Module 1.

Introduction: Concepts, RA 1425 (Rizal Law),

Supplementary Laws and Directives to RA 14...
Section 1. Concept of Hero, Martyr, Patriotism and Nationalism
Index
 Section 1. Concept of Hero, Martyr, Patriotism and Nationalism
 Section 2. RA 1425 (Rizal Law) and Supplementary Laws and Directives
Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Discuss and differentiate the concept of hero, martyr, patriotism and nationalism; and
2. Assess different ways how one can be a hero for others.
Hero, Martyr, Patriotism and Nationalism: Meaning, characteristics and aims

Some of the definitions of a Hero. .

.
1. Etymology: The word hero comes from the Greek ἥρως (hērōs), "hero" (literally "protector"
or "defender")
2. Generally, it refers to a person admired for achievements and noble qualities.
3. A person who is admired for having done something very brave or having achieved
something great. (Cambridge dictionary, 2017)
4. Sometimes, the word hero can have a highly subjective label. A hero considered by the
young may not be considered as a hero by adults. For this reason, it becomes very essential
to place qualifiers as to who really are heroes.
5. Some of the outstanding and distinctive characteristics of a hero are : Brave / Courageous,
A good and strong leader, Altruistic (puts other first e.g. risks or gives life for others), Clever,
Visionary (has far reaching ideas), Good or Moral (strong beliefs or principles), Had integrity
(stands up for what they believe and act accordingly), Tenacious (keeps going despite
challenges), Decisive, Focused / Single minded (has a purpose), Inspiring / Charismatic,
Determined, Ambitious, Wise, Honest, Kind / Compassionate, Just and fair minded.
6. There are two factors that lead to people acting heroically: (1) The circumstances they find
themselves in, and (2) How they react to these circumstances (i.e. the characteristics of
the person involved)
7. These reasons why heroes are needed in the society because they tap the basic human
needs for survival, nurturance, growth, education, safety, security, healing, happiness,
health, hope, wisdom, and justice.

Martyr …
1. Etymology: Old English martir, via ecclesiastical Latin from Greek martur
‘witness’ (in Christian use, ‘martyr’).
2. A person who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty of witnessing to and refusing to
renounce a religion, or a person who sacrifices something of great value and especially
life itself for the sake of principle. (Merriam Webster Dictionary)
3. Martyrdom was first recognized in Catholicism, where in the first and second centuries,
Romans would put Catholics to death because of their faith. This led to the definition of a
martyr as being someone who would die for their faith. Today, a martyr complex is still
seen in some religious groups. A martyr complex can also be seen in families and
relationships. Although this type of martyrdom is not extreme and people aren't necessarily
murdered, it still can lead to the destruction or death of a relationship.
(https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-martyr-complex-definition-psychologytreatment.html)
4. Certain characteristics can help identify someone who has a martyr complex. These
people tend to exhibit different psychological traits that follow the pattern of the disorder:
Low self-esteem, an exaggerated sense of responsibility to others, fear of being
abandoned and difficulties adjusting to change.

Patriotism…
1) Etymology: The English term patriot is first attested in the Elizabethan era; it came via
Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota, meaning "countryman", ultimately
from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs), meaning 'from the same country', from πατρίς
(patris), meaning 'fatherland'. "(Henry George et al, A Greek–English Lexicon, πατρι–
ώτης". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-03).
2) Patriotism can be defined as love of one’s country, identification with it, and special
concern for its well-being and that of compatriots. (Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy, 2017)
3) One who is patriotic is always ready to make any sacrifice for his country. He will never
live selfishly for himself alone.
4) Stephen Nathanson (1993, 34–35) defines patriotism as involving: (a) Special
affection for one’s own country, (b) A sense of personal identification with the country
(c) Special concern for the well-being of the country, and (d) Willingness to sacrifice to
promote the country’s good.
5) There are five types of patriotism: (1) Extreme Patriotism, (2) Robust Patriotism, (3)
Moderate Patriotism, (4) Deflated Patriotism, and (5) Ethical Patriotism

Nationalism…
1) Etymology: "devotion to one's country, national spirit or aspirations, desire for
national unity, independence, or prosperity (1844). Earlier it was used in a theological
sense of "the doctrine of divine election of nations" (1836). Later it was used in a
sense of "doctrine advocating nationalization of a country's industry" (1892). An
earlier word for "devotion or strong attachment to one's own country" was nationality
(1772)
2) Nationalism gives more importance to unity by way of a cultural background,
including language and heritage. It implies to a person that his country is the most
superior among other countries and he will defend it no matter what.
3) Historically, nationalism has been used to define and explain everything from radical
political and militaristic movements like Nazism to strong protectionist policies
controlling modern foreign policy and economy. Nationalism centers on a country's
culture, language, and often race. It may also include shared literature, sports, or the
arts, but is primarily driven by cultural associations. And, it promotes the nation at the
expense of others. Nationalism has a positive view of conquering other nations as it
sees itself as the ultimate nation. Any ideologies that undercut or contradict the nation
are opposed. (Sraders, Ann.(2018). What is Nationalism? Its History And What It
Means in 2018. The Street. New York,USA)

Source : https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-if-any-betweennationalism-and-patriotism
Supplement the readings on patriotism and nationalism with this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o98qMWjXnkYPatriotism v. Nationalism | Robert
Reich
 
THE GATES TO HEROISM: DEFINING A FILIPINO HERO
by Diana A. Galang
http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-gates-to-heroism-defining-a-filipino-hero/
It is common for Filipinos to look for someone to idolize –saints, politicians, artists, models, etc.,
somebody they will glorify and imitate. Since the time of the declaration of Philippine
independence, 109 years ago, many were acknowledged as Filipino heroes, more so today, that
every individual who become so popular or the main character in any particular event is given the
title “hero”. The essence of the word “hero” is past declining, today one need not to die or do such
gallant act to be given the noble title or that some just won a boxing match. Time has really
evolved and so does our standard in defining a Filipino hero. Will our forefathers who gave their
lives for freedom feel insulted for this? Are these the Filipinos we’ll look up to for guidance through
the times, aren’t our children losing the true meaning of heroism by our doings? All these things
we should ask ourselves before giving the title “hero” to anyone.
But what does being a hero mean? Dr. Esteban de Ocampo, a known historian, stated in his book
about Rizal that a hero means a prominent or central personage taking an admirable part in any
remarkable action or event; a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in
suffering; and a man honored after death by public worship because of exceptional service to
mankind. The true heroes of Philippine history deserve to be called so for they didn’t have any
idea that one day they will be measured up, they just acted upon their principles. The concept of
honoring heroes came only to the Philippines in 1900, when the Philippine Commission (Pardo
de Tavera, Legarda, Luzurriaga (Filipino members) and headed by William Howard Taft)
approved Act No. 137 combining the districts of Morong and Manila to be named as “Province of
Rizal,” in honor of the most illustrious Filipino. Actually, this Act was disputed by many but the
basis of the Commission was so strong that it has surpassed the public’s questions.
Since then, heroes were celebrated here and there, citing their names in every politician’s
speeches, declaring holidays, naming streets, constructing monuments, etc. in their honor. Until
one day, realizing that so many names were acknowledged as heroes, need to evaluate the
situation was proposed. During Marcos’ presidency, he tasked the National Heroes Commission
to come up with the criteria for national hero. On March 28, 1993, thru the President’s Executive
Order No. 75, the National Heroes Committee was created, commissioned to study, evaluate and
recommend historical figures to be declared as national heroes. The Committee composed of
worthy members, with a series of discussions came up with the new criteria.
The criteria are composed of 10 standards: First is the extent of a person’s sacrifices for the
welfare of the country. Second, the motive and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal
(was his ideal purely for the welfare of the country and without any taint of self-interested motives,
most of all the method of attainment should be morally valid). The third is the moral character of
the person concerned (the person should not have any immorality issue that affected his ideal).
The fourth is the influence of the person concerned on his age and or the succeeding age. Fifth
is that heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the
nation’s freedom (they must have desired the country’s freedom in any situation especially when
there’s a threat of invasion in any form). Sixth is that heroes are those who define and contribute
to a system of life of freedom and order for a nation (one who helps in the orderliness and
betterment of the country). Seventh is, heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and
destiny of a nation. Eight, a hero is part of the people’s expression (the citizen must have
recognized and acknowledged the person as a hero). Ninth, a hero thinks of the future, especially
the future generations, his concern for the future generations must be seen in his decisions and
ideals). Lastly, the choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in
history, but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero.
Filipino’s expectations of public figures are different now than it was more than a hundred years
ago, maybe because of the realization that no one is perfect. This is the reason why today so
many were acknowledged as heroes and many were voted in important governing positions with
flaws and questionable characters. Lucky are those who aspire one day to be called a hero that
the criteria was already set to pattern their decisions with. I hope that the criteria for national
heroes will not only be checked against the historical figures but also with the politicians to whom
we will entrust the power to govern our country
Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this section, the students are expected to:

1. explain the history of the Rizal Law and its important provisions; and
2. critically assess the effectiveness of the Rizal Course to the present day Philippines.
 
OVERVIEW
Republic Act 1425, known as the Rizal Law, mandates that all educational institutions in the
Philippines to teach the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal. Its primary aim is to inculcate in
students an increased sense of nationalism at a time when Filipino identity is threatened by
various factors.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND LEGAL BASIS OF RIZAL DAY AND OTHER
MEMORIALS IN
HONOR OF JOSE RIZAL (By: Quennie Ann J. Palafox)

For over a century now, the nation has never failed to observe the anniversary of the martyrdom
our great national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal. This year, the President will lead the simultaneous
raising of Philippine flag at half-mast and wreath offering at the monument of Jose Rizal at the
Rizal Park in Manila, Calamba, Laguna and in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte on December 30,
2010. The theme of this year’s commemoration is “Rizal: Haligi ng Bayan”.
Although frequently at the center of controversies and criticism of the public, the government must
be given credits for its efforts in ensuring that the memory of Rizal stays in our hearts through the
issuance of legislative acts, decrees and other proclamations honoring him.
Two years after the execution of Rizal in Bagumbayan, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issued on Dec. 20,
1898 a decree designating Dec. 30 as the anniversary of Jose Rizal’s death and also as “a
national day of mourning” for Rizal and other victims of the Spanish government throughout its
three centuries of oppressive rule. He made a directive that all national flags shall be hoisted at
half-mast from 12 noon on Dec. 29 and all offices of the government shall be closed the whole
day on December 30 as a sign of mourning. On December 30, 1898, Filipinos celebrated Rizal
Day for the first time and chose Club Filipino in Manila to be the venue.
The Americans, to win the sympathy of the Filipinos, and to convince them that they were
pro Filipinos more than the Spaniards, gave Rizal official recognition. This was to make them conform
to the new government. Rizal acquired the official title of title of Philippine National Hero in 1901
under the country’s first American civil governor, William Howard Taft. On the recommendation
of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, the Taft Commission renamed the district of Morong into the
Province of Rizal through Act 137 on June 11, 1901. This was one of the first official steps taken
by the Taft Commission to honor Rizal. Since then, Jose Rizal came to be known as the National
Hero.
It was also during the American times that Rizal’s death anniversary was made an official holiday.
On February 1, 1902, the Philippine Commission enacted Act. No. 345 which set December 30
of each year as Rizal Day, and made it one of the ten official holidays of the Philippines. As the
nationalist spirit of the Filipinos was at the highest point during that time, they were able to
convince the government to erect a monument for Rizal. Thus, Act No. 243 was enacted on
September 28, 1901 granting the right to use public land upon the Luneta in the City of Manila
upon which to erect a statue of Jose Rizal.
So important was the observation of Rizal Day that President Quirino approved on June 9, 1948
Republic Act No. 229 which prohibits cockfighting, horse racing and jai-alai every 30th of
December of each year, in order to have proper observance of Rizal Day.
To give ample time to prepare for the birth centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, the Rizal National
Centennial Commission was created by Executive Order No. 52, issued by Pres. Ramon
Magsaysay on August 10, 1954 to undertake the construction of a National Cultural Shrine and
other memorials to be dedicated to Jose Rizal. JRNCC became Rizal Presidential Committee on
1 July 1962 after President Diosdado Macapagal issued Executive Order No. 14.
Jose Rizal’s vast role in the attainment of the nation’s freedom led to the issuance of Republic Act
1425 on June 12, 1956. Commonly known as the Rizal Act, it was sponsored by Senator Claro
M. Recto. It requires the curricula of private and public schools, colleges and universities courses
to include the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo in order to educate the students about the concept of nationalism.
A few days before the celebration of the birth centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, Pres. Garcia issued
Executive Order No. 429 on June 2, creating a decoration intended to perpetuate Rizal’s memory,
to be known as the Rizal Pro Patria Award. It was to be awarded by the President of the
Philippines to those who have rendered outstanding work for the benefit of their community.
Among the recipients of this decoration in the past were N. V. M. Gonzalez, Alejandro Roces,
Juan Nakpil, Felipe Padilla De Leon, and Wilfredo Ma. Guerero.
In Manila streets were named with reference to the national hero, Jose Rizal. In Sampaloc, two
streets are named after his pen names, Laong Laan and Dimasalang. Blumentritt, a main
thoroughfare, was named after Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal’s friend, while Dapitan street
situated near the University of Santo Tomas was named after a municipality in Zamboanga del
Norte, where Rizal was deported in 1892. Other street names have references to Rizal’s novels
such as Sisa, Basilio, and Simoun.
Rizal monuments are concrete memorials to his legacy. The most prominent is the Rizal
monument in Manila, unveiled on December 30, 1913 in line with the 17th Anniversary of the
martyrdom of Jose Rizal. However, the Rizal monument in the town Daet in Camarines Norte
holds the distinction of the first ever erected in honor of Rizal.
In the 1920s, Rizal Day was very popular and a much awaited event with the entire city going to
Luneta to spot the parade of the Rizal Day, a parade as glamorous as the carnival parade of
February. In his memorable Rizal Day address, Pres. Quezon declared through Commonwealth
Act No. 184 the adoption of Tagalog as the basis of the national language of the Philippines on
December 30, 1937.
The Rizal Day celebration of December 30, 1942 required the display of Japanese flags in Filipino
homes. Attended by Jorge Vargas Benigno Aquino, Sr, and Jose P. Laurel, Sr., a Nippongo
program on Rizal was held in 1942, during which the hero’s “Ultimo Adios” was recited in
Japanese. This event also witnessed the inauguration of Kalibapi.
Just after the war in 1946, the country saw floral offerings and a civic parade in observance of
Rizal Day in 1946. President Roxas was joined by high officials of the national government and
representatives of the United States Army and Navy and foreign nations who offered wreaths at
the foot of Rizal’s monument.
On December 30, 1950, all Philippine flags throughout the island were raised at half-mast in all
public buildings and vessels to commemorate the martyrdom of Rizal. There was also floral
offering at the Rizal monument at Luneta and concert in the afternoon.
A crowd estimated to be from 300-500, 000 persons gathered at the Luneta on December 30,
1953 to attend the inauguration of Ramon Magsaysay as president of the Republic of the
Philippines. The Constitution had made the Rizal Day event even more memorable having
specified the date of the day for the inauguration of President of the Republic as stipulated in Sec.
4 of Article VII of the 1935 Constitution. However, this was moved to June 30 by virtue of the 1987
Constitution which is being observed until now.
December 30, 1996 was the centenary of the martyrdom of Rizal. Highlights included the tracing
of the last walk of Rizal from his detention cell at Fort Santiago followed by the reenactment of
the hero’s execution and flag raising at Luneta Park, Manila. A monument of Rizal was also
inaugurated on 5 December 1996 along the Avenida de Las Islas Filipinas in Madrid, Spain.
Rizal Day is a day of appreciating Jose Rizal as a hero, an icon and a perfect example on how to
be a Filipino. To quote the late Sen. Blas Ople, “Jose Rizal remains the supreme hero of the
Philippines because of the quality of his sacrifice, his absolute dedication to the interest of his
people, and his achievement in many fields of endeavors”.
 
THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE IS THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF
THE PHILIPPINES. EDITED AT THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES UNDER COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 638
Republic Act No. 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE
RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO,
AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication
to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal,
we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the
national character;

WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the
youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused;
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by
the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic
conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore,
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and
universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation
shall be used as basic texts.
The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith measures
to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of
appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the
effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to
carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations
providing for the exemption of students for reasons of religious belief stated in a sworn written
statement, from the requirement of the provision contained in the second part of the first
paragraph of this section; but not from taking the course provided for in the first part of said
paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the
Official Gazette.
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries
an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. The said unexpurgated
editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as
other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all
public or private schools, colleges and universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books,
depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university.
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the
principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them
to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations
and Barrio Councils throughout the country.
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine
hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines
by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.
SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated
out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of
this Act.
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved: June 12, 1956
Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956

Module 1. Introduction: Concepts, RA 1425 (Rizal Law),

Supplementary Laws and Directives to RA 14...
Section 2. RA 1425 (Rizal Law) and Supplementary Laws and Directives
Index
 Section 1. Concept of Hero, Martyr, Patriotism and Nationalism
 Section 2. RA 1425 (Rizal Law) and Supplementary Laws and Directives
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Discuss and differentiate the concept of hero, martyr, patriotism and nationalism; and
2. Assess different ways how one can be a hero for others.
Hero, Martyr, Patriotism and Nationalism: Meaning, characteristics and aims

Some of the definitions of a Hero. .

.
1. Etymology: The word hero comes from the Greek ἥρως (hērōs), "hero" (literally "protector"
or "defender")
2. Generally, it refers to a person admired for achievements and noble qualities.
3. A person who is admired for having done something very brave or having achieved
something great. (Cambridge dictionary, 2017)
4. Sometimes, the word hero can have a highly subjective label. A hero considered by the
young may not be considered as a hero by adults. For this reason, it becomes very essential
to place qualifiers as to who really are heroes.
5. Some of the outstanding and distinctive characteristics of a hero are : Brave / Courageous,
A good and strong leader, Altruistic (puts other first e.g. risks or gives life for others), Clever,
Visionary (has far reaching ideas), Good or Moral (strong beliefs or principles), Had integrity
(stands up for what they believe and act accordingly), Tenacious (keeps going despite
challenges), Decisive, Focused / Single minded (has a purpose), Inspiring / Charismatic,
Determined, Ambitious, Wise, Honest, Kind / Compassionate, Just and fair minded.
6. There are two factors that lead to people acting heroically: (1) The circumstances they find
themselves in, and (2) How they react to these circumstances (i.e. the characteristics of
the person involved)
7. These reasons why heroes are needed in the society because they tap the basic human
needs for survival, nurturance, growth, education, safety, security, healing, happiness,
health, hope, wisdom, and justice.

Martyr …
1. Etymology: Old English martir, via ecclesiastical Latin from Greek martur
‘witness’ (in Christian use, ‘martyr’).
2. A person who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty of witnessing to and refusing to
renounce a religion, or a person who sacrifices something of great value and especially
life itself for the sake of principle. (Merriam Webster Dictionary)
3. Martyrdom was first recognized in Catholicism, where in the first and second centuries,
Romans would put Catholics to death because of their faith. This led to the definition of a
martyr as being someone who would die for their faith. Today, a martyr complex is still
seen in some religious groups. A martyr complex can also be seen in families and
relationships. Although this type of martyrdom is not extreme and people aren't necessarily
murdered, it still can lead to the destruction or death of a relationship.
(https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-martyr-complex-definition-psychologytreatment.html)
4. Certain characteristics can help identify someone who has a martyr complex. These
people tend to exhibit different psychological traits that follow the pattern of the disorder:
Low self-esteem, an exaggerated sense of responsibility to others, fear of being
abandoned and difficulties adjusting to change.
Patriotism…
1) Etymology: The English term patriot is first attested in the Elizabethan era; it came via
Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota, meaning "countryman", ultimately
from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs), meaning 'from the same country', from πατρίς
(patris), meaning 'fatherland'. "(Henry George et al, A Greek–English Lexicon, πατρι–
ώτης". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-03).
2) Patriotism can be defined as love of one’s country, identification with it, and special
concern for its well-being and that of compatriots. (Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy, 2017)
3) One who is patriotic is always ready to make any sacrifice for his country. He will never
live selfishly for himself alone.
4) Stephen Nathanson (1993, 34–35) defines patriotism as involving: (a) Special
affection for one’s own country, (b) A sense of personal identification with the country
(c) Special concern for the well-being of the country, and (d) Willingness to sacrifice to
promote the country’s good.
5) There are five types of patriotism: (1) Extreme Patriotism, (2) Robust Patriotism, (3)
Moderate Patriotism, (4) Deflated Patriotism, and (5) Ethical Patriotism

Nationalism…
1) Etymology: "devotion to one's country, national spirit or aspirations, desire for
national unity, independence, or prosperity (1844). Earlier it was used in a theological
sense of "the doctrine of divine election of nations" (1836). Later it was used in a
sense of "doctrine advocating nationalization of a country's industry" (1892). An
earlier word for "devotion or strong attachment to one's own country" was nationality
(1772)
2) Nationalism gives more importance to unity by way of a cultural background,
including language and heritage. It implies to a person that his country is the most
superior among other countries and he will defend it no matter what.
3) Historically, nationalism has been used to define and explain everything from radical
political and militaristic movements like Nazism to strong protectionist policies
controlling modern foreign policy and economy. Nationalism centers on a country's
culture, language, and often race. It may also include shared literature, sports, or the
arts, but is primarily driven by cultural associations. And, it promotes the nation at the
expense of others. Nationalism has a positive view of conquering other nations as it
sees itself as the ultimate nation. Any ideologies that undercut or contradict the nation
are opposed. (Sraders, Ann.(2018). What is Nationalism? Its History And What It
Means in 2018. The Street. New York,USA)

Source : https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-if-any-betweennationalism-and-patriotism
Supplement the readings on patriotism and nationalism with this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o98qMWjXnkYPatriotism v. Nationalism | Robert
Reich
 
THE GATES TO HEROISM: DEFINING A FILIPINO HERO
by Diana A. Galang
http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-gates-to-heroism-defining-a-filipino-hero/
It is common for Filipinos to look for someone to idolize –saints, politicians, artists, models, etc.,
somebody they will glorify and imitate. Since the time of the declaration of Philippine
independence, 109 years ago, many were acknowledged as Filipino heroes, more so today, that
every individual who become so popular or the main character in any particular event is given the
title “hero”. The essence of the word “hero” is past declining, today one need not to die or do such
gallant act to be given the noble title or that some just won a boxing match. Time has really
evolved and so does our standard in defining a Filipino hero. Will our forefathers who gave their
lives for freedom feel insulted for this? Are these the Filipinos we’ll look up to for guidance through
the times, aren’t our children losing the true meaning of heroism by our doings? All these things
we should ask ourselves before giving the title “hero” to anyone.
But what does being a hero mean? Dr. Esteban de Ocampo, a known historian, stated in his book
about Rizal that a hero means a prominent or central personage taking an admirable part in any
remarkable action or event; a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in
suffering; and a man honored after death by public worship because of exceptional service to
mankind. The true heroes of Philippine history deserve to be called so for they didn’t have any
idea that one day they will be measured up, they just acted upon their principles. The concept of
honoring heroes came only to the Philippines in 1900, when the Philippine Commission (Pardo
de Tavera, Legarda, Luzurriaga (Filipino members) and headed by William Howard Taft)
approved Act No. 137 combining the districts of Morong and Manila to be named as “Province of
Rizal,” in honor of the most illustrious Filipino. Actually, this Act was disputed by many but the
basis of the Commission was so strong that it has surpassed the public’s questions.
Since then, heroes were celebrated here and there, citing their names in every politician’s
speeches, declaring holidays, naming streets, constructing monuments, etc. in their honor. Until
one day, realizing that so many names were acknowledged as heroes, need to evaluate the
situation was proposed. During Marcos’ presidency, he tasked the National Heroes Commission
to come up with the criteria for national hero. On March 28, 1993, thru the President’s Executive
Order No. 75, the National Heroes Committee was created, commissioned to study, evaluate and
recommend historical figures to be declared as national heroes. The Committee composed of
worthy members, with a series of discussions came up with the new criteria.
The criteria are composed of 10 standards: First is the extent of a person’s sacrifices for the
welfare of the country. Second, the motive and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal
(was his ideal purely for the welfare of the country and without any taint of self-interested motives,
most of all the method of attainment should be morally valid). The third is the moral character of
the person concerned (the person should not have any immorality issue that affected his ideal).
The fourth is the influence of the person concerned on his age and or the succeeding age. Fifth
is that heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the
nation’s freedom (they must have desired the country’s freedom in any situation especially when
there’s a threat of invasion in any form). Sixth is that heroes are those who define and contribute
to a system of life of freedom and order for a nation (one who helps in the orderliness and
betterment of the country). Seventh is, heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and
destiny of a nation. Eight, a hero is part of the people’s expression (the citizen must have
recognized and acknowledged the person as a hero). Ninth, a hero thinks of the future, especially
the future generations, his concern for the future generations must be seen in his decisions and
ideals). Lastly, the choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in
history, but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero.
Filipino’s expectations of public figures are different now than it was more than a hundred years
ago, maybe because of the realization that no one is perfect. This is the reason why today so
many were acknowledged as heroes and many were voted in important governing positions with
flaws and questionable characters. Lucky are those who aspire one day to be called a hero that
the criteria was already set to pattern their decisions with. I hope that the criteria for national
heroes will not only be checked against the historical figures but also with the politicians to whom
we will entrust the power to govern our country
Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this section, the students are expected to:

1. explain the history of the Rizal Law and its important provisions; and
2. critically assess the effectiveness of the Rizal Course to the present day Philippines.
 
OVERVIEW
Republic Act 1425, known as the Rizal Law, mandates that all educational institutions in the
Philippines to teach the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal. Its primary aim is to inculcate in
students an increased sense of nationalism at a time when Filipino identity is threatened by
various factors.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND LEGAL BASIS OF RIZAL DAY AND OTHER
MEMORIALS IN
HONOR OF JOSE RIZAL (By: Quennie Ann J. Palafox)

For over a century now, the nation has never failed to observe the anniversary of the martyrdom
our great national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal. This year, the President will lead the simultaneous
raising of Philippine flag at half-mast and wreath offering at the monument of Jose Rizal at the
Rizal Park in Manila, Calamba, Laguna and in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte on December 30,
2010. The theme of this year’s commemoration is “Rizal: Haligi ng Bayan”.
Although frequently at the center of controversies and criticism of the public, the government must
be given credits for its efforts in ensuring that the memory of Rizal stays in our hearts through the
issuance of legislative acts, decrees and other proclamations honoring him.
Two years after the execution of Rizal in Bagumbayan, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issued on Dec. 20,
1898 a decree designating Dec. 30 as the anniversary of Jose Rizal’s death and also as “a
national day of mourning” for Rizal and other victims of the Spanish government throughout its
three centuries of oppressive rule. He made a directive that all national flags shall be hoisted at
half-mast from 12 noon on Dec. 29 and all offices of the government shall be closed the whole
day on December 30 as a sign of mourning. On December 30, 1898, Filipinos celebrated Rizal
Day for the first time and chose Club Filipino in Manila to be the venue.
The Americans, to win the sympathy of the Filipinos, and to convince them that they were
pro Filipinos more than the Spaniards, gave Rizal official recognition. This was to make them conform
to the new government. Rizal acquired the official title of title of Philippine National Hero in 1901
under the country’s first American civil governor, William Howard Taft. On the recommendation
of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, the Taft Commission renamed the district of Morong into the
Province of Rizal through Act 137 on June 11, 1901. This was one of the first official steps taken
by the Taft Commission to honor Rizal. Since then, Jose Rizal came to be known as the National
Hero.
It was also during the American times that Rizal’s death anniversary was made an official holiday.
On February 1, 1902, the Philippine Commission enacted Act. No. 345 which set December 30
of each year as Rizal Day, and made it one of the ten official holidays of the Philippines. As the
nationalist spirit of the Filipinos was at the highest point during that time, they were able to
convince the government to erect a monument for Rizal. Thus, Act No. 243 was enacted on
September 28, 1901 granting the right to use public land upon the Luneta in the City of Manila
upon which to erect a statue of Jose Rizal.
So important was the observation of Rizal Day that President Quirino approved on June 9, 1948
Republic Act No. 229 which prohibits cockfighting, horse racing and jai-alai every 30th of
December of each year, in order to have proper observance of Rizal Day.
To give ample time to prepare for the birth centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, the Rizal National
Centennial Commission was created by Executive Order No. 52, issued by Pres. Ramon
Magsaysay on August 10, 1954 to undertake the construction of a National Cultural Shrine and
other memorials to be dedicated to Jose Rizal. JRNCC became Rizal Presidential Committee on
1 July 1962 after President Diosdado Macapagal issued Executive Order No. 14.
Jose Rizal’s vast role in the attainment of the nation’s freedom led to the issuance of Republic Act
1425 on June 12, 1956. Commonly known as the Rizal Act, it was sponsored by Senator Claro
M. Recto. It requires the curricula of private and public schools, colleges and universities courses
to include the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo in order to educate the students about the concept of nationalism.
A few days before the celebration of the birth centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, Pres. Garcia issued
Executive Order No. 429 on June 2, creating a decoration intended to perpetuate Rizal’s memory,
to be known as the Rizal Pro Patria Award. It was to be awarded by the President of the
Philippines to those who have rendered outstanding work for the benefit of their community.
Among the recipients of this decoration in the past were N. V. M. Gonzalez, Alejandro Roces,
Juan Nakpil, Felipe Padilla De Leon, and Wilfredo Ma. Guerero.
In Manila streets were named with reference to the national hero, Jose Rizal. In Sampaloc, two
streets are named after his pen names, Laong Laan and Dimasalang. Blumentritt, a main
thoroughfare, was named after Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal’s friend, while Dapitan street
situated near the University of Santo Tomas was named after a municipality in Zamboanga del
Norte, where Rizal was deported in 1892. Other street names have references to Rizal’s novels
such as Sisa, Basilio, and Simoun.
Rizal monuments are concrete memorials to his legacy. The most prominent is the Rizal
monument in Manila, unveiled on December 30, 1913 in line with the 17th Anniversary of the
martyrdom of Jose Rizal. However, the Rizal monument in the town Daet in Camarines Norte
holds the distinction of the first ever erected in honor of Rizal.
In the 1920s, Rizal Day was very popular and a much awaited event with the entire city going to
Luneta to spot the parade of the Rizal Day, a parade as glamorous as the carnival parade of
February. In his memorable Rizal Day address, Pres. Quezon declared through Commonwealth
Act No. 184 the adoption of Tagalog as the basis of the national language of the Philippines on
December 30, 1937.
The Rizal Day celebration of December 30, 1942 required the display of Japanese flags in Filipino
homes. Attended by Jorge Vargas Benigno Aquino, Sr, and Jose P. Laurel, Sr., a Nippongo
program on Rizal was held in 1942, during which the hero’s “Ultimo Adios” was recited in
Japanese. This event also witnessed the inauguration of Kalibapi.
Just after the war in 1946, the country saw floral offerings and a civic parade in observance of
Rizal Day in 1946. President Roxas was joined by high officials of the national government and
representatives of the United States Army and Navy and foreign nations who offered wreaths at
the foot of Rizal’s monument.
On December 30, 1950, all Philippine flags throughout the island were raised at half-mast in all
public buildings and vessels to commemorate the martyrdom of Rizal. There was also floral
offering at the Rizal monument at Luneta and concert in the afternoon.
A crowd estimated to be from 300-500, 000 persons gathered at the Luneta on December 30,
1953 to attend the inauguration of Ramon Magsaysay as president of the Republic of the
Philippines. The Constitution had made the Rizal Day event even more memorable having
specified the date of the day for the inauguration of President of the Republic as stipulated in Sec.
4 of Article VII of the 1935 Constitution. However, this was moved to June 30 by virtue of the 1987
Constitution which is being observed until now.
December 30, 1996 was the centenary of the martyrdom of Rizal. Highlights included the tracing
of the last walk of Rizal from his detention cell at Fort Santiago followed by the reenactment of
the hero’s execution and flag raising at Luneta Park, Manila. A monument of Rizal was also
inaugurated on 5 December 1996 along the Avenida de Las Islas Filipinas in Madrid, Spain.
Rizal Day is a day of appreciating Jose Rizal as a hero, an icon and a perfect example on how to
be a Filipino. To quote the late Sen. Blas Ople, “Jose Rizal remains the supreme hero of the
Philippines because of the quality of his sacrifice, his absolute dedication to the interest of his
people, and his achievement in many fields of endeavors”.
 
THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE IS THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF
THE PHILIPPINES. EDITED AT THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES UNDER COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 638
Republic Act No. 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE
RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO,
AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication
to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal,
we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the
national character;

WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the
youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused;
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by
the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic
conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore,
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and
universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation
shall be used as basic texts.
The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith measures
to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of
appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the
effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to
carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations
providing for the exemption of students for reasons of religious belief stated in a sworn written
statement, from the requirement of the provision contained in the second part of the first
paragraph of this section; but not from taking the course provided for in the first part of said
paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the
Official Gazette.
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries
an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. The said unexpurgated
editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as
other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all
public or private schools, colleges and universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books,
depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university.
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the
principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them
to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations
and Barrio Councils throughout the country.
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine
hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines
by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.
SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated
out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of
this Act.
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved: June 12, 1956
Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956.