SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PART I

CLASS X

Effects of electric current

Electric current
• It is defined as the charge flowing per unit time.
• Let charge be denoted by Q and time by t, then electric current (I) is
given as,
𝑄
• I= (coulomb\ s)
𝑡
• The SI unit for electric current is ampere in honour of the scientist
Andre Ampere , denoted by A.
• Calculate the current flowing through a conductor if a charge of
9 coulombs passes through it in 3 seconds.
1) A
current, I=6.0 A is set up in a circuit inside an electric motor for a duration of time, t. A net
charge, Q=42 C flows into the circuit during that time . What is the duration, t? ( 7 s )

2) Maryam sets up a current, I=0.80 A across a bulb in an experiment. What is the magnitude of
net charge, Q, flowing through the bulb in time, t=5.0 s? ( 4 C )
3) Aditi builds a circuit with a bulb in it. She observes that electrons with a net magnitude of
charge, Q=8.0 C, pass through the bulb from point Q to point P in time, t=4.0 s . What is the
current, I, passing through the bulb? (2 A ) ( P to Q )
Potential difference
• It is defined as work done to move unit positive charge from one end
of the conductor to the other end.
• Let W be the work done and Q be the charge, then potential
difference, V , is given as,
𝑤
• V = , (joule\coulomb) (J\C)
𝑄
• The SI unit for potential difference is volt in honour of the scientist
Alessandro Volta , denoted by V.
• If W = 10J ; Q = 2C; find V.
1) An electric
car has a battery of voltage, 350 V. When the car runs, the battery passes over
electrons through itself each minute. These electrons have a net magnitude of charge, Q=4.0 C .
What is the work done by the battery, W, to move the electrons? ( 1400 J )

2) A group of charges of net charge, Q=0.20 C enters the (−) terminal of a cell of voltage, 15 V
and leaves through its (+) terminal. Calculate work done. (3 J )

3) A cell of voltage, 10 V does an amount of work, W=3.0 J, in moving a group of charges across
its terminals. What net charge, Q, does the cell move between its terminals? ( 0.3 C )

4)A cell with voltage, 5.0 V borrows from its reserve of chemical energy to move a net charge,
Q = 12 C between its terminals . What is the work done by the cell, W, to move the charges?
( 60 J )
Ohm’s law
• Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its
ends, provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain
unchanged.
 Resistance
• Resistance is a property of the conductor due to which it resists the
flow of electric current through it.
• Let I be the current and V be the potential difference , then
Resistance , R , is given as,
𝑣
•R= (volt \ampere)
𝐼
• The SI unit for resistance is ohm in honour of the scientist George
Ohm , denoted by Ω.
 1) If the resistance of an electric iron is 50Ω and 3.2A Current flows through the resistance. Find the voltage between two
points.
Given, Resistance (R) = 50Ω Current (I) = 3.2A
Therefore,
Voltage (V) = I X R = 3.2A x 50 Ω =160V

2) A current, I=20 A, flows through a resistor of resistance, R=8.0 Ω .Find the potential difference, V, across the resistance.
(160V)

3) Gina connects a power supply providing voltage, V=5.0 V across a resistor of unknown resistance. With an ammeter, she
measures a current, I=0.20 A across the resistor. What is the value of the resistance, R? (25Ω )

4) A battery of voltage, V=30 V is connected across a resistor of resistance, R=4.0 Ω .What is the current, I, flowing in the
circuit? ( 7.5 A )
(1) 1 mV = __________V

(a) 10 volt
(b) 1000 volt
(c) 10-3 volt
(d) 10-6 volt

(2) Coulomb is the SI unit of:

(a) electric charge

(b) electric current
(c) potential difference
(d) resistance
(3) When electric current is passed, electrons move from:

(a) high potential to low potential.

(b) low potential to high potential.
(c) in the direction of the current.
(d) against the direction of the current.

(4) The heating element of an electric iron is made up of:

(a) copper
(b) nichrome
(c) aluminium
(d) iron
(5) The electrical resistance of insulators is

(a) high
(b) low
(c) zero
(d) infinitely high

(6) Which of the following is not correctly matched?

 Answers
1-c
2-a
3-a
4-b
5-d
6-c
 Electric power
The electric power is given by P = VI.
Where V is the potential difference, I is the electric
current and P is the electric power.
 Electric power
The SI Unit of electric power is Watt,or, joule per second

Commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt-

hour. It is defined as the energy consumed by a
device of power 1 kW in 1 hr.
1 kWh=3.6×10⁶ J
(7) Electric power is inversely proportional to

(a) resistance
(b) voltage
(c) current
(d) temperature

(8) What is the commercial unit of electrical energy?

(a) Joules
(b) Kilojoules
(c) Kilowatt-hour
(d) Watt-hour
(9) An electric bulb is connected to a 220V generator. The current is 0.50 A. What
is the power of the bulb?

(a) 440 W
(b) 110 W
(c) 55 W
(d) 0.0023 W

(10) 1 kWh = ……….. J

(a) 3.6 × 10-6 J

(b) × 106 J
(c) 3.6 × 106 J
(d) ) × 10-6 J
A 9V battery is connected to a resistor having the resistance of
10 Ω. What is the current and power across the resistor?

Solution:

I = V/R = 9/100 = 0.9 A

P = VI = 9 × 0.9 = 8.1 J/s or 8.1 W

Solve the following example.
a. Heat energy is being produced in a resistance in a circuit at the rate of 100 W. A current of 3A
is flowing in the circuit. What must be the value of the resistance?
Solve the following example.
b. Two tungsten bulbs of wattage 100 W and 60 W power work on 220 V potential difference. If
they are connected in parallel, how much current will flow in the main conductor?
Solve the following example.
c. Who will spend more electrical energy? 500 W TV Set in 30 mins, or 600 W heater in 20
mins?
 Solve the following example.

d. An electric
iron of 1100 W is operated for 2 hrs daily. What will be the electrical consumption
expenses for that in the month of April? (The electric company charges Rs 5 per unit of energy).
Question 9:
What is a solenoid? Compare the magnetic field produced by a solenoid with the magnetic field of a bar magnet. Draw neat
figures and name various components.
Answer:
A solenoid is a long straight insulated wire, such as a copper coil, often wrapped around a cylinder-shaped body. The diameter of
the solenoid is lesser than its length. It produces a magnetic field when electric current is passed through it

On comparing field lines produced by a solenoid with that produced by a bar magnet, we observe that they are very much
identical. Thus, a solenoid acts as a bar magnet when current is passed through it.
Right hand thumb rule states that if thumb of the right hand
points along direction of current, then the remaining curled ,
fingers of same hand give the direction of the magnetic field
due to the current.
Name the following diagrams and explain the concept behind them.
Electric motor is a device that converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy.

It is based on the principle that when a current-carrying

conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming's
Left-hand rule
Components of electric motor
• A electric motor has the following components:-

• Armature coil ABCD – copper wire rectangular loop

• Strong magnet.
• Split rings X and Y – reverses the direction of current.
• Carbon brushes E and F – push the split rings
• Battery – supplies current
Working of a electric motor
• After the circuit is completed current begins to flow in the coil , in ABCD
direction.
• It flows in the downward direction in arm AB and upward direction in arm
CD.
• Thus the coil rotates anticlockwise.
• After half rotation, split ring X comes in contact with carbon brush F and
split ring Y comes in contact with carbon brush E, so current begins to flow
in DCBA direction .
• So arm AB moves upward and CD is now experiencing downward current
direction.
• And the motor continues to rotate.
Question 5:

Which device is used to produce electricity? Describe with a neat diagram.

a. Electric motor
b. Galvanometer
c. Electric Generator (DC)
d. Voltmeter

Answer:

The device used for producing electricity is Electric generator (DC). It is based on the
phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
Question 3:

Electromagnetic induction means-

a. Charging of an electric conductor.
b. Production of magnetic field due to a current flowing through a coil.
c. Generation of a current in a coil due to relative motion between the coil and the
magnet.
d. Motion of the coil around the axle in an electric motor.

Answer:

Electromagnetic induction means generation of a current in a coil due to relative

motion between the coil and the magnet.
Explain the difference:
AC generator and DC generator.

Answer:

AC generator DC generator

i.
It produces alternating current. It produces direct current.

ii.

It has two simple ring-type

It has a single split-ring commutator.
commutators.
 Electric generator
❖ Electric generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy .
❖ It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction
Components of electric generator
• A electric generator has the following components:-

• 1) Armature coil ABCD

• 2) Strong magnet
• 3) Slip rings R₁ and R₂
• 4) Carbon brushes B₁ and B₂
• 5) Galvanometer
Working of a electric generator
• The two ends of the coil ABCD are connected to the conducting rings
R₁ and R₂ , arm AB is connected to B₁ and arm CD is connected with B₂
• When the coil rotates in clockwise direction current flows from B₂ to
B₁ in the A→B→C→D direction.
• After half rotation the induced current goes as D→C→B→A .
• But arm AB is connected to B₁ and arm CD is connected with B₂ hence
now the current flows from B₁ to B₂.
• Hence alternating current is produced.
Question 6:

How does the short circuit form? What is its effect?

Answer:

Short circuit occurs when live and neutral wires touch each other.
In such situations, the resistance of the circuit becomes very less. Now,
according to Ohm’s law, current is inversely proportional to resistance.
Thus, the decrease in value of resistance of the circuit raises the current
to a significant amount. As a result, the wires become hot and sparks are
caused by Joule’s heating effect of current.
Question 8

Which of the statement given below correctly describes the magnetic field near a
long, straight current carrying conductor?
a. The magnetic lines of force are in a plane, perpendicular to the conductor in the form of
straight lines.
b. The magnetic lines of force are parallel to the conductor on all the sides of conductor.
c. The magnetic lines of force are perpendicular to the conductor going radially outword.
d. The magnetic lines of force are in concentric circles with the wire as the center, in a plane
perpendicular to the conductor.

Answer:

The correct statement describing the magnetic field near a long,

straight current carrying conductor is:
The magnetic lines of force are in concentric circles with the wire as the
center, in a plane perpendicular to the conductor.
 Give scientific reasons :-
a. Tungsten metal is used to make a solenoid type coil in an electric bulb.

a.Tungsten metal is used to make a solenoid type coil in an electric bulb

because its melting point is very high. Thus, when a high amount of current
is passed through it, it becomes red hot and emit lights without getting
burnt.

b. In the electric equipment producing heat e.g. iron, electric heater, boiler, toaster etc, an
alloy such as Nichrome is used, not pure metals.
b.In the electric equipment producing heat, such as iron, electric heater, boiler, toaster
etc., an alloy such as Nichrome is used, not pure metals because of the following
reasons:
(i) Resistivity of Nichrome is more compared to pure metal.
(ii) Melting point of Nichrome is high as compared to pure metal.
(iii) Nichrome does not get oxidised when heated in air whereas metal does.
c. For electric power transmission, copper or aluminium
wire is used.

c. ​For electric power transmission, Copper or Aluminium wire is

used because they provide low resistance to the flow of current.
Thus, the power loss in the low resistance transmission wire will
be less.
d. In practice the unit kWh is used for the measurement of
electrical energy, rather than joule.

d. In practice, the unit kWh is used for the measurement of electrical

energy, rather than joule. This is because joule is a very small unit and
the energy consumption in day to day life is very large i.e. it comes in
figures of 106 to 108. Thus, to reduce the complexity of handling such
large figures, a bigger unit was required. This bigger unit used for the
measurement of electrical energy is kWh and is related to joule as
1 kWh = 3.6 ×106 J
Hence, the energy reading commercially became simpler by using this
bigger unit instead of joule.