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ENGINEERING COLLEGES
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COMMON MINIMUM STUDY MATERIAL (MSM)
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SUBJECT CODE: EC8352
Prepared by
g
En
Sl.
Name of the Faculty Designation Affiliating College
No.
1. D.Regitimna AP/ECE FXEC
arn
Verified by DLI, CLI and Approved by the Centralised Monitoring Team dated
21.06.2016
Continuous time signals (CT signals) - Discrete time signals (DT signals) - Step, Ramp,
Pulse, Impulse, Sinusoidal, Exponential, Classification of CT and DT signals - Periodic &
Aperiodic signals, Deterministic & Random signals, Energy & Power signals - CT systems
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and DT systems- Classification of systems – Static & Dynamic, Linear & Nonlinear, Time-
variant & Time-invariant, Causal & Noncausal, Stable & Unstable.
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UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS 9
Fourier series analysis-spectrum of Continuous Time (CT) signals- Fourier and Laplace
Transforms in CT Signal Analysis - Properties.
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UNIT III LINEAR TIME INVARIANT- CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS 9
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Differential Equation-Block diagram representation-impulse response, convolution integrals-
Fourier and Laplace transforms in Analysis of CT systems
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TEXT BOOK:
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REFERENCES:
To understand the basic properties of signal & systems and the various methods of
classification
To learn Laplace Transform &Fourier transform and their properties
Objectives:
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To know Z transform & DTFT and their properties
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To characterize LTI systems in the Time domain and various Transform domains
Analyze continuous time LTI systems using Fourier and Laplace Transforms
Analyze discrete time LTI systems using Z transform and DTFT
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Name of the Subject & Code: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS & EC6303
Name of the Faculty: D.Regitimna AP/ECE, FXEC
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M.Asirvatham AP/ECE, SCADCET
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Sem / Yr / Branch : III / II / ECE
TEXT BOOK:
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1. Allan V.Oppenheim, S.Wilsky and S.H.Nawab, “Signals and Systems”, Pearson, 2007
(Copies Available in Library: Yes
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REFERENCES:
M.J.Roberts, “Signals & Systems Analysis using Transform Methods & MATLAB”, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2007. (Copies Available in Library: Yes )
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Instruction Schedule
No.of Page.
S.No Week Topics to be Covered Text
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Hours No
7 Tutorials 1
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Unstable) T1,R1 75-78
11 3 Tutorials 1
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UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS
13
3
Tutorials
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14 Spectrum of CT signals 1 R1 160-236
15 4 Tutorials 1
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5
20 Block Diagram representation 2 R1 121
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21 6 Tutorials 1
6
23 Convolution Integral 1 T1 90-102
24 Frequency response 1 R1 71
25 Tutorials 1
28 8 Tutorials 1
30 Aliasing 1 T1 527
8
31 Tutorials 1
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33 Z-Transform 1 T1 741-764
9
34 Z-Transform Properties 3 T1 767-780
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35 10 Tutorials 2
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UNIT V LINEAR TIME INVARIANT-DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS
38 Tutorials 1
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11 75-90,
40
Convolution Sum 1 T1 384-86
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43 Tutorials 2
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Total Hours: 60
TABLE OF CONTENT
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3 Periodic Signals 14
4 Power / Energy Signals 15
5 System- Classification 16
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UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS
PART A 21-25
1
2
Fourier Series
Fourier Transform
PART B
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31
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3 Laplace Transform 33
4 Inverse Laplace Transform 34
5 Properties 36
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PART B
1 Block Diagram 57
2 Convolution Method 59
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3 Analysis 60
4 Analysis Using Initial Conditions 60
5 Solutions of Differential Analysis 62
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1 Sampling Theorem 67
2 Discrete Time Fourier Transform 71
3 Z-Transform 73
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4 Inverse Z-Transform 75
5 Properties 79
UNIT V LINEAR TIME INVARIANT-DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS
PART A 91-95
PART B
1 Block Diagram 96
2 Analysis 98
3 Analysis –Step Response 99
4 Analysis- Stability 102
5 Convolution Sum 103
UNIT – I
Part A Questions and Answers
1. Define Signal and System.
Signals are defined as a physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other
independent variable.
Eg: Speech signal, TV & Radio signal, Voltage & Current.
System is a set of elements or functional blocks that are connected together and
produces an output in response to an input.
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Eg: Amplifier, Filter and Motor.
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APRIL/MAY 10
= 0 for n 0
Unit step sequence u(n): Fig: Unit Impulse Sequence
If a step function has unity magnitude hence it is called
unit step signal.
It is denoted by u(n). It is defined as
u(n) = 1 for n ≥ 0
u(n) = 0 for n < 0
u(n) - u(n-1) =
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= 0 for n ≠ 0
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Periodic signal Aperiodic signal
1. For CT signal is said to be periodic 1. For CT signal is said to be A
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if, x(t) = x(t+T) for all t. periodic
If, x(t) x(t+T) for all t.
2. For Discrete,
if, x(n) = x(n+N) for all n. e
2. For Discrete,
If, x(n) x(n+N) for all n.
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Eg: Sine waveform 3. Eg: Noise
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Deterministic Signal is defined as the signals that are completely specified in time and
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it can be predicated.
Eg: x(t) = Asinωt
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Random Signal is defined as the signal that takes on random value at any given instant
are it cannot be predicted.
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Note : The square root of P is known as rms value of the signal.
For DT signal:
• Total Energy, E =
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• Average power, P =
EXAMPLE:
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Determine whether the following signals is energy or power and calculate its energy and
power x(t) = e-2t u(t) NOV/DEC 2012
Solution:
The energy of the signal
e
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E=
=
= =
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=
= =0
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The energy of the signal is finite, and the power is 0. Therefore the signal x1(t) is an energy
signal.
8. For the signal shown in Figure, find x(2t + 3) . NOV/DEC 2009 MAY 2014
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Solution:
9. Check whether the following system is static or dynamic and also causal and non-
causal. y(n) =x(2n) NOV/DEC 2012, APR/MAY 2010
A System is said to be static (Memory less), if its output depends upon the
present input only. A System is said to be dynamic (System with Memory), if its
output depends upon post as well as future values of the input.
(i) The given system equation is,
y(n) = x(2n)
Here when, n = 1 y(1) = x(2)
n = 2 y(2) = x(4)…
Thus the output y(n) depends upon the future inputs. Hence the system is non-causal.
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(ii) The given system equation is,
y(n) = x(2n)
Here when, n = 1 y(1) = x(2)
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n = 2 y(2) = x(4)…
Thus the system needs to store the future input samples. It requires memory. Hence the
system is dynamic.
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10. Determine whether the system y(n) = log(1+|x(n)|) is stable or not. NOV/DEC 2011
Here y(n) = log(1+|x(n)|) is taken.This means 1+ |x(n)| > 0.
Hence y(n) will be bounded for all bounded values of x(n).
The system is stable.
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11. Verify whether the system described by the equation is linear and time invariant
y(t) = x(t2 ). APRIL/MAY 2012
Solution:
Condition for linearity
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n = -2, x(n) = -7
n = -1, x(n) = -5
n = 0, x(n) = -3
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n = 1, x(n) = -1
n = 2, x(n) = 1
n = 3, x(n) = 3
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n = 4, x(n) = 5
n = 5, x(n) = 7
Fig: x(n) = 2n – 3
e
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14. Check whether the discrete time signal sin3n is periodic. MAY/JUNE 2013
Solution:
x(n) = sin3n
N= .m; ω = 3
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N= .m
N= .m
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Assume m = 3,
N = 2π
The number is the irrational number. Hence the given signal is non-periodic.
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15. Define Time Invariant and Variant System (or) what are the condition for a system to
be LTI system ?
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(or) How do you prove that the system is time invariant? NOV/DEC 2013
• A System is said to be time-invariant, if its input-output characteristics do not change
with time.
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UNIT – I
PART B Questions and Answers
1 . SKETCHING
a) A continuous time signal x(t) is shown in fig. sketch and label carefully each of
the following signal: 1) x(t-1) 2) x(2-t) 3)x(t)[δ(t+3/2) - δ(t-3/2)] 4) x(2t+1)
APRIL/MAY 2008,2015, NOV/DEC 2015, 2016
Fig: x(t)
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Solution:
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1) x(t-1) 2) x(2-t)
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3) x(t)[δ(t+3/2)- δ(t-3/2)] 4) x(2t+1)
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Solution:
1) x(t) = r(t) 2) x(t) = r(-t+2) 3)x(t) = -2r(t)
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c) A discrete time signal is shown below: Sketch the following NOV/DEC 2006
Fig: x(n)
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Solution:
1) x(n-3) 2) x(3-n) 3) x(2n)
Starting point Ending point Starting point Ending point
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n-3 = -3 n-3 = 3 3 - n = -3 3-n=3
n=0 n=6 -n = -3-3 = 6 n=0
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2) a) CLASSIFICATION OF CT SIGNALS & DT SIGNALS:
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Classification of CT Signals:
1. Deterministic or Non-deterministic Signals
2. Periodic and A-periodic Signals
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It is defined as the signals that are completely specified in time and it can be predicted
(i.e) is amplitude at any time instance can be predicted.
It can be completely represented by mathematical equation at any time.
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Eg.: x (t) = At. This is a ramp signal its amplitude increases linear with time and slope is A.
x (t) = A cosωt
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Fig: Random Signals
• Periodic Signal:
A Signal x(t) is said to be periodic if it repeats after a fixed time period.
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x(t) = x(t + T) , -
Above condition is satisfied, the signal is said to be periodic.
x(t) = A cosωt
ω-> fundamental frequency
Angular frequency:
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ω = 2πf [f= ]
T=
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x(t) = x(t+T) , -
Above condition is not satisfied, the signal is said to be non-periodic.
Eg: Noise.
Note: If the sum of two input signal x1(t) and x2(t) to be periodic, then the ratio of periods
must be a rational number (or) ratio of two integers. Otherwise the sum is non-periodic.
= i.e. ratio of two integers. This is the condition for periodicity. The period of x(t) will be
For example:
Let as take two signals with the time periods of = 5 and = 7. The ratio of time
periods / = 5/7 is a rational number. Therefore the addition of two signals is periodic and
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the period is given by T = 7 =5 . On the other hand if the time periods of two signals are
= 3 and = , the ratio of time periods = is not a rational number. Therefore the sum
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of two signals is not periodic.
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Even Signal: (or) Symmetric Signal:
A signal x(t) is said to be symmetric (even) signal if it satisfies the condition.
x(-t) = x(t) for all t
Eg: x(t) = A cosωt
e
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En
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Fig:Non-Symmetric Signal
xo(t) ---- odd signal
x(-t) = xe(-t) + xo(-t)
x(-t) = xe(t) - xo(t)
Power Signals:
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A Signal x(t) is called a power signal if the average power P is finite and energy is
infinite.
Average power , P =
ng
Note:
The signal that does not satisfy above properties are neither energy nor power signal. The r.m.s
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value of the signal is
II) Classification of DT Signals:
1. Deterministic or Non-deterministic Signals
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2. Periodic or A-periodic Signals
3. Even and Odd (or) Symmetry and Non-symmetry Signals
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4. Energy and Power signals
• Deterministic or Non-deterministic Signal:
Deterministic Signal:
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It is defined as the signals that are completely specified in time and it can be predicted (i.e)
is amplitude at any time instance can be predicted.
Eg: x (n) = An. This is a ramp signal its amplitude increases linear with time and slope is A.
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x (n) = A sinωn
The amplitude of signal varies sinusoidal with time and its maximum amplitude is A.
Random Signals (or) Non-Deterministic Signals:
It is defined as the signal that takes on random value at any given instant and it cannot be
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predicted.
Eg: Thermal noise in an electric circuit , ECG signal.
• Periodic Signal:
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Eg:
x(n) = A sinωn
x(n) = A cosωn
ω-> fundamental frequency
Angular frequency:
ω = 2πf
N= .m
N is the fundamental time period
For the DT signal to be periodic, the fundamental frequency must be a rational multiple of 2
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Non-Periodic Signals:
A Signals x(n) is said to be non- periodic if it does not repeat.
x(n) = x(n+N) -
Above condition is not satisfied, the signal is said to be non-periodic.
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Eg: Noise.
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Note:
Here x(n)=x1(n)+x2(n) is periodic if = i.e. ratio of two integers
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This is the condition for periodicity. The period of x(n) will be least common multiple of and
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• Even and Odd (or) Symmetry and Non-symmetry Signals:
Even Signal: (or) Symmetric Signal:
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A signal x(n) is said to be non symmetric (odd) signal if it satisfies the condition.
x(-n) = -x(n) for all n
Eg: x(n) = A sinωn
x(n) can be expressed as sum of even and odd components.
x(n) = xe(n) + xo(n)
xe(n) ---- even signal xo(n) ---- odd signal
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Average power , P =
ng
2. b) CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS & DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS:
Continuous Time System:
In CT system both input signal and output signal are continuous time
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y(t) = F[x(t)]
Eg: Analog filters, amplifiers, motors.
Discrete Time System:
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In DT system both input signal and output signal are Discrete time
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y(n) = F[x(n)]
Eg: Digital filter.
Classification of CT & DT Systems
1. Linear and Non-Linear System
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Superposition principle:
It states that the weighted sum of input signal be equal to the weighted sum of output
signal corresponding to each of the individual input signal.
In CT system
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y(t-T) = F [x(t-T)]
In DT System
y(n-k) = F [x(n-k)]
• If does not satisfies the condition the system is said to be time variant system.
• Time variant systems are also called as fixed system.
Example
2 +5 + 4 y(t) = 5y(t)
Since the coefficients are constant, the given system is an LTI system.
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+5t + 4 y(t) = x(t)
It is a linear time varying system, since the coefficients are function of time.
Note:
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• If all the coefficients are constant then the system is a linear time invariant system
• If the coefficients are function of time then the system is a linear time variant system
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Static and Dynamic System (or) System with memory and without memory:
• A system is said to be static the output depends upon present input only
• A system is said to be dynamic if its output depends upon present, past, as well as future
input
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Static -> memoryless
Dynamic -> memory
Example
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Note:
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The given system in differential the system is dynamic. Eg: capacitor, inductor
Causal and Non causal System: NOV/DEC 2016
• A system is said to be causal if its output at any time depends upon present and past
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input.
• These systems are also known as non-anticipate system.
• If the system is said to non causal if its output at any time depends upon the present and
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• A system is said to be bounded input and bounded output (BIBO) stable if and only if
every bounded input produces the bounded output
• In CT System, an LTI system is stable if the impulse response h(n) is absolutely
integrable.
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3. PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC
a) Determine whether the discrete time sequence. x(n) = sin + cos
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MAY/JUNE 13, 14, 15
Given: x(n) = sin + cos
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N1 = .m; ω =
N1 = .m
Assume m = 3,
N1 = e
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N2 = .m; ω =
N2 = 6.m
Assume m = 1 ,
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N2 = 6
= =
1) x(n) = sin
N= .m; ω =
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N= .m .m
Assume m = 3,
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N=7
The number is the rational number. Hence the given signal is periodic.
2) x(n) = ej3π/5(n+1/2)
N = .m; ω =
N= .m
Assume m = 3,
N =10
Hence the given signal is periodic signal.
14
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N2 = .m= .m
Assume m = 1,
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N2 =
=
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π N1 = 4N2
π×4=4×π
N=4π
e
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The ratio of two integers is not rational .Therefore the given signal is aperiodic.
T2 = ; ω = 50 T2 = =
= 2π T1 = T2
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2π × = =
T=
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The ratio of T1 and T2 is not a rational number. Hence the given signal is non periodic.
4. POWER/ENERGY:
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a) Define energy & power signals. Find whether the signals x(n) = n u(n)is energy or
power and calculate their energy and power. NOV/DEC 2013, APR/MAY 2017
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Energy Signals:
A Signal x(n) is called an energy signals if the energy is finite and power is zero.
E=
Power Signals:
A Signal x(n) is called a power signal if the average power P is finite and energy is
infinite.
Average power , P =
15
E=
= 2 u(n)
=
= = =
P= 2
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=
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=
=0
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The energy is finite and power is zero. Therefore x(n) is an energy signal.
b) x(t) = cos2( 0t).
E=
E= e
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=
=
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=
E=∞
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P=
=
=
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=
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=
P=
ww
The energy of the signal is infinite, and the power is finite. Hence the signal x(t) is a power
signal.
5. SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION
1) y(t) + ty(t) = x(t) NOV/DEC 2013,15, 16, APR/MAY 2017
16
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y(t) + ty(t) = x(t)
If the coefficient is constant then the system is a linear time variant system. This
means output changes with time. Hence this system is time variant.
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c) Static (or) dynamic:
The given system is in differential. Therefore the system is dynamic
d) Stable (or) Unstable:
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y(t) + ty(t) = x(t)
For stability of a system the impulse response should be absolute integrable.
e
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Every bounded input produces a bounded output. The given system is stable.
e) Causal (or) non causal:
y(-2) -2y(-2) = x(-2) => present
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Output depends upon the present input only. Therefore the system is causal.
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This system is satisfies the condition. Hence the system is stable
e) Causal (or) non causal:
y(-2) = x(4)
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y(-1) = x(1)
y(0) = x(0)
y(1) = x(1)
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y(2) = x(4)
Output y(n) depends upon the future input . Therefore the system is non-causal.
3) y(n) = x2(n)
e APRIL/MAY 09, NOV 12
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Solution:
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
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y1( n) = x12( n)
y2( n) = x22( n)
a1y1( n) = a1x12( n)
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a2y2( n) = a2x22( n)
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1x12( n) + n a2x22( n)
= a1x12( n) + a2x22(n) (1)
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2 2 2
R.H.S [a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)] = a1x1 ( n) + a2x2 (n) + 2 a1x1( n)a2x2(n) (2)
(1) (2) Therefore the system is non linear.
b) Time invariant (or) time variant:
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y(-1) = x2 (-1)
y(0) = x2 (0)
y(1) = x2 (1)
y(2) = x2 (2)
Output y(n) depends upon the present input. Therefore the system is causal.
4) y(t) =
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
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a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
a1y1(n) = a1x1(n)+ na1x1 (n+1)
a2y2(n) = a2x2(n)+ na2x2 (n+1)
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a1y1(n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1(n)+ na1x1 (n+1) + a2x2(n)+ na2x2 (n+1)
= a1x1(n)+ a2x2(n)+ n[a1x1 (n+1) + a2x2 (n+1)] (1)
R.H.S = a1x1(n)+ a2x2(n)+ n[ a1x1(n+1) + a2x2(n+1)] (2)
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(1) (2) Therefore the system is linear.
b) Time invariant (or) time variant:
Condition for time invariant
y(n-k) = F [x(n-k)] e
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y(n-k) = x(n-k) + (n-k) x(n-k+1) (1)
F[x(n-k)] = x(n-k) +n x(n-k+1)
(1) (2)
A D (2)
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C
c) Static (or) dynamic:
The output y(n) depends upon x(n) and n x(n+1). x(n) is the present and x(n+1) is the
S
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a1y1( n) = a1
a2y2( n) = a2
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1 + a2 (1)
R.H.S
= = .
(1) (2)
Therefore the system is non linear.
b) Time invariant (or) time variant:
Condition for time invariant
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y(n-k) = F [x(n-k)]
y(n-k) = (1)
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F[x(n-k)] = (2)
(1) (2)
Therefore the system is time invariant
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c) Static (or) dynamic:
The output y(n) depends upon present inputs. Therefore the system is static.
A D
En
y(-1) =
y(0) =
y(1) =
SC
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y(2) =
Output y(n) depends upon the present input only . Therefore the system is causal.
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UNIT – II
Part A Questions and Answers
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Where , an & bn are constants
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Complex Exponential Fourier series:
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A D
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C
exponential term.
The Value of “n” goes from -∞ to ∞ in the summation sign. The gives the doubled sided
S
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spectrum of signals.
Any periodic signal can be represented as an infinite sum of sine and cosine
function with angular frequencies o, ωo,......t.ωo. Thus Series of sine and cosine terms is
known as "Trigonometric Fourier Series".
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4. Write short notes on Dirichlet condition for Fourier Series (or) Existence of
Fourier Series for periodic signal (or) Convergence of Fourier series ?
DEC2009, 13, 12, 14,MAY 04,
06, 09, 2014
The Fourier Series x(t) exist only when the function x(t) satisfies the following four
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condition called "Dirichlet condition"
i. The function x(t) should be signal valued within the interval T0.
ii. The function x(t) should have a finite number of discontinuities in the interval To.
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iii. The function x(t) should have a finite number of maxima and minima in the
interval To.
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iv. The function x(t) should be absolutely integrable.
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5. Write short notes on Dirichlet conditions for Fourier Transform (or) Existence
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of Fourier Transform for Non-Periodic signals? NOV/DEC 2011, 2015, APR 2017
D
The Fourier Transform x(t) exists only when the function x(t) satisfies the
following four conditions called "Dirichlet condition".
A
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i. The function x(t) should be signal values in any finite time interval T0.
C
ii. The function x(t) should have a finite number of discontinuities in the interval To.
iii. The function x(t) should have a finite number of maxima and minima in the
S
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interval To.
iv. The Function x(t) should be absolutely integrable.
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6. i)Obtain the Fourier series coefficients for x(n) = sinω0n. APR/MAY 2011
ii)Also obtain Fourier series coefficients for signal cos t. 5 APR/MAY 2012, 15, NOV 2016
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= - (1)
Discrete time Fourier series
x(n) =
= X(-1) + X(0) + X(1) with k = -1, 0, 1
Comparing above equation with equation (1)
X(-1) = , X(0) = 0, X(1) = , rest of coefficients are zero.
22
= = -
Here, =
For k = -1 and 1then the above equation becomes
+ X(1)
Comparing with above equation
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Ans: X(-1) = - and X(1) =
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7. Determine the Laplace transform of the signal (t-5) and u(t-5).
APR/MAY 2012
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L[ (t-5)] = using(L[ (t-a)] = )
e
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8. What is relation between Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform? (or)
Define Laplace Transform? In What way it is different from Fourier Transform
A D NOV/DEC 2010
En
NOV/DEC 2015
x(t) X(s)
SC
• Variable 's' is the complex frequency
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S = σ + jω
σ attenuation constant (or) damping factor
ω angular frequency
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X(s) =
X(s) =
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jω
This is the relation between Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform
23
.in
= Fig: DC signal
ng
convergence. NOV/DEC2011, 2016
L[ u(t)] = , ROC: Re(s) > a
eri
By using shifting theorem,
L[ u(t-1)] = . ; ROC: Re(s) > a
At a = -5; L[ u(t-1)] = .
e
; ROC: Re(s)>-5
gin
w.k.t x(t) = u(t-1) can be rearranged as
x(t) = u(t-1) =
A D u(t-1) = u(t-1)
En
X(s) = =
It is defined as,
X(s) =
Here the integration is taken from -∞ to ∞. Hence it is called bilateral Laplace
w.
transform.
Unilateral Laplace Transform:
ww
It is defined as,
X(s) =
Here the integration is taken from 0 to ∞. Hence it is called unilateral Laplace
transform.
13. Give synthesis and analysis equations of continuous time Fourier transform.
NOV/DEC 2012
Let x(t) be the signal which is function of time 't'.
Fourier Transform of x(t) is given by,
24
X(jω) =
Or
X(f) =
It is also known as analysis equation
Inverse Fourier Transform is given by,
x(t) =
Or
x(t) =
.in
It is also known as Synthesis equation
ng
14. Define Region of Convergence of the Laplace transform? NOV/DEC 2012
The range of value of “σ” for which the integral (ie) converges is
referred to as the region of convergence of the laplace transform
eri
15. State initial value theorem and final value theorem for Laplace transform?
e APRIL/MAY 09, 11
gin
If L[x(t)] = X(s), then the initial value theorem states that,
D
If L[x(t)] = X(s), then the final value theorem states that,
A
En
SC
arn
Le
w.
ww
25
UNIT -II
Part B Questions and Answers
1. FOURIER SERIES:
a) Obtain the Fourier Series of half waveform rectified sine function.
Solution: APRIL / MAY 04, 06, 11, 17, NOV 14
Fundamental frequency, ω0 = =1
.in
The interval of integration is from t = 0 to t+T0 = 2π. But during the interval from π to 2π the
signal has zero value. So interval is taken from0 to π.
Trigonometric Fourier Series:
ng
eri
Where, an & bn are constants
e
gin
A D
En
26
.in
=
ng
e eri
gin
Ans:
A D
The above expression does not satisfy for a1 & b1
En
For n = 1,
SC
arn
Le
For n = 1,
w.
ww
27
Put n = 0,
.in
ng
e eri
gin
A D
En
SC
arn
Ans:
ww
28
.in
ng
Polar Fourier Series is,
eri
Ans:
e
gin
b) Find the Fourier series of the periodic signal x(t) as shown in fig. DEC 09, MAY 15, 10
Given:
Find x(t) for
Solution:
A D
En
C
Points are (-1, -1) and (1, 1)
=
S
arn
=t+1
= t, For -1 t 1
Time Period, T0 = 2; Fundamental frequency, ω0 = =π
w.
a0 = dt = .dt
= [1 - 1]
a0 = 0
an = cos dt
29
= cos dt
= cos( ) dt
=
= –
.in
an = 0
bn = sin
ng
dt
= sin dt
eri
=
=
e
gin
=
A D
En
bn =
SC
arn
x(t) = sin
Le
x(t) =
ww
cn = dt
= dt
= e-jnπtdt = eax
30
.in
=
ng
cn =
eri
Complex Exponential Fourier Series is
e
gin
Ans:
A D
En
2. FOURIER TRANSFORM:
a) Find the Fourier Transform of x(t) =
SC
u(t), a > 0. Plot the magnitude and
arn
Fig:Decaying exponential
31
X(jω) =
Magnitude Spectrum:
.in
Phase Spectrum:
ng
e eri
gin
Fig: Magnitude and phase Spectrum
b) x(t) = t u(t)
Solution:
Given: x(t) = t u(t)
SC
arn
FT[tx’(t)] = j X’(jω)
Assume, u(t) = x(t)
Le
=
ww
X’(jω) =
FT[tx’(t)] = j X’(jω)
= j j
= j
32
.in
X(jω) =
ng
=
e eri
gin
A D
Fig: Symmetric Double Exponential pulse
En
SC
arn
3.LAPLACE TRANSFORM:
a) Find the Laplace transform of x(t) = u(t) + u(-t) and also Find the ROC
w.
X(s) =
= +
= -
33
.in
Fig: ROC: -a < Re(s) < -b
ROC:
Re(s+a) > 0, Re(s+b) < 0
ng
Re(s) > -a, Re(s) < -b
σ > -a σ < -b
eri
Ans: X(s) = - , ROC: -a< Re(s) < -b
e
gin
b) x(t) = sin [Damped sine wave]
Solution:
A D
En
C
Laplace Transform, X(s) =
S
arn
=
Le
=
w.
=
ww
Ans: X(s) =
4. INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
a) Find the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) = 5 NOV/DEC 2010, APR 15, 17
Solution:
34
Given: X(s) =
Using partial fraction Expansion,
X(s) = ; Find A & B
.in
=
Put s = 0, 0-2=
ng
-2= D
Put s = -1, -1-2=
eri
-3 = -C
3= C
Put s = 1, =
0 = -2A + 2B
A D (1)
En
= 4A + 2B + 3 - 16
SC (2)
arn
0 = -2A + 2B
(-)12 = (-)4A + (-)2B
-12 = -6A
Le
A=2
w.
B=2
A = 2, B = 2, C = 3, D = -2
X(s) =
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform,
x(t) = 2e-t u(t) + 2te-t u(t) + e-t u(t) – 2u(t)
35
Given: X(s) =
Using Partial Fraction Expansion,
X(s) = ; Find A & B
.in
=
ng
Put s = -2, 4 = 2A
A=2
eri
Put s = -4, 4 = -2B
B = -2
e
gin
A = 2, B = -2
D
X(s) =
ROC : (i) -2 > Re(s) > -4
A
En
Ans: x(t) = 2(
SC
x(t) = 2e-2t u(t) - 2 e-4t u(t)
arn
5. PROPERTIES:
a) Properties of Laplace Transform
ww
1. Linear Property:
If L[x1(t)] = X1(s) and L[x2(t)] = X2(s)
L[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = a1X1(s) + a2X2(s)
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
L.H.S,
L[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = dt
36
= dt + dt
= a1X1(s) + a2X2(s)
L[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = a1X1(s) + a2X2(s)
.in
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
ng
L{x(t- )} = dt
t- =m t=0 m=0
eri
t=m+ t= m=
dt = dm
=
e dm= dm
gin
= dm
L{x(t- )} = X(s)
A D
En
S
(s)
C =
arn
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
Le
* (t) = dτ
Taking Laplace transform of both the sides,
w.
L[ * (t)] = dt
Change the order of integration,
ww
L[ * (t)] = dτ dt
= dτ X2(s)
= X2(s) dτ
L[ * (t)] = (s)
4. Frequency Shifting:
If L[x(t)] = X(s)
37
I) L[ = X(s+a)
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
L[ = dt
= dt
L[ = X(s+a)
.in
II) L[ = X(s-a)
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
ng
X(s) = dt
= dt
eri
= dt
L[ = X(s-a)
D
Then L[x(at)] = X(
Proof:
A
En
SCdt
arn
at = m t=0 m=0
t= t= m=
dt =
Le
= dm
ww
= X( (1)
Case (ii) : a < 0
Since a < 0 limit is - to 0
L[x(at)] =
= dm
= - X( (2)
Combining equation (1) & (2)
38
L[x(at)] =
6. Time Differentiation:
If L[x(t)] = X(s)
ThenL[ ] = sX(s) – x(0)
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
Here the value of x(0) is a value of x(t) at t=0
.in
L[ x(t)] = dt
u= dv = dx(t) [∵ ]
ng
du = -s dt v = x(t)
= - dt
eri
= +s dt= [0-x(0)] + sX(s)
L[ ] =sX(s) – x(0)
7. Differentiation in S-Domain:
A D APRIL/MAY 2009
En
If L[x(t)] = X(s)
Proof:
Then L[-tx(t)] = X(s)
SC
arn
X(s) = dt = dt
L[-tx(t)] = X(s)
w.
Hence proved
Similarly,
L[(-t)n x(t)] = X(s)
ww
39
=
L{ } = L{ x(t)*u(t)}
Using convolution property
L{ } = L{x(t)} L{y(t)} = X(s)
=
.in
Then L[ ] =
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
ng
X(s) = dt
=
eri
= dt
= dt
= e dt
gin
= dt
= dt
A D
En
=L
SC APRIL/MAY 2011
arn
If L[x(t)] = X(s)
Then x(0) =
Proof:
Le
=0 since dt = 0
Sub the above value in (1)
ww
0=
x(0) =
If L[x(t)] = X(s)
Then
Proof:
WKT, L = sX(s) – x(0) (1)
40
.in
]=
ng
b) Properties of Fourier series:
eri
1. Linearity:
If FS[x(t)] = and FS[ y(t)] = then
FS [a1x(t) + a2 y(t)] = a1 + a2
Proof:
e
gin
=
A D
En
=
= a1
FS[a1 x(t) + a2 y(t)] = a1
+ a2
+ a2
SC
arn
Hence proved
If FS[x(t)] =
Then FS[x(t- )] =
Proof:
w.
FS[x(t- )]
ww
=
=
FS[x(t- )] =
Hence proved
41
3. Frequency Shift:
If FS[x(t)] =
FS[ ]=
Proof:
=
.in
=
FS[ ]=
ng
Hence proved
4. Scaling:
eri
If FS[x(t)] =
Then FS[x(at)] =
Proof:
=
e
gin
FS[x(at)]
D
If x(t) is periodic, then x(at) is also periodic.
And if is the period of x(t) ,then the period of x(at) is
A
En
SC
arn
at = m dt = dm
= dm
Le
= dm
=
FS[x(at)] =
w.
Hence proved
ww
5. Time Differentiation:
If FS[x(t)] =
Then FS[ ]=
Proof:
x(t) =
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’
=
Change the order of summation and differentiation
42
FS[ ]=
Hence proved
.in
6. Convolution in Time:
If FS[x(t)] = and If FS[y(t)] =
Then .
ng
Proof:
=
eri
=
WKT Convolution property,
x(t)*y(t) =
= e
gin
Changing the order of integrations
=
A D
En
=m ; dt = dm
C
=
S
arn
=
.
Le
FS[x(t)*y(t)] =
Hence proved
w.
Then
Proof:
=
=
By synthesis equation
x(t) =
43
=
Changing the order of integrations and summations,
Put n = m,
=
The quantity inside the bracket indicates Fourier coefficient y (n-m).
=
FS[x(t)*y(t)] =
.in
Hence proved
ng
Statement: It states that the total average power of the periodic signal x(t), is equal to the
sum of the average power of its phasor components.
eri
P=
Proof:
P=
e
gin
= (1)
By synthesis equation
A D
En
x(t) =
x*(t) = *
SC
arn
=
Substitute the x*(t) value in equation (1)
Le
P=
P=
=
ww
P=
Hence proved
44
.in
= dt
= a1X1( ) + a2X2( )
FT[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = a1X1( ) + a2X2( )
ng
Hence proved
eri
2. Time Scaling: APRIL 2009
If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT[x(at)] = X( )
e
gin
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X(jω) = dt
FT[x(at)] =
A
dt D
En
Let at = m t= m=
t= t= m=
SC
arn
dt =
Here two case are possible i) a > 0 ii) a < 0
Case (i) a > 0
Le
FT[x(at)] =
= dm
w.
= ) (1)
Case (ii) a < 0
Since a < 0 limit is to 0
ww
FT[x(at)] =
= dm
= ) (2)
Combining equation (1) & (2)
FT[x(at)] = )
Hence proved
45
.in
Changing t and we get
2πx(- ) = FT[X(t)]
ng
FT[X(t)]
Hence proved
eri
4. Time Shifting Property: APRIL 2012
If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT{x(t- )} = X( )
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform, e
gin
X( ) = dt
FT{x(t- )} =
A D
dt
En
t- =m t= m=
t=m+ t= m=
dt = dm
SC
arn
= dm
= dm
= dm
Le
= X( )
FT{x(t- )} = X( )
Hence proved
w.
FT[ = X( - )
Proof: FT[ = X( + )
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt
= dt
FT[ = X( + )
46
Proof: FT[ = X( - )
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt
= dt
FT[ = X( - )
Hence proved
.in
= X(0)
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
ng
X( ) = dt
=0
eri
X(0) =
= X(0)
Hence proved
e
gin
7. Area under X( ):
D
If FT[x(t)] = X( )
= x(0)
A
En
Proof:
x( ) = dω
SC
By definition of Inverse Fourier Transform,
arn
Hence proved
If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT[ ]= X( )
ww
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = FT[x(t)] = dt
FT[ x(t)] =
=
=
=
47
FT[ ]= X( )
Hence Proved
.in
x(t) =
FT[x(t)] = X(
ng
FT{ x(t)} = FT
eri
=
By differentiation property,
i.e X( =
e
gin
FT =
D
Hence proved
10. Conjugate Function:
A
If FT[x(t)] = X( )
En
SC
arn
x( ) = d
By taking complex conjugates on both sides
*
x()= d
Le
*
FT[x ( )] =
Hence proved
ww
48
= dt
=
dt
= dt
=
=
= *
.in
Hence proved
ng
]= and =
]=
Proof:
eri
Convolution of
(t)* (t) =
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt e
gin
= dt
=
A D dt
En
=
=
=
SC =α
arn
=
Hence proved
Le
13. Parseval’s Energy Theorem (Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem (or) Energy Density
Spectrum): MAY 13
Statement:
Energy of the signal may be written in frequency domain as the superposition
w.
E =
The energy of the signal due to individual spectral frequencies in frequency domain is
defined as,
E =
Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem states that,
E = =
Proof:
E = =
49
x(t) =
=
E=
Interchange the summation and integration
=
=
E=
.in
Hence proved
ng
If FT[x(t)] = X(jω)
Then, FT[tx(t)] = j X(jω)
eri
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X(jω) =
X(jω) =
e
gin
= (-jt)
=
A D
En
X(jω) =
FT[tx(t)] = j X(jω)
SC
arn
Hence proved
FT[x(t)] = X(jω) =
FT[x(-t)] =
ww
Put t = -t,
= =
FT[x(-t)] = X(-jω)
50
= +j
= +j
Where, =
=
The inverse Fourier transform is obtained as
x(t) =
=
.in
=
=
ng
Case (i) : x(t) is real
If x(t) is real, =0
= X*
eri
= ; =
Case (ii) : x(t) is even and real
If x(t) is even and real, x(t) =
= = e
gin
=0
=
Case (iii) : x(t) is odd and real
A D
En
Let x(t) =
=0
= = -j
SC
arn
=-
For a nonsymmetrical function
F[x(t)] = = +j
Le
= -j
= +
w.
ww
51
UNIT – III
Part A Questions and Answers
1. What is the impulse response of two LIT systems connected in parallel? (or)
What is the overall impulse response h(t) when two systems with impulse response
h1(t) and h2(t) are parallel and in series? APR/MAY2010
If the system with impulse response h1(t) and h2(t) are parallel.
Output y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
.in
where h(t) = h1(t) + h2(t)
Overall impulse response h(t) = h1(t) + h2(t)
If the system with impulse response h1(t) and h2(t) are series.
ng
Output y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
where h(t) = h1(t) * h2(t)
eri
Overall impulse response h(t) = h1(t) * h2(t)
2. State convolution integral or write down the convolution integral to find the
output of the CT system. NOV/DEC 2010, 2013, APR/MAY2011, 2013, 15, 17
e
gin
Ans:
The output y(t) is equal to the convolution of input signal x(t) and impulse
response h(t).
y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
A D
En
y(t) = ( ) h(t - )d
SC
3. i) Check whether the casual system with transfer function H(s) = is stable
arn
u(t)d = d
ww
52
ii) Check the causality of the system with impulse response h(t) = e-tu(t).
NOV/DEC 2012
Solution:
Condition for causal
h(t) = 0 for t < 0
h(t) = e-t u(t) ; u(t- ) =
t < 0, means -∞ to 0 so sub t = -∞ to 0 u(-∞) to u(+0) => 0
h(t) = e-t (0) ; t< 0
.in
h(t) = 0; t < 0
Hence the system is “causal”.
ng
4. What are the three elementary operations in block diagram representation of
continuous time system? MAY/JUNE 2013 NOV/DEC 2012
i). Scalar Multiplication:
eri
The input X(s) is multiplied by a constant “a”. Hence the output is Y(s) = aX(s)
e
gin
Fig: Scalar Multiplication
ii). Adder:
A D
The two signals X1(s) & X2(s) are added to give the output Y(s)
En
SC
arn
Le
Fig: Adder
iii). Integrators:
w.
ww
Fig: Integrators
53
5. Find the differential equation relating the input and output a CT system
represented by
Given: H(jΩ) =
H(jΩ) =
.in
Difference equation,
ng
6. Determine the response of the sysytem with impulse response NOV/DEC 2011
eri
h(t) = tu(t) for the input x(t) = u(t).
Solution
The response is given as
y(t) = e
gin
=
Hence
D
= 1 for 0 to t. The above equation becomes
A
En
y(t) = = t2
SC
arn
7. State the sufficient condition for an LTI continuous time system to be causal.
MAY/JUNE 2014
• An LTI system is causal h(t) = 0 for t < 0, if its impulse response is zero for
negative values of “t”.
Le
• The system is said to be causal, if its output depends on present and past input.
• The system is said to be non-causal, if its output depends on future input.
w.
54
• Impulse response h(t) is the output y(t) produced by CT system when unit impulse
is applied at the input.
• Impulse response h(t) is obtained by taking inverse
Laplace transform from the transfer function.
Taking inverse Laplace transform
H(s) =
.in
L-1 [H(s)] = h(t)
ng
System function or transfer function H(s) is defined as the ratio of Laplace
transform of the output to Laplace transform of the input. Initial conditions are zero.
eri
H(s) =
Frequency response:
e
Frequency response is obtain from the transfer function
gin
By replacing s = j
H(s) =
A D
En
H(j ) =
SC
11. What are the conditions for a system to be LTI system? NOV/DEC 2013
arn
i.e. convolution
Le
• Causality
• Stability
• Step response
ww
55
.in
y(t) = x(t)
ng
e eri
gin
A D
En
SC
arn
Le
w.
ww
56
UNIT – III
Part B Questions and Answers
1. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
.in
Solution:
ng
Given differential equation is
+4 +7 + 12 y(t) = +2 +3 + x(t)
eri
Take Laplace transform
S3Y(s) +4 S2Y(s) + 7SY(s) + 12Y(s) = S3X(s) + 2 S2X(s) + 3SX(s) + X(s)
e
Y(s)[S3+4 S2+ 7S+ 12] = X(s)[S3+2 S2+ 3S+ 1]
gin
D
H(s) = =
A
En
SC
H(s) = =
arn
Le
w.
ww
57
H(s) = =
Cascade form Realization:
Let H1(s) =
.in
H2(s) =
ng
H3(s) =
e eri
gin
A D
En
Realization
SC
Fig: Cascade form
arn
H(s) = =
Using partial function,
w.
H(s) =
ww
= + +
=
Put S = -1,
1-2 = 6A
-1 = 6A
A=-
Fig:Parallel form Realization
58
Put S = -3,
9 - 6 = -2B
-2B = 3
B=-
Put S = -4,
16-8 = 3C
3C = 8
C=
.in
=- - +
ng
Ans:H(s) = – +
H1(s), H2(s) & H3(s) connected in parallel.
eri
2. CONVOLUTION METHOD:
a) Obtain the convolution of the following two signals: NOV/DEC 2015, 2016
x(t) = e2t u(-t)
e
gin
h(t) = u(t-3)
Solution:
x(t)*h(t) =
A D
En
SC , >0
arn
x(t)*h(t) =
w.
= for t > 3
ww
Ans: y(t) =
59
3. ANALYSIS
Determine the impulse response h(t) of the system given by the differential equation
+ + 2y(t) = x(t)with all initial conditions are zero. NOV/ DEC 2016
Solution:
Given Differential Equation is
.in
(s Y( +3sY( +2Y( =
Y( ]=
ng
H( =
eri
H( =
Using Partial Fraction,
e
gin
= +
A D
En
1=
C
Put s = -2, 1 = A(-2+1) + 0
A = -1
S
arn
Put 1 = 0 + B(-1+2)
B=1
H( = +
Le
The differential equation +5 + 6y(t) = x(t) for x(t) = u(t). Find y(t) and
60
X(s) =
.in
Sub X(s) value in eqn (1)
Y(s)[s2 + 5s + 6] = + 2s – 2 =
ng
Y(s) =
eri
=
Using partial fraction,
= + + e
gin
D
=
A
En
Put S = 0, 1 = 6A
A=
SC
arn
Put S = -2,
8 + 4 + 1 = B(-2) (-2 + 3)
13 = -2B
Le
B=
Put S = -3,
w.
18 + 6 +1 = C(-3)(-3 + 2)
25 = 3C
C=
ww
Y(s) = - +
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
Output y(t) = u(t) - e-2t u(t) + e-3t u(t)
Ans:Output y(t) = u(t)
61
Solution:
Given Differential Equation is
+4 + 5y(t) = 5x(t)
.in
Taking Laplace transform on both sides,
+4[ Y -y( )] + 5Y =
ng
Here X(s) = and putting initial conditions,
[ Y -s-2 ]+4 [ Y -1)]+ 5Y = /s
eri
Y(s) =
=
e
gin
= - +
=A +Bs
A D +Cs
En
SC
A=1
5 = A (4 + 1)
arn
2
Put s = -2+j, (-2+j) + 6(-2+j) + 5= C (-2+j)
4 – 1 – 4j -12 + 6j +5= C (-2+j)
-4 + 2j = C (-2+j)
Le
=C
C=
w.
C = -j
2
Put s = -2 –j, (-2- j) + 6(-2-j) + 5 = B (-2- j)
ww
4 – 1 + 4j -12 - 6j +5 = B (-2-j)
-4 - 2j = B (-2-j)
=B
B=
B =j
Y(s) = - +
= +
62
We known that
u(t)
Taking inverse Laplace transform of equation
.in
equation. APRIL/MAY 05, 17, NOV/DEC 10, 13 , 15
Solution:
ng
Given Differential Equation is
eri
Taking Fourier Transform
(j Y( + 4(j Y( + 3Y( =j
Y( ]= [ e
gin
Frequency Response, H( =
A D
En
SC
arn
= +
=
Le
=
Put -1 1 = A(-1+3) + 0
w.
A = 0.5
ww
Put -1 = 0 + B(-3+1)
B = 0.5
H( = –
Taking Inverse Fourier Transform, Impulse Response h(t) = 0.5 u(t) – 0.5 u(t)
63
UNIT – IV
Part A Questions and Answers
.in
2.i)What is an anti–aliasing filter? NOV/DEC 2009, MAY/JUNE 2014
ng
A Filter that is used to reject high frequency signal before it is sampled to reduced
aliasing is called anti-aliasing filter.
eri
ii). Write a note on aliasing. NOV/DEC 2009, 2010, 2013, MAY/JUNE 2013
When an analog signal x(t) is sampled at fs< 2fm , where fm is the maximum
frequency ,fs is the sampling frequency. Overlapping of high frequency components
e
with low frequency components is known as Aliasing.
gin
3. Define Nyquist rate. APR/MAY 2012
A D
When the sampling rate becomes exactly to 2fm samples per second, then it is
called “Nyquist Rate”. Nyquist Rate is also called “minimum Sampling Rate”
En
fs = 2fm
SC
arn
4. State the sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT for an aperiodic
sequence x (n) . APRIL/MAY 2010
A sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT for an aperiodic sequence x(n) is
Le
X( =
Two sided (or) bilateral z-transform:
X( =
Where z is the complex variable.
6. What is the Z transform of δ(n+K)? MAY/JUNE 2013
Solution:
Z{ δ(n)} = 1
Using time shifting property,
64
Z{x(n+k)} = X(z)
Ans: Z{δ(n+k)} =
.in
Maximum frequency, fm = 150Hz
Nyquist rate, fs= 2fm = 2×150 = 300Hz
ng
8. Find the Fourier transform of the sequence x(n) =
eri
Solution: NOV/DEC 2011
x(n) =
e
gin
x(n) = u(n)
Fourier transform is
X( =
A D
En
=
=
SC
arn
=
=
Ans: X( =
Le
65
The value of ‘z’ for which the z-transform converges is called “Region of
convergence” (ROC).
11. i) What is z-transform pair?
Z-Transform of a discrete time sequence x(n) is defined as
X( = (1)
Inverse z-transform is,
x (n) = (2)
Equation (1) & (2) are called “z-transform pair”.
.in
ii)Find Z transform of x(n)={1,2,3,4} APR/MAY 2017 NOV/DEC 2016
x(n)= {1,2,3,4}
ng
X(z)=
= 1+2z-1+3z-2+4z-3.
eri
= 1+2/z+3/z2+4/z3.
12. What is the relationship between DFT and Z transform? APR/MAY 2009
The relationship between DFT and Z transform is given by X(k) = X(z) | z =
e
13. Define DTFT and inverse DTFT. (Or) Define DTFT pair?
gin
NOV/DEC 2012
D
Fourier transform of a sequence x(n)
X( = (1)
A
En
SC
Equation (1) & (2) are called “DTFT Pair”.
(2)
arn
If DTFT [
Then DTFT = ]
w.
X( =
= [since u(n) =1 for 0
= =0 for n < 0]
=
= 1+ + +………
Ans: X( =
66
UNIT – IV
Part B Questions and Answers
1. a) SAMPLING THEOREM: APR/MAY 2017
.in
Sampling interval is defined as time interval between two successive samples. It is also
called sampling Time (Ts).
ng
Sampling Rate fs = =
eri
Sampling theorem states that a band limited signal with highest frequency component
fm can be uniquely determined from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater
than equal to twice the maximum frequency of the signal.
fs≥ 2fm e
gin
Here, fs is the sampling frequency
fm is the maximum frequency
D
• Sampling theorem gives criteria for minimum number of samples that should be
A
En
taken
C
• It gives the effects that would arise if sampling criteria is not satisfied
Sampling theorem for low pass (LP) signals:
S
arn
The first part of the above statement tells about sampling of the signal and second part
tells about reconstruction of the signal. Above statement can be combined and stated
alternately as follows:
A continuous represented in its samples and recovered back if the sampling frequency
is twice of the highest frequency content of the signal. i.e. ,
fs≥ 2w
Here, fs is the sampling frequency
is the frequency content
67
.in
(1)
Here observe that is the product of and impulse train as shown in the fig. In
ng
the above equation indicates the samples placed at and so on.
Step 2: FT of i.e.
eri
Taking FT of equation (1)
e
gin
= FT {Product of x(t) and impulse train}
We know that FT of product in time domain becomes convolution in frequency domain
i.e,
A D
En
(2)
SC
arn
=… + + +…
Step 3: Relation between X(f) and
Important assumption: Let us assume that = 2 , then as per above diagram,
(3)
68
= (4)
In above equation ‘f’ is the frequency of DT signal. If we replace X(f) by , then ‘f’
becomes frequency of CT signal . i.e.,
.in
In above equation ‘f’ is frequency of CT signal and = Frequency of DT signal in
equation (4).
Since x(n) = x( ), i.e, samples f x(t), then we have,
ng
= since =
Putting above expression in equation (3)
eri
=
Inverse Fourier Transform of above equation given x(t) i.e,
e
gin
= (5)
II) Reconstruction of x(t) from its samples.
D
Step 1: Take inverse Fourier transform of X(f) which is in terms of
A
En
=
Here the integration can be taken from
SC . Since = for .
arn
=
Interchanging the order of summation and integration,
Le
=
w.
=
ww
x(t) =
== (6)
Since
69
Step 2: Show that x(t) is obtained back with the help of interpolation function.
Let us interpret the above equation. Expanding we get,
x(t) =…+x(-2 + x(- + x(0 + x( +…
.in
Fig: Sampled version of signal x(t)
ng
Step 3: Reconstruction of x(t) by low pass filter
When the interpolated signal of equation (6) is passed through the low pass filter of
eri
bandwidth , then the reconstructed waveform shown in above fig is obtained.
The individual sinc functions are interpolated to get smooth x(t).
Nyquist Rate:
e
When the sampling rate becomes exactly to 2fm samples per second, then it is called
gin
“Nyquist Rate”.
D
fs = 2fm
Nyquist Rate is also called “Minimum Sampling Rate”
A
En
Nyquist Interval:
C
Maximum sampling Interval is called “Nyquist Interval”.
S
arn
Ts = seconds
Zero-order Hold:
Le
Zero-order Hold system sample a continuous time signal x(t) at a given instant and hold
this value until the nest instant at which the another sample is taken.
Transfer function of a Zero - order Hold:
w.
=
ww
Ideal Sampling:
The sampling technique which uses the unit impulse train as a sampling function is
called as ideal (or) instantaneous (or) impulse sampling.
70
b) Find Nyquist sampling rate and Nyquist sampling interval. NOV/DEC 2009
i) x(t) = sinc2(200πt)
= sinc(200πt)sinc(200πt)
.in
fm = 100 + 100 = 200 Hz
ng
Nyquist rate, fs = 2fm = 2 × 200 = 400Hz
Sampling Interval, T = = = 2.5 msec
eri
ii) x(t) = sinc(100πt)sinc(200πt)
= sinc (100πt) sinc (200πt)
fm = 50 + 100 = 150 Hz e
gin
Nyquist rate, fs = 2fm = 2 × 150 = 300Hz
Nyquist Interval, T = = = 3.33 msec
iii) x(t) = sinc(200πt) + 3 sinc2(200πt)
A D
En
SC
arn
X( =
= [since u(n) = 1 for 0
w.
= = 0 for n < 0]
= 1+ + +………
ww
Wkt, = Ans: X( =
2. DTFT:
a) Determine the DTFT of u(n) . Plot its spectrum. APR 2015
Fourier transform is
X( =
71
= [since
= + + ………
Ans: X( =
Spectrum:
.in
X( =
ng
π
eri
=
e
gin
Fig: Spectrum
A D
En
= -j
Magnitude of X( ,
SC
arn
Le
=
w.
=
ww
b) x(n) = {1,-1,2,2}
Solution: x(0) = 1, x(1) = -1, x(2) = 2, x(3) = 2
Fourier transform is
X( =
=
= + + +
Ans: X( = 1- +2 +
72
3. Z-TRANSFORM:
a) Determine the z-transform and sketch the pole zero plot with the ROC for each
of the following signals MAY/JUNE 2013, NOV/DEC 2016
(i) x[n] = (0.5)n u[n] - (1/3)n u[n]
.in
X(z) = [since u(n) =
ng
u[n]
eri
= +
= +
[ROC : ;
e
gin
<2; <3
Ans: X(z) = + ;
C
Zeros at z1 = 0
Given: (ii)x[n] = (1/2)n u[n] + (1/3)n u[n-1]
S
arn
Since |z| > 1/2 includes |z| >1/3 ,the ROC will be |z| > 1/2.
Ans:X(z) = +. =
73
= -
=
.in
= + [ROC : az-1 < 1; bz-1 < 1
= - < 1; <1
ng
= + |z| > a ; | z| < b]
e eri
gin
Fig : ROC of both sided sequence
A D
En
SC APR 2015
arn
Solution:
Z- transform is,
X(z)=
Le
X(z)=
= +
w.
= +
= + ROC: az-1 <0 |az| < 1 ; <1
ww
74
.in
=
ng
ROC: If | | < 1 and | | < 1 i.e |z|>1
eri
Z{ }= ; ROC:|z|>1
e
Using scaling property (or) multiplication Property,
Z { u(n)} = X ( z)
gin
Z{ }= ; ROC:|z| > r
A D
En
Ans: x(n) =
4. INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM
SC
arn
Solution:
Rearranging the power
w.
x(z) =
= =
ww
=
Put z = 1, 1 = 0.5 A1
A1 =
A1 = 2
Put z = 0.5, 0.5 =A2 (-0.5)
75
A2 = -1
=
= Fig: ROCs of | z | > 1 and | z | > 0.5
ROC: |z| > 1
Taking inverse z-transform, ROC: |z| >1; the pole z = 1 provides the causal term and
.in
the pole z = 0.5 provides the causal term.
x(n) = 2(1)n u(n) – 1.(0.5)n u(n)
ng
= [2 - (0.5)n] u(n)
eri
Taking inverse z-transform, ROC : |z| <0.5; the pole z = 1 provides
the non-causal term and the pole z = 0.5 provides the non-causal term.
x(n) = 2[(-1)n u(-n-1)] – [(0.5)n u(-n-1)]
= [-2 + (0.5)n] u(-n-1)
e
gin
ROC: 0.5 < |z| < 1
A
term and the pole z = 0.5 provides the causal term. D
Taking inverse z-transform, ROC : |z| <0.5; the pole z = 1 provides the non-causal
En
C
x(n) = -2 u(-n-1) – (0.5)n u(n)
S
arn
Solution:
Multiply both numerator and dominator by z2
w.
X(z) = =
ww
X(z) .zn-1 =
76
X(z) .zn-1 =
.in
=
ng
=
eri
= =
= u(n) e (1)
gin
For pole p2 = ,
A D
En
SC
arn
=
Le
=
w.
=
ww
= u(n) (2)
Step 3: Sum of the residues
77
X(z) =
=
Using partial fraction,
=
.in
=
ng
z=
put z = 0.5, 0.5 = A
eri
A=
2
Put z = 1, 1 = C(0.5)
e
gin
C=2
Put z = 0, 0=
B = -2
A D
En
SC
arn
Solution:
X (z) =
a) x(n) is non-causal :we begin the division with constant (lowest power of z)
78
.in
ng
X(z) = z- …….
eri
Ans: x(n) = {…-1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, 0}
e
b) x (n) is causal ,we begin the division with highest order of z.
gin
A D
En
SC
arn
Le
X (z) =
w.
5. PROPERTIES:
a) Properties of z- transform APRIL/MAY 2005, NOV/DEC 07, 09, 10, 15
1. Linear Property:
It states that the z-transform of linear weighted combination of DT signal
is equal to similar linear weight combination z-transform of individual signal.
Z[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1X1(z) + a2X2(z)
If Z[x1(n)] = X1(z) and ROC a1 < |z| < b1,
Z[x2(n)] = X2(z) and ROC a2 < |z| < b2
79
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform,
X(z) =
=
= +
= +
Z[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1X1(z) + a2X2(z)
Hence proved
.in
The ROC is intersection of ROC’s of X1(z) and X2(z).
ROC: r1 < |z| < r2 then ROC: r1 < |z| < r2
ng
2. Time Shifting Property: NOV/DEC 2003,2007, 2016
If z{x (n)} = X (z)
eri
Z{x (n-k)} = X (z)
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform
X(z) =
e
gin
=
n-k = m, n = m+k
n=- m=-
A D
En
n=+ m=+
=
=
SC
arn
=
Z{x(n-k)} = X(z)
Hence proved
Le
If Z[x(n)] = X(z)
Then Z[ x(n)] = X( , ROC : |a| r1< |z| < |a| r2
ww
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform
X(z) =
=
= Fig: ROC of
Z{ x(n)} = X( z) or X
Hence proved
80
.in
=
=
Z{x(-n)} =X(
ng
Hence proved
ROC: r1< |z-1| < r2 i.e., < |z| <
eri
5. Differentiation in z- Domain (or) Multiplication by a Ramp:
Z {n x (n)} = -z X(z)
e
gin
ROC: r1< |z| < r2
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform
X (z) =
A D
En
X (z) =
=
SC
arn
=-
=-
-z X (z) =
Le
81
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform ,
X (z) =
=
Convolution =
.in
=
Put, n-k = m
ng
=
=
eri
=
Hence proved
A D
En
Proof:
=
SC
arn
=
=
=
Le
Taking z-transform,
= Z{ }
=
w.
Z{ }
Hence proved
ww
82
Proof:
By using definition of inverse z-transform
x(n) =
x(n) =
Let x(n) =
Putting IZT of
x(n) =
.in
Taking ZT on both sides
Z{x(n)} =
ng
Interchanging the order of summation and integration
=
eri
z{ }=
Hence proved
e
gin
9. Parseval’s Identity:
=
A D
En
Proof:
By using definition of inverse z-transform
x1(n) =
SC
arn
let z = v; x1(n) =
Take L.H.S
=
Le
Hence proved
83
.in
= x (0) + ……
Taking limit z on both sides
ng
=
= x (0) + 0 + 0……
eri
x(0) =
Hence proved
x( )=
A D
If Z{x (n)} = X (z) then the final value is given by
En
Proof:
X (z) =
SC
By using definition of one sided z-transform
arn
Taking limit z 1
=
ww
= x(-1) - (2)
Taking R.H.S
=
Taking limit z 1
=
=
Change the ∑ index from 0 to p and then it p
=
84
= x(-1) – x( ) (3)
Equating L.H.S & R.H.S
x(-1)- x( ) = x(-1)-
x( ) =
Hence proved
.in
12. Conjugation of a Complex Sequence:
ng
If Z[x(n)] = X(z) then
Z{x*(n)} = X* (z*)
Proof:
eri
By using definition of z-transform
X (z) =
=
=
e
gin
= [X (z*)]*
z{x*(n)} = X* (z*)
Hence proved
A D
En
C
If Z[x (n)] = X (z) ROC: r1< |z| < r2
Z {Re{x (n)}} = [X (z) + ]
S
arn
Taking z-transform,
Z{ Re[x(n)]} = z{ [x(n) + ]}
w.
= [Z{x(n)} +Z{ }
Z{Re{x(n)}} = [X(z) + ]
ww
Hence proved
85
Z{Im[x(n)]} = [X(z) - ]
Hence proved
b) Properties of DTFT:
.in
1. Linear Property: NOV 10/MAY 12
If DTFT [x1(n)] = X1( )
DTFT [x2(n)] = X2( )
ng
DTFT [a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1X1( ) + a2X2( )
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
eri
X( ) =
=
=
e +
gin
= +
DTFT[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] =a1X1(
Hence proved
) + a2X2(
A D )
En
X( ) =
=
n-k = m; n = m+k
w.
n=- m=-
n=+ m=+
ww
=
=
=
DTFT{x(n-k)} = X( )
Hence proved
3. Periodic Property:
DTFT{X( is periodic in ω with period 2π
86
X( = x(
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) = [ ω = ω + 2πk]
X( )= [ = cos 2πnk - j sin 2πnk =1]
=
=
DTFT = X( )
.in
4. Time Reversal Property: NOV- 10, MAY - 10, 11
If DTFT[ x(n)] = X(
ng
DTFT[ x(-n)] = X(
Proof:
eri
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =
= [n = -m ]
=
e
gin
=
D
DTFT{x(-n)} =X(
A
En
That is folding in the time domain corresponds for the folding in the frequency domain.
C
Hence proved
S
arn
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =
w.
=
=
ww
DTFT[ ] = X(
6. Scaling Property:
If DTFT[ x(n)] = X(
DTFT{x(an)} = X
87
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =
=
Let an = m, n =
=
=
DTFT{x(an)} = X
.in
Thus expanding in time domain is equivalent to corresponding in frequency domain.
Hence proved.
ng
7. Differentiation in Frequency Domain: APR/MAY 2017
If DTFT[ x(n)] = X(
eri
Then DTFT{-jn x(n)} = X(
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
e
gin
X( ) =
D
x( = (-jn)
=
A
En
DTFT{-jn x(n)} = X(
Hence proved
SC
arn
DTFT [
Proof:
w.
Wkt, =
DTFT [ =
Interchange the order of summation,
=
Put n-k = m,
=
=
88
=
=
Hence proved
.in
E= =
Proof:
=
ng
=
=
eri
Interchange the summation and integration,
= ] dω
=
e
dω
gin
E=
Hence proved
A D
En
SC MAY
4 – 09, 14, 17
arn
If DTFT [
Then DTFT = ]
Proof:
Le
89
DTFT = [ ]
.in
.
ng
12. The Modulation Theorem
If DTFT [
Then DTFT [x(n) cos n] =
eri
Proof:
x(n) cos n = DTFT
= e
gin
Using frequency shifting property we can write
DTFT [x(n) cos n] =
A D
En
SC
arn
Le
w.
ww
90
UNIT– V
Part A Questions and Answers
.in
FIR IIR
Impulse response is finite Impulse response is infinite
ng
1.
duration duration
These systems are non- These systems are
2.
eri
recursive recursive
There is no feedback of
3. Feedback of output is taken
output
4.
It has transfer function
e
It has transfer function
gin
with only zeros with poles and zeros
D
3. Distinguish between Recursive and non-recursive system? NOV 2015, APR 2015, 2017
A
En
Recursive Non-recursive
SC
1. Present output y (n) depends Present output y (n)
upon present and past outputs depends upon present
arn
3.Determine the range of ‘a’ for which the LTI system with impulse response h(n)
= nu(n) is stable. APR/MAY 2010, 2017
ww
Ans:
The given impulse response h(n) = nu(n)
The z-transform of the function is,
H(z) = =
There is one pole at z = a. The system is stable if all its poles lie within the unit circle. Hence, |a|
< 1 for stability.
91
5. Find the frequency response of a linear shift invariant system whose input and
output satisfy the Difference equation y(n) - 0.5y(n-1) = x(n) + 2x(n-1) + x(n-3).
NOV/DEC 2011
Taking z-transform on both sides,
Y(z) -0.5 Y(z) = X(z) + X(z) + X(z)
.in
H(z) = =
ng
Ans: H(z) |z = =
eri
6. State convolution sum or discrete convolution or linear convolution? NOV/DEC
2013
The response or output y(n) of a system is equal to the convolution of input
e
signal x(n) and impulse response h(n). The system is said to be convolution
gin
y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
y(n) =
where
A D
En
S
arn
a. x(n) *δ(n)
Le
8. Convolve the following two sequences: x(n) = {1,1,1,1} and h(n) = {3,2}
NOV/DEC 12,15, 16 y(n) = h1(n-k)
ww
92
= x(0)h(0) + x(1)h(-1)
= (1 )+ (1 =3
y(0) = 3
Put n = 1
y(1) = h1(1-k) = h1(1-k)
= x(0)h(1) + x(1)h(0)
= (1 ) + (1 ) = 5
y(1) = 5
.in
Put n = 2
ng
y(2) = h1(2-k)
y(2) = h1(2-k)
= x(0)h(2) + x(1)h(1) + x(2)h(0)
eri
= (1 + (1 ) + (1 3) = 5
y(2) = 5
Put n = 3
e
gin
y(3) = h1(3-k) = h1(3-k)
= x(0)h(3) + x(1)h(2) + x(2)h(1) + x(3)h(0)
= 0 + (1
y(3) = 5
A D =5
En
Put n = 4
y(4) =
SC h1(4-k) = h1(4-k)
arn
9. Find the overall impulse response h(n) when two systems and
= are in series MAY/JUNE
ww
2014
For series connection,
h(n) =
=
= 1 for t 0
=
=
93
= 1+2
Ans: h(n) = 3
2014
Given: H(z) =
.in
=
ng
Poles are P1 = , P2 = 3. The pole P2 is not inside the unit circle. Hence the system is
unstable.
eri
11. A causal LTI system has impulse response, for which the Z-transform is
e
gin
H(Z) =
Multiply both numerator and denominator by z2
A D
En
=
The zeros are z1 = 0, z2 = -1.
SC
arn
12. Check whether the system with system function H(z) = with
Le
NOV/DEC 2013
Given: H(z) =
ww
94
.in
= 1+ + + …….
ng
= =
eri
< , Therefore given system is “Stable
13. What is the necessary and sufficient condition on the impulse response for
stability? APR/MAY 2017
e
gin
(i)An LTI DT system is stable if < here the summation is
absolutely summable.
A D
if H(z) is given => condition of stability
(ii)An LTI DT system with H(z) is stable if and only if all of the poles lies inside the
En
unit circle.
Impulse Response:
SC
14. Define impulse response and step response of the system?
arn
1. Impulse Response h (n) is the output y (n) produced by DT system when unit
impulse is applied at the input
2. Impulse response h(n) is obtained by taking inverse z-transform from the
Le
transfer function.
H (z) =
w.
Step Response:
Step response of the system is the output of the system y(n) when the input is unit
step function u(n).
y(n) =
15. Prove that x(n) (n) = x(n). APR/MAY 2010
x(n) =
x(n) = x(n)
95
UNIT –V
Part B Questions and Answers
1.BLOCK DIAGRAM:
a) Obtain the direct form I and II realization for the system described by
difference equation
y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) + 2x(n-1).
Solution:
.in
Given difference equation is
y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) +2x(n-1)
ng
Y(z) - z-1Y(z) + z-2Y(z) = X(z) +2 z-1X(z)
Y(z)[ 1 - z-1 + z-2] = X(z) [1+2 z-1]
eri
H(z) = =
e
gin
A D
En
SC
arn
b) Obtain the cascade form and parallel form realization of the system described
by the difference equation y(n) - y(n-1) - y(n-2) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 2x(n-2).
w.
H(z) = =
96
H(z) = =
Where, H1(Z) =
.in
H2(Z) =
ng
H1(Z) H2(Z)
e eri
gin
A D
En
SC
arn
H(z) = =
-16
Le
2z-2+3z-1+1
2z-2+4z-1-16
w.
-z-1+17
ww
H(z) = -16 +
= -16 +
= +
97
= -16- +
.in
Ans: H(Z) = -16- +
ng
2. ANALYSIS:
A causal LTI system is described by y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) where x(n) is the
eri
input to the system h(n) is the impulse response of the system. Find (i) System
function H(z) (ii) Impulse response h(n). MAY/JUNE 2016, 2017, NOV 2014, 2016
Solution:
e
gin
y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n)
Taking z-transform on both sides
A D
En
Y(z)
C
= X(z)
S
arn
H(z) = =
H(z) = =
w.
= =
ww
= +
Z=
98
Put z = , = -A
A = -2
Put z = , = B
B=3
= +
.in
H(z) = +
ng
Ans: impulse response, h(n) = 3 u(n) - 2 u(n)
eri
3. ANALYSIS-Step response:
a) Find the output of the system whose input and output are related by
e
y(n) = 7y(n-1) -12y(n-2) + 2x(n) - x(n-2) for the input x(n) = u(n).NOV 2002
gin
Solution:
Given difference equation is,
A D
y(n) = 7y(n-1) - 12y(n-2) + 2x(n) - x(n-2)
En
SC
arn
Power of “z” will be positive .So multiply numerator and denominator by z2.
H(z) = =
w.
X(z) =
Y(z) = =
Using partial fraction,
99
= + +
=
=
Put z = 1 , 1 = A(1-3)(1-4)
6A = 1
A=
.in
Put z = 3 , 17 = B (3-1)(3-4)
-2B = 17
ng
B=
Put z = 4, 31 = C (4-1)(4-3)
eri
3C = 31
C=
e
gin
= - +
Y(z) =
A D - +
En
Formula: z-1
SC
= an u(n)
arn
b) Find the impulse response and step response for the given system
y(n) - 3y(n-1) + 2y(n-2) = x(n) APR/MAY 2015
Solution:
w.
H(z) = =
Multiply both numerator and denominator by z2
H(z) = =
100
Y(z) = 1 .
.in
=
ng
Using partial fraction,
= +
eri
=
Z= e
gin
Put z = 1, 1 = -A
A = -1
A D
En
Put z = 2, 2= B
B=2
SC
arn
= +
Y(z) = +
Le
X(z) =
ww
Y(z) =
= +
101
Z2 =
Put z = 1, 1 = -B
B = -1
Put z = 2, 4=C
C=4
Put z = 0, 0 = A(-1)(-2)+B(-2)+C(1)
.in
0 = 2A-2B+C
0 = 2A-2(-1)+4
ng
0 = 2A+6
2A = -6
A = -3
eri
= +
y(z) =
e +
gin
Taking inverse z-transform,
D
Ans: y(n) = -3 (1)nu(n) + n (1)n-1u(n) + 4 (2)nu(n)
A
En
4. ANALYSIS-stability:
SC
y(n) + y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 2x(n-2). Find the transfer function and
arn
H(z) = =
Multiply both numerator and denominator by z2
ww
Ans: H(z) =
Find stability:
The zeros are z1= -1, z2 = -2.
The poles are p1 = -0.5 - j0.867, p2 = -0.5 + j0.867
The poles are placed inside the unit circle therefore the system is “stable”.
102
5. CONVOLUTION SUM:
a) Find the convolution of two sequences x(n) ={1, 1, 1, 1} , h(n) ={1, 1, 1}
Given x(n) = {1, 1, 1, 1} , h(n) ={1, 1, 1} APR/MAY 2015, 2017
.in
Step 2:
Starting value of y(n) = -1
n = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
ng
Step 3:
Draw x(n) &h(n) in terms of “k”
eri
x(k) = {1, 1, 1, 1} h(k)={1, 1, 1}
e
gin
Step 4:
Fig: x(k) Fig: h(k)
A D
En
SC
shift h(k) by one unit left to find h(-1-k)
arn
Fig 1: h(-k)
Put n = -1, (fig 2)
y(-1) = h(-1-k)
Le
=1 1
y(-1) = 1
Put n = 0, (fig 3)
w.
y(0) = h(-k)
= (1 1) + (1 1)
ww
y(0) = 2
103
y(2) = 3
Put n = 3, (fig 6)
y(3) = h(3-k)
= (1 1) + (1 1)
y(3) = 2
Put n = 4, (fig 7)
= (1 1)
y(4) = 1
.in
Ans: Output sequence,
y(n) = {1, 2 ,3, 3, 2,1}
ng
Method 2: Matrix Convolution Method 1 (or) Tabulation Method:
Given x(n) = {1, 1, 1, 1} , h(n) ={1, 1, 1}
eri
Convolution sum, y(n) = h(n-k)
Total number of output sequence,
y(n) = 4+3-1= 6
Starting value of y(n) = -1 e
gin
A D
En
SC
arn
Solution:
The impulse response h(n) = 0 for n<0 so the given system is causal and x(n) = 0 for
ww
104
y(n) =
= = an(n+1)
When a = b;
.in
Ans: y(n) = = 1+1+1+….(n+1) terms = (n+1)
ng
e eri
gin
A D
En
SC
arn
Le
w.
ww
105
.in
2. Give the relation between continuous time unit impulse function f(t), step function
u(t) and ramp function r(t). [Page 1]
3. State Dirichlets conditions. [Page 22]
ng
4. Give the relation between Fourier transform and laplace transform. [Page 23]
5. What is u(t-2)*f(t-1)? Whare * represents convolution. [Page 35]
6. Give the differential equation representation of a system , y(t) + 2 y(t) – 3y(t) = 2x(t).
eri
Find the frequency response H(jw).
7. State the need for sampling. [Page 45]
8. Find the z-transform and its associated ROC for x(n) = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}. [Page 45]
e
9. Distinguish between recursive and non-recursive systems.
10. Convolve the following signals, x(n) = {1, 1, 3} and h(n) = {1, 4, -1}.
[Page 59]
[Page 60]
gin
D
PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)
A
11. (a) Given x(n) = {1, 4, 3, -1, 2}. Plot the following signals. [Page 6-7]
En
SC (iv) x
arn
Or
(b) Given the input-output relationship of a continuous time system y(t) = tx(-t).
[Page 16-17]
Determine whether the system is causal, stable, linear and time invariant.
Le
12. (a) State and prove any four properties of Fourier transform. [Page 41-44]
Or
w.
(b) Find the Laplace transform and its associated ROC for the signal x(t) = t .
[Page 32-33]
ww
106
.in
Or
[Page 98-99]
(b) Consider an LTI System with impulse response h(n) = u(n) and the input
ng
to this system is x(n) = u(n) with | &| <1. Determine the response y(n).
(i) When
(ii) When Using DTFT.
e eri
gin
A D
En
SC
arn
Le
w.
ww
107
.in
2. How the impulse response of a discrete time system is useful in determining its stability &
causality?
3. Find the Fourier coefficients of the signal x(t) = 1+sin2ωt+2cos2ωt+cos
ng
4. Draw the spectrum of a CT rectangular pulse.
5. Given x(t) = . Find X(s) and X(ω).
6. State the convolution integral. [Page 56]
eri
7. Determine the Nyquist sampling rate for x(t) = sin(200 πt) + 3 sin2(120 πt). [Page 65]
8. List the methods used for finding the inverse z-transform.
9. Name the basic building blocks used in LTIDT system block diagram.
Write the nth order difference equation.
10.
e [Page 93]
gin
PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)
D
11. (a) (i) Give an account for the classification of signals in detail
A
(ii) Sketch the following signals. [Page 6-7]
[Page 7-10]
En
SC (OR)
+ 2 cos (4πt) is periodic. [Page13-14]
arn
(ii)For the system y(n) = [log x(n)], Check for linearity, causality, time invariance
and Stability [Page 17-18]
12 (a) (i) Determine the Fourier series representation for a periodic ramp signal with
unit array and a period T. [Page29-31]
Le
(ii)
Find the fourier transform of x(t) = t u(t) [Page 32]
(OR)
w.
(b) (i) If x(t) X(ω). Then using time shifting property show the
x(t + T) + x(t - T) 2X(ω) cos ωT. [Page 37]
ww
13 (a) (i) Solving the differential equation (D2 + 3D +2) y(t) = Dx(T) using the input
x(t) = 10 and with initial condition y(0’) = 2 and y(0’’) = 3. [Page 62]
(ii) Draw the block diagram representation for H(s) = [Page 57-59]
(OR)
(b) (i) For a LTI system with H(s) = find the differential equation. Find the
system output y(t) to the input x(t) = u(t). [Page 60-63]
108
(ii) Using graphical method convolve x(t) = u(t) with h(t) = u(t + 2).
[Page 71]
14 (a) (i) A continuous time sinusoid cos(2πft + θ) is sampled at a rate fc = 1000 Hz.
Determine the resulting signal samples, if the input signal frequency f is 400 Hz, 600 Hz
and 1000 Hz respectively.
(ii) Prove the following DTFT properties. [Page 86-90]
(1) nx(n) j (2) x(n) X( - )
(OR)
(b) (i) Find the DTFT of x(n) = u(n – 1) [Page 71]
.in
(ii) Using suitable z-transform properties Find x(z) of x(n) = (n – 2) u(n – 2)
ng
(iii) Find the z-transform of x(n) = , 0 < a < 1. [Page 73-75]
eri
Y(n) + y(n – 1) – 2y(n-2) + x(n – 1) + 2x(n – 2). [Page 99-102]
(ii) Find the convolution sum between x(n) = [1, 4, 3, 2] and h(n) = [1, 3, 2, 1].
[Page 102-105]
(OR)
(b) (i) A causal system has x(n) =
e+ - and
gin
y(n) = + . Find the impulse response and output if x(n) = u(n).
D
(ii) Compare recursive and nonrecursive systems.
A
[Page 102]
En
SC
arn
Le
w.
ww
109
.in
3. State the condition for convergence of Fourier series representation
of CT periodic signals. [Page 22]
4. Find the ROC of the Laplace transform of x(t) = u(t)
5. Draw the block diagram of the LTI system described by + y(t) = 0.1x(t)
ng
6. Find y(n) =
7. Find the DFTT of x(n) = (n) + (n -1) [Page 64]
eri
8. State and prove the time folding property of Z-transform. [Page 64]
9. Give the impulse response of a linear time invariant time as h(n) = sinπn.
Check whether the system is stable or not.
10. In terms of ROC, state the condition for an LTI discrete time system
to be causal and stable.
e [Page 93]
gin
PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)
(i) x(t) = D
11. (a) Check whether the following signals are periodic/aperiodic signals.
A
[Page 13-14]
En
C
(ii) x(n) = 3 + cos + cos2n
S
(OR)
arn
11. (b) Check whether the following system is linear, causal time invariant and /or stable.
(i) y(n) = [Page 16-18]
(ii) y(t) =
Le
12. (a) Find the Fourier Series coefficients of the following signals. [Page 26-29]
(OR)
ww
(b) Find the spectrum of x(t) = . Plot the spectrum of the signal. [Page 31-32]
13 (a) Find the overall impulse response of tHe following system.
Also find the output of the system for the input x(t) = u(t) using convolution integral.
(OR)
110
(b) An LTI system is represented by y(t) + 4 y(t) + 4y(t) = x(t) when initial
conditions y( ) = 0; y’( ) = 1; Find the output of the system, when the input is x|t|
= u(t). [Page 60-63]
14 (a) State and prove sampling theorem for a band limited signal. [Page 67-70]
(OR)
(b) Find inverse z-transform of X(z) = [Page 75-79]
.in
For (i) ROC |z| > 0.75
(ii) ROC |z| < 0.5
15 (a) Compute y(n) = x(n) * h(n)
ng
where x(n) = u(n – 2)
h(n) = u(n – 2).
(OR)
eri
(b) LTI discrete time system y(n) = 3/2y(n – 1) – 1/2y(n – 2) + x(n) + x(n – 1) is given
an input
x(n) = u(n) [Page 99-102]
e
(i) Find the transfer function of the system.
(ii) Find the impulse response of the system.
gin
A D
En
SC
arn
Le
w.
ww
111
.in
a) x(t) = 2t for all t b) x(n) = 2n – 3, for all n.
2. Given x[n] = {1, -4, 3, 1, 5, 2}. Represent x(n) in terms of weighted shifted
impulse functions. [Page 4]
3. State the condition for convergence of Fourier series. [Page 21]
ng
4. State any two properties of ROC of Laplace transform X(s) of a signal x(t).
5. State the necessary and sufficient condition for an LTI continuous time system
to be causal. [Page 52]
eri
6. Find the differential equation relating the input and output a CT system represented by
H(jΩ) = [Page 52]
7. What is anti aliasing?
8. State the multiplication property of DTFT e [Page 64]
[Page 86]
gin
9. Find the overall impulse response h(n) when two systems
and = are in series [Page 91]
D
10. Using Z-transform, check whether the following stable is stable,
A
En
C
PART B – (5×16 = 80 marks)
S
arn
11. b) Check the following systems are linear, stable [Page 16-19]
(i) y(t) = (ii) y(n) = x(n-1)
ww
12 (a)(ii) Obtain the trigonometric Fourier series for the half wave rectified
sine wave given below. [Page 26-31]
112
Or
12 b) Find the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) = for the ROCs. i) -5 < Re{s} < 3
ii) Re{s} > 3 (16) [Page 34-36]
13 a) Using convolution integral, determine the response of a CTLTI system y(t) given
x(t) = e-αtu(t) and impulse response h(t) = e-βtu(t), |α| < 1, |β| < 1 [Page 59]
Or
.in
ng
Fig: RL circuit
eri
14. (a) Using convoluiton property of DTFT, find the inverse DTFT of X( )= ,
|α| < 1 [Page 86]
e
14. b) Determine the inverse Z transform of X(z) = , |Z| >1. [Page 75-79] (8)
gin
D
15 a) Find the convolution of sum of x[n] = r[n] and h[n] = u[n]
A
Or
[Page103] (16)
En
15(b)A causal LTI system is described by y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) where x(n) is the
SC
input to the system h(n) is the impulse response of the system.
arn
113
1. Give the mathematical & graphical representation of continous time and discrete time
.in
impulse function [Page 1]
2. what are the condition for a system to be LTI system ? [Page 5]
3. State Dirichlet’s condition [Page 5]
4. Give the equation for Trigonometric Fourier Series: [Page 20]
ng
5. What are the three elementary operations in block diagram representation of continuous
time system? [Page 52]
6. Check whether the casual system with transfer function H(s) = is stable [Page 52]
eri
7. What is aliasing? [Page 64]
8. Define unilateral &bilateral Z-transform. [Page 64]
9. Define convolution sum with its equation.
e
10. Check whether the system with system function H(z) =
[Page 92]
with ROC |Z| <
gin
is causal & stable. [Page 91]
PART B — (5
A D
16 = 80 Marks)
En
SC
11.(a) i) Determine whether the signal x(t) = sin20πt + sin 5πt is periodic and if it is periodic
[Page 14]
arn
n
(ii) Define energy & power signals. Find whether the signals x(n) = u(n)is energy or
power and calculate their energy and power.(5) [Page 15]
iii) Discuss various forms of real and complex exponential signals with grapical
Le
12.(a) (i)Find the exponential Fourier series of the waveform x (t) (10)[Page 26-31]
ww
114
[Page 34-36]
ii) Find the Inverse Fourier Transform of the rectangular spectrum given by
X(jω) =
13. (a)(i) Define Convolution integral and derive its equation. (8) [Page 59-60]
a) ii) A stable LTI system is character by the difference equation
y(t) + 4 y(t) + 3y(t) = x(t) + 2x(t)
Find Impulse Response, Frequency Response of differential equation. (8)
.in
Or
(b) (i) Draw direct form, cascade form and parallel form of a system with system function
[Page 57-59]
ng
H( = . (8)
ii) Determine thr state variable description corresponding to the block diagram given
below.
eri
14 a) (i) Determine the discrete time Fourier transform of x(n) = , |a| <1 [Page 71]
ii) Find the z-transform & ROC of the sequence x(n) = [Page73]
e
(Or)
gin
b) i) State & prove the following properties of z-transform Linearity, Time Shifting,
Differentiation, Correlation.
ii) find the inverse z-transform of X(z) =
SC
arn
n
h(n) =α
(ii) Draw direct form I and II implementations for the system described by difference
equation
Le
15 b) i) Determine the transfer function and the impulse response of the causal LTI system
described by the difference equation. y(n) - y(n-1) - y(n-2) = -x(n) + 2x(n-1).
ww
[Page 99-103]
(b)(ii)Describe the state variable model for discrete time systems.(8)
115
.in
3. State the time scaling property of Laplace transforms. [Page 22]
4. What is the Fourier transform of a DC signal of amplitude 1? [Page 22]
5. Define the convolution integral. [Page 52]
6. What is the condition for a LTI system to be stable? [Page 53]
ng
7. What is the Z transform of δ(n+K)? [Page 64]
8. What is aliasing? [Page 66]
9. Is the discrete time system described by the difference equation y(n) = x(-n) causal.
eri
10. If X(ω) is the DTFT of x(n), what is the DTFT of x(-n)? [Page 93]
e
gin
11. (a) (i) Define Energy and power signal. (4) [Page 3]
(ii) Determine whether the following signals are energy or power
and calculate their energy and power.
(1) x(n) = n
u(n) (4)
A D [Page 15-16]
En
SC
(4)
Or
arn
(b) (i) Define unit step, Ramp, Pulse, Impulse and exponential signals. Obtain the
relationship between the unit step function and unit ramp function. (10)
12 (a) (i) Compute the Laplace transform of x(t) = e-b|t| for the cases of b < 0 and b > 0
w.
Or
(b) (i) Determine the Fourier series representation of the half wave rectifier output shown in
fig below.(8) [Page 26-31]
13 (a) (i) Determine the impulse response h(t) of the system given by the differential equation
+ + 2y(t) = x(t)with all initial conditions are zero.(8) [Page 60]
13 a) (ii) Obtain the direct form I realization of
+4 +7 + 12 y(t) = +2 +3 + x(t). [Page 57] (8)
Or
(b) The system produces the output of y(t) = u(t) for an input of x(t) = u(t).Determine
.in
the impulse response and frequency response of the system. Plot the magnitude and phase
plots. (16)
ng
14. (a) (i) Determine the Z transform of x(n) = an cos (ω0n)u(n). [Page 73] (8)
(ii) Determine the inverse Z transform of
X(z) = for ROC |Z| >1. [Page 75] (8)
eri
Or
(b) (i) State and prove the time shift and frequency shift property of DTFT.(8)
[Page 86]
(ii) Determine the DTFT of
e
u(n) . Plot its spectrum. [Page 71] (8)
gin
15(a) (i) Obtain the impulse response of the system given by the difference equation
y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n)
(ii) Determine the range of values of the parameter “a” for which the LTI system
with impulse response h(n) = an u(n) is stable. [Page 102]
(6)
SC Or
arn
117
.in
y(n) = x(2n) [Page 4]
3. Give synthesis and analysis equations of continuous time Fourier transform. [Page 23]
4. Define the region of convergence of the Laplace transform.
ng
5. List and draw the basic elements for the block diagram representation of the continuous
time system. [Page 52]
6. Check the causality of the system with impulse response h(t) = e-tu(t). [Page53]
eri
7. Define DTFT and inverse DTFT. [Page 64]
8. State the convolution property of Z-transform. [Page 79]
9. Convolve the following two sequences: x(n) = {1,1,1,1} and h(n) = {3,2} [Page 103]
e
10. A causal LTI system has impulse response h(n), for which the Z-transform is
gin
H(Z) = . Is the system stable? Explain. [Page 102]
D
PART B –(5×16 = 80 marks)
A
En
11. (a) (i) How are the signals classified? Explain. (8) [Page 7-9]
C
(ii) Determine whether the following signal is periodic. If periodic,
determine the fundamental period: (4) [Page 14]
S
arn
Or
(b) (i) Determine whether the following system is linear, time invariant, [Page 17]
stable and invertible: (10)
1) y(n) = x2(n)
w.
2) y(n) = x(-n)
(ii) Define LTI system. List the property of LTI system and explain. (6) [Page 5]
ww
12. (a) (i) State Dirichlet’s conditions. Also state its importance. (4) [Page 22]
(ii) Obtain the trigonometric Fourier series for the half wave rectified sie wave
given below. (12) [Page 26-31]
118
(b) (i) Determine the Fourier transform for double exponential pulse whose
function is given by x(t) = e-2|t|. Also draw its amplitude and spectra.(8) [Page 31]
(ii) Find the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) = , ROC : -2 < Re(s) < -1 (8)
[Page 34]
13. (a) (i) What is impulse response? Show that the response of an LTI system is convolution
integral of its impulse response with input signal? (6) [Page 59-60]
(ii) Obtain the convolution of the following two signals: (10)
x(t) = e2t u(-t)
h(t) = u(t-3)
Or
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(b) The input x(t) and output y(t) for a system satisfy the differential equation, [Page 60]
+ + 2y(t) = x(t)
(i) Compute the transfer function and impulse response. (8)
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(ii)Draw direct form, cascade form and parallel form representations. (8)
14. (a) (i) State and prove sampling theorem for low pass band limited signal and explain the
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process of reconstruction of the signal from its samples. (10) [Page 67]
(ii) State and prove any two property of DTFT. (6) [Page 86-90]
Or
e
(b) (i) Find the Z-transform of the sequence x(n) =cos (n )u(n). (8) [Page 70]
gin
(ii) Determine the inverse z-transform for the following expression
using partial fraction expansion: (8) [Page 75]
X(z) = , ROC: |z| > .
A D
En
15. (a) (i) Find the system function and the impulse response h(n) for a system described by
the
C
following input output relationship, y(n) = y(n-1) + 3x(n). (6)
S
[Page 99]
arn
Or
(b) (i) Derive the necessary and sufficient condition for BIBO stability of an
LSI system. (6) [Page 102]
ww
(ii) Draw the direct form, cascade form and parallel form block diagrams of the
following system function:
H(z) = (10) [Page 96-98]
119
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 2204 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2008)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)
1. Verify whether the system described by the equation is linear and time invariant
y(t) = x(t2 ). [Page 4]
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2. Find the fundamental period of the given signal x(n) =sin(6 n/7+1) [Page 5]
3. Define Nyquist rate.
4. Determine the Fourier series coefficients for signal cos t. [Page 21]
ng
5. Determine the Laplace transform of the signal (t-5) and u(t-5). [Page 52]
6. Determine the convolution of the signals x(n) =[2,-1,3,2] and h(n)= [1,-1,1,1].
7. Prove the time sifting property of discrete time Fourier transform. [Page 86]
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8. State the final value theorem. [Page 86]
9. List the advantages of the state variable representation of a system.
10. Find the system function for the given difference equation y(n)=0.5y(n-1)+x(n)
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PART-B(5×16=80 Marks)
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11 a) Determine whether the systems described by the following input-output equations are
linear, dynamic, casual and time variant.
i) y1(t) = x(t-3) + x(3 - t)
A D [Page 16-18]
En
SC
arn
Or
b) A discrete time system is given as y(n) = y2(n-1) + x(n).A bounded input of x(n) = 2 (n) is
applied to the system. Assume that the system is initially relaxed. Check whether system
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is stable or unstable.
12 a) i) Prove the scaling and time shifting properties of Laplace transform. [Page 36-41]
ii) Determine the Laplace transform of x(t)= cos u(t). [Page 34]
w.
Or
b) i) State and prove the Fourier transform of the following signal in terms of
X(j ); x(t- t0), x(t) t (8) [Page 45-51]
ww
(ii) Find the complex exponential Fourier series coefficient of the signal
x(t) = sin 3 t+2cos 4 t.(8) [Page 26-31]
13. (a) Compute and plot the convolution y(t) of the signals
(i) x(t) = u(t-3) - u(t-5) , h(t) = e-3t u(t)
(ii) x(t) = u(t), h(t) = e-t u(t) (16)
Or
120
(b) The LTI system is characterized by impulse response function given by H(s) =1/(s+10)
ROC: Re > -10. Determine the output of a system when it is excited by the input x(t) = -2
e-2t u(-t) - 3 e-3t u(t). (16) [Page 60]
14.(a) Determine the z-transform and sketch the pole zero plot with the ROC for each of the
following signals [Page 73-75]
(i) x(n) = (0.5)n u(n) - (1/3)n u(n) (16)
n n
(ii) x(n) = (1/2) u(n) + (1/3) u(n-1)
Or
(b) (i) Find the inverse Z-transform of the 1/(z2-1.2z+0.2). (8) [Page 75-79]
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(ii) Express the Fourier transform of the following signals in terms of X( ) (8)
1) x1[n] = x[1-n] 2) x2[n] = (n-1)2x[n]
ng
15. (a)(i) Find the impulse response of the difference equation [Page 99-102]
y(n) - 2y(n-2) + y(n-1) + 3y(n-3) = x(n) + 2x(n-1).
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(ii) Find the state variable matrices A, B, C and D for the input-output relation given by
y(n) = 6y(n-1) + 4y(n-2) + x(n) + 10x(n-1) + 12x(n-2).
e
Or
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(b) (i)Find the input x(n) which products output y(n) = {3, 8, 14, 8, 3} when passed through
the system having h(n) ={1, 2, 3}. (10)
A D [Page 103]
(ii)Draw the direct form II block diagram representation for the system function
En
[Page 96-98]
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H(z) = 1+2z-1-20z-2-20z-3-5z-4+6z-5/1+0.5z-1-0.25z-2 (6)
arn
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w.
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121
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2. Distinguish between deterministic and random signals. [Page 2]
3. Obtain the Fourier series coefficients for x(n) = sinω0n. [Page 21]
4. State the initial and final value theorem of Laplace transforms. [Page 23]
5. What is meant by impulse response of any system? [Page 52]
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6. Define convolution integral of continuous time systems. [Page 53]
7. Define sampling theorem. [Page 64]
8. What is ROC in Z transforms? [Page 65]
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9. Obtain in the convolution of [Page 91]
a. x(n) *δ(n)
b. x(n)*[h1(n) + h2(n)].
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10. Write the difference equation for non recursive system. [Page 91]
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PART B –(5×16 = 80 marks)
A D
11.(a) (i) Check the following for linearity, time invariance causality and stability. (8)
[Page 18-19]
[Page 13-14]
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(8)
1) x(n) = sin
2) x(n) = ej3π/5(n+1/2)
SC
arn
Or
b) Sketch the following signals: [Page 6]
i) x(t) = r(t) ii) x(t) =r(-t+2) iii) x(t)= -2r(t) where r(t) is a
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ramp signal
12 (a) (i) Distinguish between Fourier series analysis and Fourier transforms. (4)
w.
(ii) Obtain the Fourier series of the following half wave rectified sine wave. [Page 26-31]
(12)
Or
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b) (i) Find the Laplace transform of the following: [Page 34] (8)
1) x(t) = u(t-2)
2) x(t) = t2e-2tu(t).
(ii) Find the step response of the following circuit using Laplace transform. (8)
122
(ii) Obtain the convolution of the signals x1(t) = e-at u(t), x2(t) = e-bt u(t) using F.T. (8)
[Page 59-60]
Or
b) (i) The input and output of the system are related by the differential equation [Page 60-63]
+ + 2y(t) = x(t)Find impulse response of the system. (8)
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14.(a) (i) What is aliasing? Explain with the example. (6) [Page 70]
(ii) Obtain the inverse z transform of X(z) = for ROC (10) [Page 75-79]
ng
(1)|z| >1
(2) |z| <0.5
(3) 0.5 < |z| <1.
eri
Or
(b) State and explain the following properties of DTFT. (16) [Page 71-79]
e
15. (a) (i) Obtain the cascade realization of
y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 2x(n-2). (12) [Page 96-98]
gin
(ii) Obtain the relationship between DTFT and z transforms. (4)
D
Or
(b) The state variable description of the system is given as
A
En
A= , B = ,C = [3 0], D = [0]
SC
Determine the transfer function of the system. (16)
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w.
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123
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1. Define unit impulse and unit step signals. [Page 1]
2. When is a system said to be memoryless? Give an example. [Page 4]
3. State any two properties of Continuous – Time Fourier Transform
Find the Laplace transform of the signal x (t) = e−at u (t) .
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4. [Page 22]
5. State the convolution integral for continuous time LTI systems. [Page 52]
6. What is the impulse response of two LTI systems connected in parallel? [Page 53]
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7. State the Sampling theorem. [Page 64]
8. State the sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT for an aperiodic
sequence x (n) . [Page 64]
9. Define one sided Z-transform and Two-sided Z-transform. [Page 91]
e
10. Define the shifting property of the discrete time unit Impulse function.
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PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)
A D [Page12-13] (16)
En
C
(ii) Unit step and Unit Ramp functions
(iii) Periodic and Aperiodic signals
S
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12) a) Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the periodic signal x(t). [Page 26-31]
ww
(16)
(Or)
124
12) b) (i) Find the Laplace transform of the signalx (t) = e- at u (t) + e- bt u (- t) [Page 34] (8)
(ii) Find the Fourier transform of x(t) = [Page 31]
13) a) (i) Explain the steps to compute the convolution integral. [Page 59-60] (8)
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13) b) (i) Using Laplace transform, find the impulse response of an LTI system
described by thedifferential equation. [Page 60] (8)
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(ii)Explain the properties of convolution integral. (8)
eri
14) a) (i) Find the Fourier Transform of x(n) = [Page 86-90] (8)
(ii) Explain any four properties of DTFT. (8)
(Or)
e
14) b) (i) Find the Z-transform of the given signal x (n) and find ROC. [Page73]
gin
x(n)= (10)
(ii) Describe the sampling operation and how aliasing error can be prevented.
(6)
A D
En
15)a)Find the impulse response of the discrete time system described bythe difference
equation
(Or)
C
y(n − 2) −3 y(n −1) + 2 y(n) = x (n −1)
S
(16) [Page 98-99]
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15) b) (i) Describe the state variable model for discrete time systems. (8)
(ii) Find the state variable matrices A, B, C, D for the equation
y(n) - 3y(n-1) - 2y(n-2) = x(n) + 5x(n-1) + 6x(n-2)
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w.
ww
125
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1. For the signal shown in Fig. 1, find x(2t + 3) .
2. What is the classification of the systems?
3. What are the Dirichlet’s conditions of Fourier series?
4. State convolution property of Fourier transform.
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5. What is the Laplace transform of the function x(t) = u(t) - u(t - 2) ?
6. What are the transfer functions of the following? [Page 52]
A) An Ideal ontegrator B) An Ideal delay of T seconds
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7. What is an anti–aliasing filter? [Page 64]
8. State Parseval’s relation for discrete–time aperiodic signals. [Page 56]
9. What is the z-transform of the sequence x(n) = anu(n) ?
10. Define system function.
e [Page 91]
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PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)
A D
11) a) (i) Write about elementary continuous–time signals in detail. (8)
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(ii) Determine the power and RMS value of the following signals
1)x1(t)=5cost (4)
SC
2)x2 (t) = 10 cos 5t cos10t (4)
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(Or)
11) b) (i) Determine whether the following systems are linear or not.
1) [Page 18-19] (4)
2) (4)
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12) a) (i) Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the periodic signal x(t)shown in Fig.
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(8)
[Page 26-31]
126
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(ii) Determine the Laplace transform of the signal. (8)
x(t) = sin π t; 0 < t< 1
= 0 otherwise
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13) a) (i) Find the convolution of the following signals. [Page 59-60] (8)
x (t) = e−atu(t); x (t) = e−btu(t)
1 2
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(ii) Find the impulse response of the system shown in Fig.
(8)
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D
Fig : RC circuit
(Or)
A
13)b)For the circuit shown in Fig. 1, obtain state variable equation. The input
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voltage source is x(t) and the output y(t) is taken across capacitor C2 . (16) (Old
Syllabus)
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Fig : RC circuit
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14) a) (i) Determine the Nyquist sampling rate and Nyquist sampling
interval for the signal
w.
14) b) (i) State and prove time shifting property of discrete–time Fourier Transform.
(8)
(ii) State and prove convolution property of z-transform. [Page 79] (8)
15) (a) Find the impulse and step response of the following system : [Page 99] (8 + 8 = 16)
Y(n) - )
(Or)
(b) Obtain the cascade and parallel form realization of the following system. [Page 96]
Y(n) -
127
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