to the source animal. This is called echolocation. The bouncing
sounds help the animals "see." Echolocation helps them find food and move
around without bumping into things.

3. Sarah was frequently absent from school and missed a lot of work. Sarah’s
teacher knew something needed to be done to fix Sarah’s attendance, so she
decided to call Sarah’s parents in for a conference. When Sarah’s teacher
explained the importance of attending school regularly, her parents realized the
issue and made sure she attended school every single day for the rest of the year.

4. People looking to lose weight have a few options: exercise, diet, weight loss pills,
and surgery. Exercising involves going to a gym, working out at home, or joining
some sort of class or sports team. Those who are dieting can talk to a doctor about
a plan for them. Weight loss pills can be taken, if proper precautions and
directions are followed. Individuals who are severely overweight can talk to a
doctor about having surgery to lose the weight that they need.

5. What ‘love’ means from person to person, let alone from century to century, is one
of the most varied in the English language. The word ‘love’ was once ‘*leubh’, a
word used by the Proto-Indo-Europeans approximately five thousand years ago
to describe care and desire. When ‘love’ was incorporated into Old English as
‘lufu’, it had turned into both a noun to describe, ‘deep affection’ and its offspring
verb, ‘to be very fond of’.
6. Politicians have realized that texting has recently become a major reason for car
accidents. To solve this issue, many states have tried to pass a law prohibiting
the use of cell phones, especially texting, while driving in order to reduce the
number of car accidents

7. Windows and Linux are both computer operating systems. They both allow
computers to run programs. Linux is free for all users, however, Windows costs
money for people to use.

8. The whole Hindu population of India can be divided into four castes or varna. The
highest of these castes is that of the Brahmans or priests. The next highest is the
varna of the warriors, known as the Kshatriya, or sometimes the Rajput caste.
Below this comes the Vaishya or merchant caste and the lowest caste is known
as the Sudra caste. While castes are traditionally associated with a type of
occupation, in modern India, occupations are not a reliable guide to caste.

9. The Olympic Games are a 2-week celebration featuring thousands of gifted

athletes from around the world competing in 28 different disciplines. One of the
more popular disciplines during the summer games centers on pool sports. The
aquatic events, like diving, swimming, synchronized swimming, water polo, etc.,
are a favorite of many. Gymnastics is another type of discipline. It consists of
trampoline events, artistic gymnastics, as well as rhythmic gymnastics.
Additional disciplines include track and field, figure skating, and winter outdoor
sports

10. While the Aztecs and the Mayans were both Native American tribes in Florida,
there are many differences between the two tribes. The Mayans were very

25
 scientific, studying stars and trying to measure time. However, the Aztecs were
more war-like people who would wage war against their neighboring tribes.

Check your answers against the Answer Key. If you get a total of 10,
congratulations. If you get 7, very good. If you get below 5, you probably failed to
concentrate while reading. Go back to the module and review the lecturette for each
text structure.

Assessment

I. DIRECTIONS: Read the questions in each item carefully. Select the letter of the
correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. Below are the characteristics of an academic language except one, which is
NOT?
A. Academic language is the language needed by students to do the work
in schools.
B. Academic language includes specific academic terms or technical
language related to each field of study.
C. Academic language is difficult to learn and the information is
communicated informally.
D. Academic language is the language used in academic settings and for
academic purposes to help students acquire and use knowledge.
2. Which of the text types below do statistics, notations, and variables belong to?
A. Business Texts C. Social Science Texts
B. Mathematics Texts D. Natural Science Texts
3. Which title of the article one should consult for about Kadayawan Festival? A.
Davao City’s Economy is on Rise!
B. Davao City Population Statistics
C. Davao City: Business for Sale and Investment
D. Kadayawan Festival Davao: History, Schedule, and Local Tips
4. Which type of text structure features a detailed description of something to give
the reader a mental picture?
A. Description C. Cause and Effect B. Problem Solution
D. Compare and Contrast
5. What are the dominant text structures in business text?
A. Problem and solution and description C. Thesis evidence and definition B.
Recount of an event and definition D. Enumeration and classification
6. Which type of text structure answers the questions what happened and why?
A. Cause & Effect C. Compare/Contrast
B. Problem and Solution D. Recount of a sequence
7. You are reading an article discussing the events that led up to the Civil War and
the results of each of those events. Which text structure is this?
A. Description C. Cause and Effect
B. Problem Solution D. Compare and Contrast

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II. DIRECTIONS: Read the passages carefully. Then, answer the questions that
follow by selecting the letter of the correct answer.

What would you do if you awoke one day and discovered that you
could not create new memories? You might remember everything that
occurred in your life up to the point of an injury, but could not form new
memories beyond that. This condition is called “anterograde amnesia,”
and it is difficult to treat, but doctors and therapists recommend these
steps: first, use technology to help. A cell phone with a calendar reminder
can do much to offset this condition. Second, use helpers. Having people
to assist with daily tasks, like paying bills, will prove quite helpful. Lastly,
seek therapy. While there is no cure for anterograde amnesia, memory
training may help the afflicted live a more normal life. Currently, there
are no chemical medications or drugs that will alleviate this condition.

Source: Text Structure Worksheet.https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-structure/

8. What is the dominant text structure used in the passage?

A. Classification C. Enumeration B. Definition D.
Recount of a sequence 9. What is the main concept presented in the
paragraph?
A. Point of an injury
B. Creating new memories C.
Alleviating anterograde amnesia
D. Memory training for anterograde amnesia

The first vaccine against small pox was discovered in 1796 by Jeener in
England. In 1885, a rabies vaccine for humans was developed by Pasteur. In 1941,
a successful vaccine against typhus was developed. In the 1950s, veterinarians
used 30 vaccines to prevent animal disease. In 1955, scientist announced a
successfully tested vaccine against polio at the University of Michigan. Because the
vaccines are not yet perfected, scientist still continue to refine the vaccines that are
already existing and to develop new ways to immunizing humans against diseases.

Source: Dumagpi, L. & Gonzales, Mildred J. (1998). Reading in the Content Areas,
UPOU Module

10. What sequence of events is being described in the passage?

A. Polio vaccine
B. Rabies vaccine for humans
C. Refinement of vaccine
D. The development of human vaccine against diseases
11. Which text type does the passage belong?
A. Business Texts C. Mathematics Texts
B. Natural Science Texts D. Literature and the Arts Texts 12. Which
field of academic discipline does the term “vaccine” belong to?
A. Humanities C. Social Sciences
B. Natural Sciences D. Applied Sciences
13. Which type of text structure is used in the above passage?

27
 A. Cause & Effect C. Recount of an event
B. Problem and Solution D. Compare/Contrast
14. Which graphic organizer best illustrates the above academic text?
A. Timeline C. Venn Diagram
B. Modified Wheel D. Concept Map
15. Which graphic organizer is not appropriate to illustrate sequence of events?
A. Cycle C. Concept Map
B. Timeline D. Flow Chart

Additional Activities

Activity 7 Text Structure Treasure Hunt

DIRECTIONS: Look for a specific topic in a field or discipline that interest you most
from old newspaper, magazine, non-fiction book or any reading materials that are
available in your respective homes. You may also visit the following sites to search
for your texts: Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/schhp?hl=fil or Philippine
E-Journal https://ejournals.ph/. Then, copy the text on a separate sheet of paper
and answer the given questions.

1. What text structure does the author use to help you understand what
you are reading?
2. How do you think the author organized the information?
3. What graphic organizer would best illustrate your chosen article?

Well, isn’t that great? You have just arrived at the finish line!
Congratulations!

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