PARTS/COMPONENTS OF MANUAL TRANSMISSION

1. Clutch
2. Clutch Pedal
3. Gearbox
4. Shift Fork
5. Shift Rod
6. Hydraulic System

 Clutch

A clutch is the mechanical device that transfers all power and disconnects power from the
engine into the transmission of a vehicle. Without a properly operating clutch, power transfer
and gear shifting would be very difficult. The clutch is located between the engine flywheel and
the transmission.

Parts of clutch

1. Pressure Plate: The pressure plate assembly is secured to the flywheel via bolts
connecting the cover stamping to the flywheel. During engagement, the pressure plate
assembly clamps the disc assembly against the flywheel, transmitting engine power to
the transmission. During disengagement, power flow is interrupted when the pressure
plate no longer clamps the disc against the flywheel. Instead, the pressure plate lifts
away from the flywheel, creating a gap large enough for the disc to disengage from
the flywheel, enabling the driver to shift gears.
 2. Clutch Disc: The disc assembly is mounted to the input shaft, between the pressure
plate assembly and the flywheel. During engagement, the disc slides forward on the
input shaft and becomes solidly clamped, or “engaged”, between the flywheel and the
pressure plate assembly. During disengagement, the disc is no longer engaged.
Although the pressure plate assembly and flywheel continue rotating, the input shaft
and disc are no longer being rotated by the engine.
3. Flywheel: mounts to the engine crankshaft
4. Throw-out bearing: also
known as “Release Bearing”. It
pushes the diaphragm spring to
discontinue the power flow in
order to make a gear change.
5. Diaphragm Spring: a type of
spring shaped like a disc with
tapering fingers pointed inward
or like a wavy disc

 Clutch Pedal

The clutch pedal is the pedal by which the driver of a

vehicle operates the clutch.

 Gearbox

It is used to change the

speed and torque of vehicle
according to variety of road and
load conditions.
Parts of Gear box

1. Input - the input is connected into the intermediate shaft so the intermediate shaft
always rotates at a constant speed
2. Intermediate shaft – it is connected to the output gear set. The output gears will turn
at different speeds due to gear ratios. However, the output gears are not fixed with the
output shaft in order to have different speeds.
3. Output – gives off different speeds to the drive shaft into the driving wheels.
4. Idler Gear - An idler gear is a gear wheel that is inserted between two or more other
gear wheels. The purpose of an idler gear can be two-fold. Firstly, the idler gear will
change the direction of rotation of the output shaft. Secondly, an idler gear can assist
to reduce the size of the input/output gears whilst maintaining the spacing of the
shafts.
 Shift Fork

The shift fork holds the synchronizer collar.

 Shift Rod

The shift rods are what move the synchronizer collars towards the gear you want to
engage. On most five-speed vehicles, there are three shift rods. One end of a shift rod is
connected to the gearshift. At the other end of the shift rod is a shift fork that holds the
synchronizer collar.

 Hydraulic System

Transfers clutch motion to

the center of the diaphragm spring.
PARTS/COMPONENTS OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

1. Torque Converter
2. Planetary Gear Set
3. Clutch Packs
4. Bands
5. Valve Body
6. Hydraulic System

 TORQUE CONVERTER

Transmits power from the engine to the transmission.

When driving a manual transmission, the driver
must engage the clutch or shift into neutral when the
vehicle comes to a stop, such as at a red light, or the
engine will stall. The torque converter in an
automatic transmission allows the engine to
continue running when the vehicle is stopped yet
still in gear. Torque is defined as a force that causes
rotation. The torque converter uses the pressure of
the transmission fluid to control the rotation of its
parts. When you are stopped at that red light, one
half of the torque converter is turning while the
other is stationary. When you accelerate, the fluid pressure forces the other half to spin in
conjunction with the first half so that vehicle moves forward.
Divided in 3 main members:
 Pump
- Rotates with the engine due to a cover.
 Turbine
- Turbine is directly connected to the
transmission due to a shaft. It has lower rpm
than the pump due to the energy loss from
the fluid.
 Stator
- Send the fluid from the turbine back to the
pump efficiently.
  PLANETARY GEAR SET
Unlike manual transmissions, an
automatic transmission only works with one
set of gears that produces all of the different
gear ratios. This set of gears is called
Planetary Gear set and consists in the ring
gear, planet gears and sun gear. Combining
witch of these parts will stay stationary, act
as input and output, it’s possible to produce
all the gear ratios available in the car. It has
some clutches to hold desired parts
stationary and can be also seen in electric
screwdrivers.
The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear, a ring gear and two or more planet
gears, all remaining in constant mesh. The planet gears are connected to each other through a
common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to
the carrier.
The "heart" of an automatic transmission is the planetary gear set.
4 Main parts of Planetary Gear Set
1. Sun Gear
2. Planet Gears
3. Ring Gear
4. Carrier
 Clutch Packs
A clutch pack consists of alternating
disks that fit inside a clutch drum. Half of the
disks are steel and have splines that fit into
groves on the inside of the drum. The other half
have a friction material bonded to their surface
and have splines on the inside edge that fit
groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub.
There is a piston inside the drum that is
activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time
to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the
two components become locked and turn as one.
 Valve Body
The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission. It contains a maze of
channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which then activate the
appropriate clutch pack or band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving
situation. For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear to 3rd gear up-shift or the 3-2
shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur.
  Hydraulic System
The Hydraulic system is a complex maze of passages and tubes that sends transmission
fluid under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter.

PARTS/COMPONENTS OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

1. Pressure Control Valves
2. Pipelines
3. Hydraulic Actuators
4. TCU
5. ECU

 Pressure Control Valves

Consists of a valve, diaphragm and a sensing unit which monitors the required pressure
as required.
 Pipelines
Pipelines are provided for connection of pressure control valves and hydraulic actuators.
 Hydraulic Actuators
The selection of the necessary gear ratios is performed by locking set of gears to the shaft
by means of electro-hydraulic actuator.
 TCU
Transmission Control Unit receives input signals from various sensors like gear position
sensor, clutch position sensor, brake position sensor, transmission output speed.
It also collects vehicle related signals like torque requirement, engine speed and throttle
position from ECU.
Generates the necessary output signals for clutch actuator and gear shifting actuator.
 ECU
An Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is any embedded system that controls one or more of
the electrical systems or subsystems in a vehicle.

REFERENCES
http://www.thecartech.com/subjects/design/Automobile_clutchs.htm
http://www.engineering-dictionary.org/Diaphragm_spring
https://www.slideshare.net/ziyadyoosuf/automated-manual-transmission-in-
new-generation-vehicles
https://auto.howstuffworks.com/transmission4.htm
https://auto.howstuffworks.com/automatic-transmission2.htm
https://www.youtube.com/results?
search_query=torque+converter+how+does+it+work
https://www.carparts.com/transmission.htm
https://www.quadratec.com/jeep_knowledgebase/article-64.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission
 http://transmissionrepairguy.com/parts-of-a-transmission/
https://cartreatments.com/valve-body-functions-and-symptoms/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_converter
https://www.superior-transmissions.com/blog/2016/11/basic-components-of-
an-automatic-transmission/
https://www.freeasestudyguides.com/valve-body-valves.html
https://www.aamcocolorado.com/the-difference-between-front-and-rear-
wheel-drive/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrlAeGG8izY
https://www.slideshare.net/ziyadyoosuf/automated-manual-transmission-in-
new-generation-vehicles
https://carbiketech.com/amt/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_control_unit