Straight Line

MATHEMATICS
STRAIGHT LINES
IIT-JEE Syllabus :
Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin. Equation of a straight line
in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line; Lines through the point of intersection
of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrency of lines; Centroid,
orthocentre, incentre and circumcentre of a triangle.
INDEX
1. General introduction
2. Co-ordinates system
3. Distance formula
4. Section formula
5. Application of distance formulae
6. Co-ordinates of some particular points
7. Area of a Triangle and condition for collinearity
8. Brief description of elementary locus (Four basic steps)
9. Straight line
10. Equation of straight Line
11. Different forms of straight lines
12. Position of a point w.r.t. a line
13. Length of perpendicular
14. Reflection of a point
15. Internal angles of triangle
16. Line inclined at an angle to other line(s)
17. Condition for concurrency
18. Family of straight line
19. Transformation of axes
20. Equation of Bisectors of angles between two lines
21. Pair of Straight lines
22. General equation of second degree representing a pair of straight lines
23. Problems on locii
st
1 LECTURE
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION :
Coordinate geometry is the combination of algebra and geometry. A systematic study of geometry by the use of
algebra was first carried out by celebrated French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. The resulting
combination of analysis and geometry is referred as analytical geometry.
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\STRAIGHT LINE
Geometry based on definitions & axioms is referred as euclidean geometry.
2. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM :
y st
I quad
IInd quad P(x,y)
(a) Rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates system :
x' x
O
x-coordinate ® abscissa
IIIrd quad IVth quad
y-coordinate ® ordinate y'
E 1
MATHEMATICS
(b) Polar system : y (x,y)
P
If (x,y) are cartesian co-ordinates of a point P, then : x =r cos q, y = r sinq (r,q )
æ yö r
and r= x2 + y2 , q = tan -1 ç ÷ y
è xø
q x
where r & q are both variable. 'r' is called radius vector of point P O x
Note :
1. Radius vector is positive if measured from O along line bounding q and negative if measured in opposite
direction.
æ p ö æ 7p ö æ - 5 p ö
2. Polar coordinates of a point are not unique e.g. ç -3, ÷ º ç 3, ÷ º ç 3,
è 6 ø è 6 ø è 6 ÷ø
3. DISTANCE FORMULA : y
B(x2,y2)
If A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) are two points, then y2–y1
A(x1,y1)
x2–x1
AB = (x2 - x1 )2 + (y2 - y1 )2 x1
O x
x2
4. APPLICATION OF DISTANCE FORMULA :
(a) Collinearity of 3 points A, B & C
AB + BC = AC or AC + BC = AB or AC + AB = BC i.e. sum of any two distances is equal to the third
distance.
E(1) If points (–2,4) (a,b) & (2,1) are collinear & (a + 2)2 + (b - 4) 2 + (a - 2)2 + (b - 1)2 = k , then find
k. [Ans. 5]
(b) Nature of Triangle :
p2
Equilateral ® Area = , where p is length of altitude
3
Isosceles ® Two sides or two medians or two angles are equal
Right angled ® Pythagoras theorem is satisfied.
E(1) If vertices of an equilateral triangle are (a,1), (0,0) & (1,b) then find value of a & b {0 < a, b < 1}
[Ans. a = b = 2 - 3 ]
E(2) If (0,0) & (3, 3) are two vertices of an equilateral triangle, then find third vertex ?
[Ans. (0,2 3) or (3, - 3) ]
(c) Nature of quadrilaterals :
Convex polygon : A polygon that has all interior angle less than 180°.
Concave polygon : A polygon that has atleast one interior angle greater than 180°.
Brief description of euclidian figures - convex polygon :
Family of Quadrilateral
(Convex Figures)
Parallelogram Trapezium Kite Cyclic Quad

¯ (diagonals perp. but only one
Isosceles/Equilateral diagonal divides the figure opposite angles
Rectangle Rhombus Trapezium into two congruent triangles) are supplementary
(legs are equal)
Square
2 E
MATHEMATICS
Parallelogram - Diagonals bisect each other and area = p1p2 cosecq, where p1 & p2 are distances between
two pairs of opposite sides & q is the angle between any two adjacent sides .
Rectangle - Diagonals are equal & bisect each other.
æ dd ö
Rhombus - Diagonals perpendicular bisectors ç Area = 1 2 ÷ , where d1 and d2 are diagonals.
è 2 ø
Square - Diagonals are equal & perpendicular bisectors and area = d2/2 (where d is the diagonal)
Trapezium - Exactly one pair of parallel sides.
Note :
(i) If the distance between the pair of opposite sides of a parallelogram is equal Þ it is a rhombus.
(ii) Diagonals of an isosceles trapezium are equal. a
(iii) In a parallelogram 2(a2 + b2) = d12 + d22 d1

b
b
(sum of the squares of the sides of parallelogram is equal to the sum of
the squares of its diagonal.) d2
a
5. SECTION FORMULA : y
B(x2,y2)
n
C(x,y) y2–y
æ mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 ö m x2–x E

(a) Internal division : C º ç , y–y1
m + n ÷ø
A(x1,y1)
è m+n
x–x1 D
x1
x
O x
x2
æ mx 2 - nx1 my 2 - ny1 ö
(b) External division : C º ç ,
m - n ÷ø
y C(x,y)
è m-n
AC : BC = m : n B(x2,y2)
E
A(x1,y1)
AC D
If < 1 Þ B lies between A and C.
BC
x
O
AC
If > 1 Þ A lies between B and C.
BC
(c) Harmonic conjugate : If P divides AB internally in the ratio m : n & Q divides AB externally in
the ratio m : n then P & Q are said to be harmonic conjugate of each other w.r.t. AB.
2 1 1
Mathematically ; = + i.e. AP, AB & AQ are in H.P..
AB AP AQ
Note :
æ lx 2 + x1 ly 2 + y1 ö
(i) Coordinates of general point dividing AB in the ratio l : 1 (internally or externally) are ç , .
è l +1 l + 1 ÷ø
l (ax + by1 + c)
(ii) The segment AB divided by line ax + by + c = 0 in ratio =- 1
1 ax2 + by 2 + c
If l comes out (+)ve Þ internal division

If l comes out (–)ve Þ external division
(iii) Mid point theorem : If a line joining mid point of any two sides of triangle, then it is parallel to remaining
side and half of it.
(iv) Figure formed by joining the middle points of a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
(v) If diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect at right angle then it is a rhombus.
E 3
MATHEMATICS
Example :
E(1) Points P(2, –2), Q(–2, 1) and R are collinear. If l(PR) = 10 find
5
the coordinates of R. [Ans. [(–6,4), (10,–8)]]
P Q R
[Hint : Q can be the mid point of P and R. 10 5
or P dividing the join of R and Q in the ratio 2 : 1] R P Q
E(2) Line segment joining A(2,3) & B(5,6) is divided by (3,4). Find harmonic conjugate of (3,4) w.r.t AB
[Ans. (–1,0)]
E(3) Co-ordinates of three points A, B and C are (4, 1); (5 – 2) and (3, 7). Find the possible co-ordinates of 'D'
so that figure formed is a parallelogram. [Ans. (2, 10); (4, 4); (6, –8)]
E(4) The mid points of the sides of a D are (1, 2); (0, –1) and (2, –1). Find the coordinates of the vertices.
[Ans. (1,–4), (3,2) & (–1,2)]
4
D(5) Four points (x1,y1), (x2,y2), (x3,y3) & (x4,y4) are such that å (x
i =1
2
i + y2i ) £ 2(x1 x 3 + x2 x 4 + y1 y2 + y3 y 4 ) , then
prove that points are vertices of a rectangle.
Home Work : Loney - Ex.I ................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
nd
2 LECTURE
6. CO-ORDINATES OF SOME PARTICULAR POINTS : A(x1, y1 )
(a) Centroid :
Point of intersection of the medians (line joining the mid point of 2
F E
sides and opposite vertices) is the centroid. Centroid divides the
G
median in the ratio of 2:1.
1
æ x1 + x 2 + x 3 y 1 + y 2 + y 3 ö B(x2, y2) D C(x3, y3)
Co-ordinates of centroid G ç , ÷ø
è 3 3
i.e. AM of x & y co-ordinates of the vertices
y A(x1,y1)
Note :
(i) Apollonius theorem :
AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + 2DC2

B(0,0) D(a/2,0) C(a,0) x
3
(ii) If l1, l2,l3 are length of medians, then l12 + l22 + l32 = (a2 + b2 + c2)
4
(iii) Centroid of DABC is centroid of triangle formed by joining the points dividing the three sides in
same ratio.
Example :
E(1) If a vertex of triangle be (1,1) & the middle point of two sides through it be (–2,3) and (5,2) then
æ5 ö
find centroid of the triangle. [Ans. ç ,3 ÷ ]
è3 ø
E(2) If x1, x2, x3 are the roots of the equation x – 3px + 3qx – 1 = 0, then find the centroid of the D
3 2
the co-ordinates of whose vertices are (x1, 1/x1)(x2, 1/x2) and (x3, 1/x3). [Ans. (p, q)]
D(3) In DABC if median AD & BE are perpendicular & AC = 4, BC = 3, then find length AB.
[Ans. 5 ]
4 E
MATHEMATICS
(b) Incentre : A(x1,y1)
The incentre is the point of intersection of internal bisectors of
the angles of a triangle. Also it is a centre of a circle touching all F E
I
the sides of a triangle.
æ ax1 + bx 2 + cx3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 ö

Co-ordinates of incentre I ç , ÷ø B(x2,y2) D C(x3,y3)
è a+b+c a+b+c
where a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC.
Note :
BD AB c
(i) Angle bisector divides the opposite sides in the ratio of remaining sides. e.g. = =
DC AC b
(ii) Incenter divides the angle bisectors in the ratio ( b + c ) : a, ( c + a ) : b, ( a + b ) : c
E(1) If (0,1), (1,1) & (1,0) are mid points of sides of a triangle, then find incentre.
Ans. (2 - 2,2 - 2)
(c) Circumcentre :
A (x3,y3)
It is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the
sides of a triangle. If O is the circumcentre of any triangle ABC,
2C
O 2B
then OA 2 = OB2 = OC2 . Also it is a centre of a circle passing
p–2C p–2B
through the vertices of a triangle. B 90–A 90–A C
(x2,y2) E D (x3,y3)
Coordinates of circumcentre is
æ x1 sin2A + x 2 sin2B + x 3 sin2C y1 sin2A + y 2 sin 2B + y 3 sin2C ö
çè , ÷ø
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C sin2A + sin2B + sin2C
2A
Proof : (Desirable) ÐBAE = =A
2
sin2C cos A sin2B cos A
In DBOD, = & in DCOD , =
BD OD CD OD
sin 2C BD
\ =
sin2B CD
æ x sin 2B + x 3 sin 2C y 2 sin 2B + y 3 sin 2C ö
Dºç 2 , ÷
è sin 2B + sin2C sin2B + sin 2C ø
In DOED, ÐEOD = p - 2C - A = A + B + C – 2C – A = B – C
OE
DOBE, = sin(90 - A) Þ OE = RcosA
OB
OE R cos A
DOED, cos(B - C) = Þ OD =
OD cos(B - C)
R cos(B - C) cos(B - C) 2 sin A 2 sin(B + C) cos(B - C) sin2B + sin 2C
OA : OD = = ´ = =
R cos A cos A 2 sin A 2 sin 2A sin 2A
æ x sin 2A + x 2 sin 2B + x 3 sin 2C y1 sin 2A + y 2 sin 2B + y 3 sin 2C ö
Oºç 1 , ÷
è sin 2A + sin2B + sin2C sin2A + sin 2B + sin 2C ø
Note : If a triangle is right angle, then its circumcenter is mid point of hypotenuse.
E(1) Find circumcentre of triangle with vertices (–2,–3), (–1,0) and (7,–6). Also find radius of circumcircle.
[Ans. (3,–3), 5]
E 5
MATHEMATICS
(d) Orthocentre : A (x1 , y1)
It is the point of intersection of perpendicular drawn from vertices on

D
opposite sides (altitudes) of a triangle and can be obtained by solving O
the equation of any two altitudes. (x2 , y2) (x3 , y3)

B C
Note : E
(i) If a triangle is right angled triangle, then orthocenter is the point where right angle is formed.
æ x tan A + x 2 tan B + x 3 tan C y1 tan A + y 2 tan B + y 3 tan C ö

(ii) Orthocentre is ç 1 , ÷ø
è tan A + tan B + tan C tan A + tan B + tan C
(iii) Triangle formed by joining feet of altitudes is the pedal triangle.
Remarks :
(i) Incentre and centroid always lie inside the triangle. Circumcentre & orthocentre lie inside for
acute angle triangle and outside for obtuse angle triangle. A
(ii) If the triangle is equilateral, then centroid, incentre, orthocentre,
circumcentre, coincides. G O
(iii) Orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre are always collinear and C'
centroid divides the line joining. orthocentre and circumcentre in
C 'G 2 B D N C
the ratio 2 : 1 i.e. =
GO 1
(iv) In an isosceles triangle centroid, orthocentre, incentre,
circumcentre lies on the same line.
Example :
E(1) Orthocentre and circumcentre of a DABC are (1, 2) and (4, 5). If the co-ordinates of the vertex A
are (–1, 2), then find the co-ordinates of the middle point of BC. [Ans. (5, 5)]
E(2) Vertices of triangle are (2, –2), (–2, 1) and (5, 2). Find the distance between its orthocentre and
centroid.
B(–2,1)
5 2
5 2 2 5 2 5 26 5 5
[Ans. . = ][Wrong Answers , ]
2 3 3 (5,2)C A(2,–2) 2 3
5
(e) Ex-centers :
The centre of the circle which touches side BC and the extended portions
of sides AB and AC is called the ex-centre of DABC with respect to the A
I3 I2
vertex A. It is denoted by I1 and its coordinates are
B C
æ - ax1 + bx2 + cx 3 -ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 ö
I1 º ç , ÷ I1
è -a + b + c -a + b + c ø
Similarly ex-centers of DABC with respect to vertices B and C are denoted A(x1,y1)
by I2 and I3 respectively , and

c b
æ ax - bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 - by 2 + cy 3 ö /2
I2 º ç 1 , ÷, +A
è a -b+ c a-b+c ø (x3,y3)B p/2 c b C(x3,y3)
90–B/2
Da
æ ax + bx2 - cx 3 ay1 + by 2 - cy 3 ö
I3 º ç 1 , ÷
a+b- c a+b-c f
è ø
Note : I1
(i) Orthocentre of the DABC is the incentre of the pedal triangle and excentral of the pedal triangle is the
triangle ABC with A, B and C as the excentre of the pedal triangle.
6 E
MATHEMATICS
(ii) For I1 replace a by –a; for I2 replace b by –b & for I3 replace c by – c.
(iii) Incentre and excentres are harmonic conjugates of each other
A I D I1
Explanation :
I divides AD internally in the ratio (b + c) : a
& I1 divides AD externally in the ratio (b + c) : a.
Hence, I and I1 are harmonic conjugates of each other w.r.t. segment AB
Example : Find centre of circle touching line 3x + 4y = 12 & co-ordinate axes in I quadrant. [(1,1); (6,6)]
Home Work : ............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
rd
3 LECTURE
7. AREA OF A TRIANGLE AND CONDITION FOR COLLINEARITY :
x1 y1 1
1 1 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 1 x1 - x 3 x2 - x 3
D= x2 y2 1 = + + ; =
2 2 x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1 2 y1 - y 3 y2 - y 3
x3 y3 1
Note :
x1 y1 1
(i) If A, B, C are collinear Þ x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1
(ii) The area of quadrilateral can be found by dividing the quadrilateral into two triangles.
If A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2), C(x3,y3) and D(x4,y4) are vertices of a quadrilateral, then its area
1 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4
= + + +
2 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 x1 y1
Similarly area of a polygon can be obtained by dividing it into disjoined triangles and adding numerical
value of area of each of triangles.
Examples :
E(1) Prove that all coordinates of the vertices of an equilateral D can't be integer.
E(2) Find the values of K for which the points (K + 1, 2 – K) ; (1 – K, –K) and (2 + K, 3 – K) are collinear.
[Ans. K = 1]
E(3) Show that (b, c + a), (c, a + b) and (a, b + c) are collinear.
E(4) A(3, 2) ; B(5, –2) ; C(1, –3) and D(–4, –1) in order are the vertices of a quadrilateral. Find its area.
47
[Area = 1/2(d1d2 sinq). Vectors in two dimension can also be used] [Ans. ]
E(5) Find (a, b) if PA = PB and ar. D PAB = 10 P(a,b) [Ans. (1, 0) & (7, 2)]
A(3,4) B(5,–2)
45
E(6) Find 't' if area of pentagon ABCDE be , where A º (1,3) , B º (–2,5), C º (–3,–1), D º (0,–2) & E º (2,t)
2
[Ans. t = –1,89]
E 7
MATHEMATICS
8. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTARY LOCUS
Locus of a point is the path traced by moving point under restricted conditions.
Equation of locus : A unique relation between x & y coordiantes of any point on the curve which must
besatisfied by every point on the curve and by no other point.
Four basic steps :
1. Assume the coordinates of the point, say (h,k) whose locus is to be found.
2. Write the given condition in mathematical form involving h,k.
3. Eliminate the variables/parametres if any.
4. Replace h by x and k by y to obtain equation of locus.

Standard Locii :
(a) Locus of P if ÐAPB = 90°
P(h,k)
(A circle with diameter AB, excluding points A & B)
A(x1,y1) B(x2,y2)
P(h,k)
(b) Locus of P if P is equidistant from A and B. (Perpendicular bisector of AB)
A B
P(h,k)
(c) Point A moves so that Ar. DPAB = ab = const.
(Locus of P is a line || to x-axis/base of the D)
(d) Point P moves such that it is equidistant from two given lines (Angle bisector) A B x
(–a,0) (a,0)
(e) Parametric equation of locus :
Tell how to eliminate q -
x2 y2
(i) x = acosq, y = bsinq (q is the parameter) denotes standard ellipse + =1.
a 2 b2
(ii) x = a secq – b tanq , y = b secq + a tanq [Ans. (ax + by)2 – (ay – bx)2 = (a2 + b2)2]
Tell how to eliminate 't' -
(i) x = at2, y = 2at (t is the parameter) denotes y2 = 4ax.
æ a 2a ö
(ii) Find locus of mid-point of (at2, 2at) & ç 2 , ÷ [Ans. y2 = 2a(x + a)]
èt t ø
E(1) If A and B are variable points on x and y-axis respectively such that AB = l,!
then find :
(0,b)B
(i) Locus of middle point of AB P(h,k)
or locus of the circumcenter of the DAOB [Ans. (x + y = l )]
2 2 2
A(a,0)
(ii) locus of the centroid of the triangle AOB [Ans. 9(x2 + y2) = 4 l 2] 0
(iii) If l = 4 , then the locus of the point which divides segment AB in ratio 1 : 2. [Ans. 9x2 + 36y2 = 64]
E(2) Find the equation of the locus of a point whose distance from the x-axis exceeds its distance from y-axis
by 4. [Ans. |y| – |x| = 4]
E(3) A(1, 2) is a fixed point. A variable point B lies on a locus whose equation is x 2 + y2 = 4. Find the locus of
the mid point of AB. [Ans. 4x2 + 4y2 – 4x – 8y + 1 = 0]
8 E
MATHEMATICS
x2 y2 P
D(4) |PF1|+|PF2| = 2a Þ + =1 (a > c)
a 2 a 2 - c2 F2 F1
(–a,0) (–c,0) (c,0) (a,0)
x2 y 2
D(5) ||PA| – |PB|| = 4 B A - =1
4 5
(–3,0) (3,0)
D(6) y – y1 = m(x – x1) and y – y2 = m'(x – x2) are two families of straight lines, at right angle to each other. To
find the locus of the point of intersection of the lines, eliminate the parameters m and m', using the
condition mm' = –1. We get the locus as (x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1)(y – y2) = 0 [Leader]
Home Work : Loney-Ex. II & IV .........................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
th
4 LECTURE
9. STRAIGHT LINE :
Definition : It is defined as the locus of a point such that if any two points of this locus are joined, they define a
unique direction. To understand the concept of direction, we should know inclination of a line and slope of a line.
(i) Inclination of a line : If a straight line intersects the x-axis, the inclination of the line is defined as the
measure of the smallest non-negative angle which the line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis.
Slope (or Gradient) of a line : Y
p q
If the inclination of a line (i.e. non vertical line) is q and q ¹ , X' X
2
180°–q
then the slope of a line is defined to be tanq. Y'
If q is the angle between at which a straight line is inclined to the positive direction of x-axis and 0° £ q <
p
180°, q ¹ 90°, (0 £ q < p, q ¹ ), then the slope of the line, denotes by m, is defined by m = tanq.
2
If q = 90°, m does not exist, but the line is parallel to the y-axis.
If q = 0, then m = 0 and the line is parallel to the x-axis (i.e. line has zero slope).
(ii) Angle between lines :
(a) If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), x1¹ x2, are points on a straight line, then the slope m of the line is given
y1 - y2
by m = .
x1 - x 2
(Since slope of a non-vertical line is the slope of any segment contained in the line)
(b) If angle between line L1 & L2 is q, then
m1 - m2
tan q = 1 + m m hence m1 = m2 Þ L1 || L2
1 2
m1 m2 = –1 Þ L1 ^ L2
m1 + m2 = 0 Þ L1 & L2 are equally inclined to co-ordinate axes.
and m1m2 = 1 Þ lines make complementary angles with the x-axis.
E(1) Angles between the diagonals of a ||gm whose four angular points in order are (2, –1); (0, 2); (2, 3)
and (4, 0). [Ans. tan–12]
(iii) Intercept of lines : In a cartesian co-ordinate system, it is the distance from the origin to the point at
which a line cuts a given axis. It may be positive or negative
(a) If line has equal intercepts, then m = –1.
E 9
MATHEMATICS
(b) If line is equally inclined with coordinate axes./Line cuts off equal nonzero distances from origin,
then m = ± 1.
10. EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE :
A relation between x and y which is satisfied by co-ordinates of every point lying on a line is called equation of the
straight line. Here remember that every one degree equation in variable x and y always represents a
straight line i.e. ax + by + c = 0 ; a & b ¹ 0 simultaneously.
(a) Equation of a line parallel to x-axis at a distance a is y = a or y = – a
(b) Equation of x-axis is y = 0
(c) Equation of line parallel to y-axis at a distance b is x = b or x = – b
(d) Equation of y-axis is x = 0
(e) Any line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by = l & perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is bx – ay = l
Note : Every first degree equation in x, y represents a straight line and converse is also true.
Solution (Desirable) :
Let ax + by + c = 0 be a first degree equation in x, y
where a, b, c are constants.
Let P(x1, y1) & Q(x2, y2) be any two points on the curve represented by ax + by + c = 0.
Then ax1 + by1 + c = 0 and ax2 + by2 + c = 0
Let R be any point on the line segment joining P & Q
Suppose R divides PQ in the ratio l : 1. Then, the coordinates of R are ( lxl ++1x , lyl ++1y )
2 1 2 1
We have a ( lxl ++1x ) + b ( lyl ++1y ) + c = l 0 + 0 = 0

2 1 2 1
R(
l+1 )
lx + x ly + y
2 1 2 1
\ , lies on the curve represented by ax + by + c = 0. Thus every point
l +1
on the line segment joining P & Q lies on ax + by + c = 0.
Hence ax + by + c = 0 represents a straight line.
11. DIFFERENT FORMS OF STRAIGHT LINES :

(a) Point slope : y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y 2 - y1
(b) Two point form : y – y1 = (x – x1)
x 2 - x1
(c) Slope intercept form : y = mx + c (c is y-intercept); y = mx (line passes through origin)
a c
For line ax + by + c = 0, slope = - & y intercept = -
b b
x y
(d) Double intercept form : + =1
a b
c c
Intercepts by line ax + by + c = 0 on x & y axes respectively are - & - (can be obtained by putting
a b
y = 0 & x = 0 respectively).
Elementary Examples 1 to 7 (Essential ) :
(1) A line passing through the point (1, 0) and (2, 1) is rotated anticlockwise about the point (1, 0) by an angle
of 15°. Find the equation is its new position. [Ans. y = 3(x - 1) ]

(2) If mid points of sides of triangle are (2,1), (–5,7) & (–5,–5), then find equation of sides of triangle.
[Ans. x = 2, 7y = 6x + 79, 7y + 6x + 65 = 0]
1 1
(3) If the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear then find the value of + . [Ans. 1]
a b
(4) Equation of straight line passing through (1, 2) if x intercepts is twice the y-intercept. [Ans. x+2y=5]
10 E
MATHEMATICS
x y x y
(5) Line through (4, –3) if the sum of the intercept is equal to 5. [Ans. - = 1, + = 1 ]
10 5 2 3
(6) Portion of a straight line intercepted between the co-ordinate axes is bisected at the point (x1, y1). Find
x y
the equation of line. [Ans. + = 1]
2x1 2y1
(7) Locus of the middle point of AB/centroid of DAOB, if the line passes through (a, b). (where A & B are
a b
points on co-ordinate axes) [Ans. + =1]
2x 2y
E(8) Number of straight lines passing through (2, 4) & forming a triangle of area 16 square units with the
co-ordinate axes. [Ans. 3]
E(9) Consider two points A(1,2) & B(3,4). Find point C on x-axis such that AC + BC is minimum.
[Ans. (5/3, 0)]
E(10) Locus of foot of perpendicular drawn from origin on a variable line through point (h,k).
æ r3 r2 - 3 ö
E(11) If a, b, c are all different and the points ç , where r = a, b, c are collinear, then prove that
è r - 1 r - 1 ÷ø
3(a + b + c) = ab + bc + ca – abc.
(Use theory of equations instead of conventional determinant)
æ 2 7 ö æ 1 10 ö
D(12)Find othrocentre & circumcentre of D whose vertices are (0,1), (2,3) & (–2,5). [Ans. ç , ÷ ; ç - , ÷ ]
è3 3ø è 3 3 ø
Home Work : Loney-Ex.V ................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
th
5 LECTURE y
(e) Normal form : xcosa + ysina = p; p > 0
0 < a < 2p
The normal form can be identified by checking that p
a
(coeff. of x)2 + (coeff. of y)2 = 1 & p > 0 x
O
Example :
æ 12y 5x ö
E(1) Change line 5x – 12y + 39 = 0 in normal form. [Ans. ç - = 3÷ ]
è 13 13 ø
E(2) Find equation of a line on which perpendicular from origin is inclined with (+) axis at 60° and this line form
a D with coordinate axis of area 54 3 sq. units. [Ans. x + 3y = 18 ]

B
C
E(3) A Find equation of diagonal AC of square OABC.
a x
o
[Ans. xcos(a + 45) + ysin(a + 45) = a / 2 ]
æ x - x 1 y - y1 ö y P L
(f) Parametric form : [ ç = = r ÷; 0 £ q < p ] r (x, y)
è cos q sin q ø A q
(x1,y1)
x – x1 = r cosq, y – y1 = r sinq L'
(i) 'r' may be positive or negative. O
x
(ii) Whenever a question involves distances, parametric form may be used.
Examples :
E(1) A line passing through a fixed point A(x1, y1) and making an angle q with x-axis intersects a line
E 11
MATHEMATICS
ax1 + by1 + c
ax + by + c = 0 at P. Find AP . [Ans. ]
a cos q + b sin q
(Finding r)
E(2) In what direction a line through the point A(1, 2) must be drawn so that its intersection point P with line
6
x + y = 4 may be at a distance of from A. (q = 15° or 75° finding q)
3
1 1
E(3) A line passing through P(1,0) intersects the curve y2 = 4x at A & B. Find the value of + .[Ans. 1]
PA PB
D(4) A variable line through origin meets the line a 1x +b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 at P and Q. On it
2 1 1
is taken a point R. If = + , then prove that locus of R is also a straight line.
OR OP OQ
[Ans. Ax + By = 2]
Note : In case the required line is parallel to y-axis then the quadratic in 'm' will be such that the term m2 will get
cancelled in LHS & RHS which implies that one of the value of m is ¥.
(g) Lines in Determinant form :
x y 1
Line passing through two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
Example :
E(1) Find the equation of the median through A(x1, y1) (in the given figure) A(x1,y1)
x y 1 x y 1 x y 1 P(x,y)
[Ans. x1 y1 1 = 0 or x1 y1 1 + x1 y1 1 = 0 ] (x2,y2)B C(x3,y3)

M
x2
y 2 1 x 3 y3 1 x2 + x 3 y 2 + y 3
x2 + x3 y 2 + y3
1 GH 2
,
2
JK
2 2
D(2) Find the equation of internal and external angle bisectors of A A(x1, y1)
(in the given figure) P(x,y)
y)
x,
x y 1
P(
x y 1 (x2, y2)B E
D C(x3,y3)
[Ans. b x1 y1 1 ± c x1 y1 1 = 0] bx2 + cx 3 by2 + cy3
bx2 - cx3 by2 - cy3
,
, b- c b- c
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1 b+c b+ c
D(3) Find the equation of the altitude through 'A'

(in the given figure) A(x1,y1)
x y 1 x y 1
c b
[Ans. b cos C x1 y1 1 + c cos B x1 y1 1 = 0 ] P(x,y)
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1 (x2,y2)B c cos B b cos C C(x3,y3)

N
æ (b cos C)x 2 + (c cos B)x 3 (bcos C)y 2 + (c cos B)y 3 ö
,
ç ÷
è b cos C + c cos B bcos C + c cos B ø
D(4) Find the equation of line through A(x1,y1) and parallel to BC.
[Hint : The equation of the line through A and parallel to the base BC, where (a, b) are assumed to be
co-ordinates of D.] (in the given figure)
x y 1
[Ans. x1 y1 1 = 0 ]
a b 1
12 E
MATHEMATICS
Now, equating the middle point of BD and AC
A(x1,y 1) D(a,b)
a + x2 = x1 + x3 Þ a = x1 – x2 + x3 P(x,y)
b + y2 = y1 + y3 Þ b = y1 – y2 + y3
Hence the equation of the line is
x y 1 B(x2,y 2) C(x 3,y3)
x1 y1 1 =0
x1 + x 3 - x 2 y1 + y 3 - y 2 1
x y 1 x y 1 x y 1
x1 y1 1 =0 Þ x1 y 1 1 - x1 y1 1 = 0 ]
x3 - x2 y 3 - y2 1 - 1 x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
12. POSITION OF A POINT W.R.T. A LINE :

P(x1,y 1) Q(x2,y2)
line
If the point P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) lies on the same side of the line then the
Ax + By + C = 0
expression Ax1 + By1 + C and Ax2 + By2 + C will be of the same sign and if
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are on the opposite side of the line then the expressions Ax1 + By1 + C and Ax2 + By2 + C
will be of opposite side.
Note : If point (x1,y1) is on origin side of the line Ax + By + C = 0, then C and Ax 1 + By1 + C are of same sign
& vice versa.
Examples :
E(1) Determine all values of a for which the points (a, a2) lies inside the D formed by the lines 2x + 3y – 1 = 0;
x + 2y – 3 = 0 and 5x – 6y – 1 = 0. [Ans. (–3/2, – 1) È (1/2, 1)]
E(2) If the point (a, a2) lies between the lines x + y – 2 = 0 and 4x + 4y – 3 = 0, then find the range of value
of a. [Ans. (–2, –3/2) È (1/2, 1)]
Home Work : Loney - Ex.VI (upto Q.16) ..........................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................
th
6 LECTURE
13. LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR :
(a) The length of perpendicular from (x1, y1) on ax + by + c = 0;
a x1 + b y1 + c
Proof : analytical approach; vector approach =
a 2 + b2
(b) Distance between the || lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and
P(x1,y 1)
c1 - c2
ax + by + c2 = 0 is
a 2 + b2
[Take (x1, y1) on any one line and draw a perpendicular on the other line]
Note :
Parallelogram becomes a rhombus a1x+b 1y+c1=0
c1 - c2 d1 - d 2 p1
if = a2x+b2y+d2=0 a2x+b 2y+d1=0
a12 + b12 a22 + b22 p2
Examples : a1x+b 1y+c2=0

E(1) Find equation of line parallel to ax + by + c1 = 0 & ax + by + c2 = 0 & dividing distance between them
E 13
MATHEMATICS
in ratio m : n.
E(2) Two mutually ^ lines are drawn through the point (a, b) and enclose an isosceles D together with the line
xcosa + ysina = p. Find the area of D. [Ans. (a cosa + b sina + p)2]

(Note that area of right isosceles triangle is = p2 ; where p is the perp. distance from the vertex and area
h2
of an equilateral triangle in term of its altitude is =.)
3
E(3) Equation of two straight lines passing through the point (0, 1) such that 3 =0
y+
4 x –3
P(2,2)
the perpendicular distance from (2, 2) on it is equal to unity. Find also (0,1)
y=1
the equation of the line through the feet of these perpendiculars.
E(4) Intercept made by a line L on the co-ordinate axis is a and b; if the

y' y
axes are rotated about the origin, new intercepts are p, q then x'
q b
p
1 1 1 1
prove that + = +
p 2 q 2 a 2 b2 a
x
x y x' y'
[to get this, equate perpendicular distance on the lines + =1 & + = 1 from the origin.]
a b p q
p
E(5) If the straight line ax + by + p = 0 and xcosa + ysina = p encloses an angle of and the line
4
xsina – ycosa = 0 meets them at the same point. Find a2 + b2 ? [Ans. 2]
14. REFLECTION OF A POINT : Y

Let P(x, y) be any point, then its image with respect to y=x
T(y,x)
(a) x-axis is Q(x, –y) R(–x, y) •
•
• P(x,y)
(b) y-axis is R(–x, y) X
O
S(–x, –y) • • Q(x, –y)
(c) origin is S(–x,–y)
(d) line y = x is T(y, x)
(e) Reflection of a point about any arbitrary line : The image of a
point P(x1, y1) about the line ax + by + c = 0 is
(xl,y1) =0
x2 - x1 y - y1 (ax1 + by1 + c) P y +c
= 2 = -2 +b
a b a 2 + b2 ax
(x3,y3)
and the foot of perpendicular from a point (x1, y1) on the line
x3 - x1 y 3 - y1 ax + by1 + c
ax + by + c = 0 is = =- 12 (x2,y2)
a b a + b2 Q
Examples :
E(1) Find image of (4,–13) w.r.t. 5x + y + 6 = 0. [Ans. (–1,–14)]
E(2) A ray of light incident along the line x – 2y – 3 = 0 and strikes a line mirror.
i r
If the equation of normal on the line mirror at the point of incidence is n
2x + 3y + 1 = 0, then find the equation of the reflected ray
[Ans. 29x – 2y – 31 = 0]
2x+y=6
E(3) Find the equation of incident ray AP and reflected ray PB. (Check if
slope of AB is equal to the slope of the line mirror.) P
[Ans. 3y = 4x + 18, y = 6] A(3,10) B(5,6)
14 E
MATHEMATICS
D(4) Equation of the perpendicular bisector of the sides AB and AC of a triangle
ABC are x – y + 5 and x + 2y = 0, if the vertex is A(1, –2). Find the equation
of BC. [Ans. 14x + 23y = 40]
D(5) Find a point P on 3x + 2y + 10 = 0 such that |PA – PB| is maximum, where
A is (4,2) & B is (2,4). [Ans. (–22,28)]
Home Work : Loney - Ex.VII ..................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................
th
7 LECTURE
15. INTERNAL ANGLES OF TRIANGLE :
Compute tanA, tanB, tanC, for a DABC, by arranging lines in descending order of their slope. Convenient
to prove whether a D is scalene/acute/obtuse.
m1 - m 2 m2 - m3 m3 - m1
If slopes are m1 > m2 > m3, then tangents of internal angles of triangle are , & + .
1 + m1 m2 1 + m2 m3 1 m3 m1
16. LINE INCLINED AT AN ANGLE TO OTHER LINE(S) :
m + tan q m - tan q
(a) Slope of line equally inclined (Let q ) with line y = mx + c is ,
1 - m tan q 1 + m tan q
(b) Slope of a line (Let m) making same angle with two lines y = m1x + c1 & y = m2x + c2 is obtained by
m - m1 m -m
solving = 2
1 + mm1 1 + mm2
Examples :
E(1) Equation of a line passing through (1, 2) making an angle of 45° with the line 2x + 3y = 10.
[Ans. m = –5, 1/5]
3
E(2) Equation of a line passing through (–2, –7) making an angle of tan –1 with 4x + 3y = 3.
4
24
[Ans. y + 7 = - (x + 2) ]
7
E(3) Two sides of a rhombus lying in the first quadrant are given by y = (3/4)x C
and y = (4/3)x. If the length of the longer diagonal OC = 12, find the B m
12 c
equation of the other two sides.
[Ans. 4y - 3x - 6 2 = 0 , 3y - 4x + 6 2 = 0 ] a q A
[q – q1 = a = q2 – q Þ 2q = q1 + q2 Þ q = 45°] O
y=m1x+c1
E(4) Area of the ||gm whose 4 sides are as shown in the figure using
(c1 - c2 )(d1 - d 2 ) æ p1 p2 ö y=m2x+d2 y=m2x+d1

A = p1p2cosecq is given by =ç ÷
m1 - m2 è sin q ø q
y=m1x+c2
17. CONDITION FOR CONCURRENCY :
Method I : Lines L1,L2 & L3 meet in a point if point of intersection of any two lines lies on the third line
a1 b1 c1
a
Mothod II : 3 lines arx + bry + cr = 0 (r = 1, 2, 3) are concurrent then 2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
E 15
MATHEMATICS
a1 b1 c1
Note : If a2 b2 c2 = 0 , then lines may be parallel, coincident or concurrent.
a3 b3 c3
Method III: Three lines L1,L2 & L3 are concurrent if there exists not all zero quantities p,q and r such that
pL1 + qL2 + rL3 = 0
Examples :
E(1) Find the value of 'm' for the lines 2x – y – 1 = 0, x + my – 2 = 0 & mx + y + 1 = 0 such that
1
(i) no two lines are parallel. [Ans. m ¹ -2, -1, - ,1 ]
2
(ii) the lines are concurrent. [Ans. no such m is possible]
p1 x + q1 y + 1 = 0 ü
ï
E(2) If the lines p2 x + q 2 y + 1 = 0 ý are concurrent then prove that the points (p1q1); (p2q2) & (p3q3) are
p3 x + q 3 y + 1 = 0ïþ
collinear.
E(3) Altitudes – IIT-98 : Medians, side bisector and angle bisectors are concurrent IIT-2001
[Sol. Concurrency of altitudes :
Choose one side BC = 2a along x-axis with its mid-point O as origin so that the points B and C are
(–a, 0) and (a, 0) respectively. Let the third vertex be the point (h, k), AD, BE and CF are three
altitudes whose equations are
AD : x = h or x + 0 . y – h = 0 ........(i)
(h - a)
BE : y – 0 = - (x + a)
k
or x(h – a) + ky + a(h – a) = 0 ........(ii)
CF : x(h + a) + ky – a(h + a) = 0 .......(iii)
The three lines will be concurrent if D = 0.
E(4) Let l & a Î R. The lines
lx + (sin a )y + cos a = 0 ü
ï
x + (cos a )y + sin a = 0 ý ; If these lines are concurrent find the set of values of l.
-x + (sin a )y - (cos a ) = 0ïþ
If l = 1, find all values of a. [Ans. l Î éë - 2, 2 ùû ] [IIT-93]
(5) E(a) Prove that the point of intersection of the diagonals of a trapezium lies on the line passing
through the mid points of the parallel sides. (IIT-98);
D(b) Prove that O/G/C are collinear.
px + by + c = 0 ü
ï
D(6) a ¹ p, b ¹ q, c ¹ r and the lines ax + qy + c = 0 ý are concurrent then find the value of
ax + by + r = 0 ïþ
p q r
+ + [Ans. 2]
p-a q-b r-c
(cos 2 A)x + (cos A)y + 1 = 0 ü

ï
D(7) If (cos B)x + (cos B)y + 1 = 0 ý are concurrent where A/B/C are the angles of a triangle then prove that
2
(cos 2 C)x + (cos C)y + 1 = 0 ïþ

the triangle must be Isosceles.
[Hint : (cosA – cosB)(cosB – cosC)(cosC – cosA) = 0]
16 E
MATHEMATICS
D(8) If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle then prove that the lines.
(sin2A)x + (sin C)y + sin B = 0 ü

ï
(sinC)x + (sin2B)y + sin A = 0 ý are concurrent. (Use product of two determinant and
(sin B)x + (sin A)y + sin2C = 0 ïþ
use sin2A = sinA cosA + sinA cosA and sinC = sinB cosA + sinAcosB etc.)
(sin 3q)x + ay + b = 0 ü
D(9) If bc ¹ ad and the lines (cos 2q)x + cy + d = 0 ï are concurrent then find the most general values
ý
2x + (a + 2c)y + (b + 2d) = 0 ïþ
p 3
of q. [Ans. q = np; q = np + (-1) n ; sin q = - rejected]
6 2
Home Work : Loney - Ex.VI (Q.17 to 21) ........................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
th
8 LECTURE
18. FAMILY OF STRAIGHT LINE :
If A be the common point of two straight lines a 1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x+b2y+c2=0, then equation
a1x+b1y+c1+l(a2x+b2y+c2)=0 is satisfied by coordinates of common point A, where l is any arbitrary constant.
Type 1 :
L1 : 3x + 4y + 6 = 0 & L2 : x + y + 2 = 0
equation of line through the point of intersection A of L1 = 0 & L2 = 0 and
E(1) passes through (2, –3). [Ans. l = 0]
E(2) parallel to a line x + 2y +3 = 0. [Ans. l = –2]
E(3) perpendicular to the line 2x – 3y + 1 = 0. [Ans. l = –6]
E(4) has equal intercepts on the coordinate axes (m = –1). [Ans. l ® ¥]
E(5) cutting of nonzero intercept equal in magnitude from the coordinate axes. (m = ±1).
E(6) at a distance of 2 units from the origin. (or dividing the circumference of e in the ratio of 1 : 2).
[Ans. l = –4]
E(7) situated at a maximum distance from the point P(2, 3). [Ans. l = –7]
(Write the line through A and ^ to AP)
E(8) is parallel to coordinate axis. [Ans. l = –3, –4]
E(9) and is concurrent with the lines x + 2y + 3 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 1 = 0 also (compute without finding the
points of intersection of both the family). [Ans. l = –1]
E(10) area intercepted by the line and the coordinate axes is 2 units. [Ans. l = –7/2]
D(11) touching the curve y = x2 + 1.
D(12) Number of values of K for which the line Kx + 5y = 9 will not belong to the family [Ans. K ¹ 7]
5x + 3y – 7 + l(3x + 10y + 4) (For K = 7 concurrent, ¥)
Type 2 : Converse of type-I i.e. L1 + lL2 = 0 is a line which passes through a fixed point.
E(1) The family of lines x(a + 2b) + y(a + 3b) = a + b passes through a fixed point for all values of a and b.
Find the fixed point. [Ans. (2,–1)]
E(2) If a, b, c are A.P. Þ variable line ax + by + c = 0 passes through a fixed point. [Ans. (1,–2)]
E(3) If a, b, c are in H.P. Þ bcx + cay + ab = 0 passes through a fixed point. [Ans. (1,–2)]
E(4) If a + 9b = 6ab + 4c Þ ax + by + c = 0 passes through one or the other of the two fixed point.
2 2 2
æ 1 3 öæ 1 3 ö
[Ans. ç - , ÷ç , - ÷ ]
è 2 2 øè 2 2 ø
E 17
MATHEMATICS
E(5) If the sum of the reciprocals of the intercepts made by a line on the
co-ordinate axes is non-zero constant = k, then show that the line always passes b
variable line
æ1 1ö
through a fixed point ç , ÷ O a
èk kø
D(6) If the algebraic sum of the perpendiculars from 3 non collinear points (xi, yi); i = 1, 2, 3 on a
variable line vanishes then the variable line passes through G/O/I/C of the DABC. [Ans. G]
D(7) If the equal legs of a DAOB right angled at the origin O be produced to P and Q so that
2AP . BQ = AB2, prove analytically that the line PQ always passes through a fixed point. [Ans.(a,a)]
D(8) A(3, 0) and B(6, 0) are two fixed points and P(x1y1) is a variable point. Lines AP and BP meet the y-axis
at C and D respectively and AD meet OP at Q where 'O' is the origin. Prove that CQ passes through a
fixed point (2, 0)(Let C(0, c) and D(0, d)).
D(9) All chords of the parabola y2 = 4x which subtend a right angle at the vertex pass through a fixed point.
D(10) Tangents are drawn from every point on the line x + 2y = 4 on the e x2 + y2 = 1. Show that the
æ1 1ö
variable chord of contact passes through a fixed point. [Ans. ç , ÷ ]
è4 2ø
Type 3 : (Desirable) u 1=a 1x+b 1y+c 1=0

B C
(1) BD = u2u3 – u1u4 = 0 & AC = u3u4 – u1u2 = 0
u2ºa2x+b2y+d2=0 u 4=a2x+b 2y+d 1=0
Note that 2nd degree terms cancel and the equation
u2u3 – u1u4 = 0 is satisfied by the coordinates of the A
u1=a1x+b 1y+c1=0 D
points B & D.
Note : for writing the diagonal BD write the difference of the product of lines above and below BD.
(2) The equation to the diagonal AC can also be written by applying the condition of concurrency in the lines
u2, u3 and u1 + ku4 = 0.
th
9 LECTURE
19. EQUATION OF BISECTORS OF ANGLES BETWEEN TWO LINES :
If equation of two intersecting lines are a 1x+b1y+c1=0 and a2x + b2y+c2=0, then equation of bisectors of the
angles between these lines are written as :
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2 ................(1)
=±
2 2
a +b
1 1 a22 + b22
(a) Equation of bisector of angle containing origin :

If the equation of the lines are written with constant terms c1 and c2 positive, then the equation of the
bisectors of the angle containing the origin is obtained by taking positive sign in (1)
Proof :
To isolate between the bisector of the pair L2=0
containing and not containing the origin.

L1 : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & L2 : a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 M L1=0
with c1 & c2 positive. (h,k)P Q(h,k)

N
Since P and O (origin) are on the same side of the line O
L1 = 0 & L2 = 0 hence O(0, 0) and P(h, k) will give the
same w.r.t. L1 = 0 & L2 = 0.
18 E
MATHEMATICS
a1 h + b1 k + c1 ü As with (0, 0) both L and L also give +ve sign

Hence is + veï 1 2
2 2
a +b
1 1 ï
ý
a 2 h + b2 k + c2
& is also + ve ï
a 22 + b22 ï
þ
a1 h + b1 k + c1 a 2 h + b2 k + c 2
\ the equation gives the bisector of that pair which contains the
=
a12 + b12 a22 + b22
origin. Now consider the point Q(h, k) on other bisector.
Note that Q and O are on different side of L2 = 0.
where as Q and O are on the same side of L1 = 0.
a1 h + b1 k + c1 a 2 h + b2 k + c 2
Hence is +ve where as is – ve
a +b
2
1
2
1 a22 + b22
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a 2 x + b2 y + c 2
Therefore the equation =– will give the bisector of that pair which does not
a +b2
1
2
1 a22 + b22
contain the origin.
Note : In case we have to find angle bisector containing the point (a, b), then use +ve sign in equation (1)
if both a1a + b1b + c1 and a2a + b2b + c2 are of same sign and vice versa.
(b) Equation of bisector of acute/obtuse angles :
To find the equation of the bisector of the acute or obtuse angle
Method-I Let f be the angle between one of the two bisectors and one of two given lines. Then if tanf<1 i.e.
f < 45° i.e. 2f < 90°, the angle bisector will be bisector of acute angle.
Method-II Make the constant terms c1 and c2 positive in the given equations.
Determine the sign of a1a2 + b1b2.
If sign of For obtuse For acute

a1a2 + b1b2 angle bisector angle bisector
+ use + sign in eq. (1) use – sign in eq. (1)
– use – sign in eq. (1) use + sign in eq. (1)
Proof (Desirable) :
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 (where c1 = +ve) a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
A
P a–b
a1x + b1y = –c1
N M
a–b
-a 1 x b1 y c1 a b
- = P1
........ (i)
a12 + b12 a12 + b12 a12 + b12 0 a2x + b 2y + c2 = 0
Let the normal form of (i) is cosax + sinay = p1

ù a1 a2
comparing, cos a = - ú similarly cos b = -
2 2
a +b ú 1 1 a + b22
2
2
b1 ú b2
sin a = - ú sin b = -
a12 + b12 úû a + b22 2
2
a1 a2
cos a cos b + sin a sin b =
a + b12 a22 + b22
2
1
E 19
MATHEMATICS
a1 a2 + b1 b2
or cos(a - b) =
a + b12 a22 + b22
2
1
If a1a2 + b1b2 < 0 Þ cos(a - b) < 0

Hence a - b is obtuse. This would mean that origin lies in the acute region Þ +ve sign bisector will give
the bisector of that pair which contains the origin as well as acute angle bisector and –ve sign will give the
other bisector.
If a1a2 + b1b2 > 0 Þ cos(a - b) > 0.
Hence a - b is acute. This would mean that origin lies in the obtuse region. Hence in this case +ve sign
bisector will give the bisector of that pair which contains the origin as well as obtuse angle bisector.
Method-III (Desirable) Another way of identifying an acute and obtuse

angle bisector is as follows :
Let L1 = 0 & L2 = 0 are the given lines & u1 = 0 and
u2 = 0 are the bisectors between L1 = 0 & L2 = 0. Take a
point P on any one of the lines L1 = 0 or L2 = 0 and drop
perpendicular on u1 = 0 & u2 = 0 as shown . If,
½p½ < ½q½ Þ u1 is the acute angle bisector .
½p½ > ½q½ Þ u1 is the obtuse angle bisector .
½p½ = ½q½ Þ the lines L1 & L2 are perpendicular .
Note (1) : Equation of straight lines passing through P(x1, y1) & equally inclined with the lines a1x + b1y + c1
= 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are those which are parallel to the bisectors between these two lines
& passing through the point P.
Note (2) : If c1 & c2 are both positive (or both negative), then for a1a2 + b1b2 < 0, origin containing angle
bisector is acute angle bisector & for a1a2 + b1b2 > 0, origin containing angle bisector is obtuse angle
bisector.
Examples :
E(1) Find the bisectors between the lines.
4x + 3y – 7 = 0 and 24x + 7y – 31 = 0
Identify Acute/ obtuse or origin containing/not containing.
[Ans. x – 2y + 1 = 0 & 2x + y = 3]
E(2) The vertices of a DABC are

A(–1, 11); B(–9, –8) and C(15, –2).
Find the equation of the bisector of the angle at A.
(Note that AB = AC = 425 = 5 17 ) [Ans. 4x + y = 7]

E(3) Bisectors between the lines x + 3y = 6 + 2 3 and x - 3y = 6 - 2 3
Note that lines are equally inclined to the coordinate axes (m1+m2=0).
\ x=h and y=k are the two bisectors where (h,k) correspond to point of intersection of the lines.
E(4) Find the bisector of the angle between the lines 3x – 4y + 2 = 0 and 5x + 12y – 8 = 0 containing
the point (–1,2).
[Ans. 32x + 6y – 7 = 0]
[Hint : Shift origin as x + 1 = X and y – 2 = Y & find angle bisector containing origin]
20 E
MATHEMATICS
(c) Bisectors in case of triangle :
Two possible models are A(x1,y1)
Case (i) : When vertices of a D are known c b

Case (i) :
B (x2,y2) a C(x3,y3)
Compute the sides of the triangle and then the incentre of triangle.
All the internal bisectors can be obtained.
Note : If the D is isosceles / equilateral then one can easily get the incentre.
(Not to be taught)
(D) Vector Approach
A(2,1)
r uuur V2
v 1 = AB = 3iˆ - 4ˆj V1
V1
R V2
V 1+ V2
3iˆ - 4ˆj
v̂ 1 = (5,–3)B C(–10,6)
5
ˆ ˆ
Similarly , ¶ = -12i + 5 j
v̂ 2 = AC
13
uuur 3iˆ - 4jˆ -12iˆ + 5jˆ

\ AR = vˆ 1 + vˆ 2 = +
5 13
Equation of the bisector of the angle A

r é 3iˆ - 4ˆj -12iˆ + 5ˆj ù
r = 2iˆ + ˆj + l ê + ú
ë 5 13 û
(x - 2)iˆ + (y - 1)jˆ = l[13(3iˆ - 4ˆj) + 5( -12iˆ + 15j)]
ˆ = ( -21iˆ - 43j)
ˆ = l(21iˆ + 43j)
ˆ
x - 2 y -1
\ = Similarly other bisectors can be calculated
21 43
[Case (ii) : When the equations of the sides are given (Desirable)]
Home Work : Loney - Ex.VIII (Q.37 to 40) ......................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................
20. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES : y Y

(a) Shifting of origin without rotation of axes :
If the origin O(0, 0) is shifted to O'(a, b), then we have for the point O'. (a,b)
X
x = a and X = 0; y = b and Y = 0 O'
x
O
Hence x – a = X and y – b = Y
Examples :
E(1) Find the new co-ordinates of the point (3, –4) if the origin is shifted to (1, 2).
(Here x = 1 and y = 2 Þ x – 1 = X and y – 2 = Y

New co-ordinates are (2, –6))
E(2) Find the transformed equation of the straight line 2x – 3y + 5 = 0 if origin is shifted to (3, –1).
[Ans. 2X – 3Y + 14 = 0]
E(3) (a) Find the point to which the origin should be shifted so that the equation
y2 – 6y – 4x + 13 = 0 is transformed to the form Y2 + AX = 0
(transformed to Y2 – 4X = 0) [Ans. (1,3)]
(b) Find the point to which the origin should be shifted so that the curve x2 + y2 – 5x + 2y – 5 = 0
has no first degree terms.
E 21
MATHEMATICS
E(4) Show that the area of the triangle with vertices (2, 3); (5, 7) and (–3, –1) remains invariant if the origin is
5
shifted to the point (–1, 3) [Ans. æç , -1 ö÷ ]
è2 ø
D(6) When the origin is shifted to (1, 1), then what do the following equations become :
E(a) xy – x – y + 1 = 0 ® XY = 0
D(b) x – y – 2x + 2y = 0
2 2
® X2 – Y2 = 0
D(c) x2 + xy – 3y2 – y + 2 = 0 ® X2 – 3Y2 + XY + 3X – 6Y + 1 = 0
(b) Rotation of axes without shifting the origin :
To chan ge t he direction of axes of coordinates
Y1 Y
without changing the origin, both systems of coordinates being rectangular. P
Let OX, OY be the original system of axes and OX1, OY1 be the new system X1
q
of axes. Let the angle XOX1, through which the axes are turned be q. Let P(x,
q X
y) w.r.t. a frame OX, OY also P(x', y') w.r.t. a frame OX1, OY1, then we have
relation between as : x = x'cosq – y' sinq ; y = x'sinq + y'cosq
Old
New x¯ y¯
x' ® cos q q
sin
y' ® –sin q q
cos
E(1) If the axes are rotated through an angle of 30° in the anticlockwise direction about the origin, find the
co-ordinates of a point (4, –2 3 ) in the new system w.r.t the old system. [Ans. ( )
3, -5 ]
E(2) If the axes are rotated through an angle of 45° in the clockwise direction about the origin, find the new
equation of x2 – y2 = a2. [Ans. xy = 2a2]
E(3) Find the angle through which the axes must be turned so that the equation 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 is reduced
4
to the form x = k, and determine the value of k. [Ans. tan -1 , k = -1 ]
3
Home Work : Loney - Ex.VIII (upto Q.36) & XV .............................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................
21. PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES :

(a) Pair of straight lines through origin :
(i) A homogeneous equation of degree two of the type ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0 always represents a pair
of straight lines passing through the origin. If y = m1x & y = m2x be the two equations
2h a
represented by ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0, then m1 + m2 = - & m1m2 = .
b b
Note : A homogeneous equation of degree n represents n straight lines through the origin.
(ii) If q is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines represented by,
2 h2 - a b
ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0, then ; tanq = .
a+b
The condition that these lines are :
(a) At right angles to each other is a + b = 0. i.e. coefficient of x² + coefficient of y² = 0.
(b) Line are real & distinct if h 2 > ab, coincident if h2 = ab and imaginary with real point of
intersection if h2 < ab.
(c) Equally inclined to the axis of x is h = 0. i.e. coefficient of xy = 0.
22 E
MATHEMATICS
(iii) The equation to the straight lines bisecting the angle between the straight lines,
x2 - y2 xy
ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0 is = .
a-b h
If a = b , then angle bisectors are x– y = 0, x + y = 0.
If h = 0, then angle bisectors are x = 0 & y = 0.
Example :
E(1) Prove that the x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 and x + y = 1 enclose an equilateral triangle. Find also its area.
3
[Ans. sq. units]
6
E(2) Prove that 3x2 – 8xy – 3y2 = 0 and x + 2y = 3 enclose a right isosceles D.
E(3) If one of the lines denoted by the line pair ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 bisects the angle between co-ordinate
axes then prove that (a + b)2 = 4h2.
E(4) Show that lines denoted by the line pair bx2 – 2hxy + ay2 = 0 are at right angles to the line pair
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
E(5) If pair of straight lines x2 – 2pxy – y2 = 0 & x2 – 2qxy – y2 = 0 be such that each pair bisects the angles
between the other pair, prove that pq = –1.
E(6) Prove that the pair of lines a 2x 2 + 2h(a+ b)xy + b 2y 2 = 0 is equally inclined to the pair
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 (They have the same bisectors)
(7) E(a) Find the condition under which ax3 + bx2 y + cxy2 + dy3 = 0 represent three lines, two of which are
at right angles. [Ans. a4 + a2bd + acd2 + d4 = 0]
D(b) Two of the straight lines represented by the equation ay4 + bxy3 + cx2y2 + dx3 + ex4 = 0 will be at
right angles if (b + d)(ad + be) + (e – a)2(a + c + e) = 0.
L º (x2 + lxy – y2)(ex2 + µxy – ay2)
[Hint : Equate coefficient and eliminate l and µ]
ax12 + 2hx1 y1 + by12
D(8) T.P.T product of the perpendiculars from (x1, y1) are ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
(a - b)2 + 4h2
Home Work : Loney - Ex.X .........................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
th
10 LECTURE
22. GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE REPRESENTING A PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES :
(i) ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2ƒy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if :
a h g
abc + 2ƒgh - aƒ ² - bg² - ch² = 0, i.e. if h b ƒ = 0.
g ƒ c
(ii) The angle q between the two lines representing by a general equation is the same as that between the
two lines represented by its homogeneous part only .
Example :
E(1) Find the value of p & q such that x2 + y2 + 2pxy + 2qx + 6y + 8 = 0 represents two parallel straight lines.
[Ans. p=1, q=3; p=–1, q=–3]
E(2) Find the point of intersection of the lines y – xy – 6x + 13x – y – 6 = 0. Also find the angle between
2 2
them. [Ans. (1,1); 45°]

D(3) To find the condition so that the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2ƒy + c = 0 represents two parallel
lines. Find also the distance between them.
E 23
MATHEMATICS
g2 - ac
(a) h2 = ab and gh = aƒ (b) d= 2
a(a + b)
Homogenisation :
The joint equation of a pair of straight lines joining origin to the points of intersection of the line given by
lx + my + n = 0 ............. (i)
& the 2nd degree curve : ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2ƒy + c = 0 ............. (ii)
2
is ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gx æç l x + m y ö÷ + 2ƒy æç l x + m y ö÷ + c æç l x + m y ö÷ = 0 ............ (iii)
è -n ø è -n ø è -n ø
ælx + my ö
(iii) is obtained by homogenizing (ii) with the help of (i), by writing (i) in the form : ç ÷ = 1.
è -n ø
Note: Any second degree curve through the four point of intersection of ƒ (x,y) = 0 & xy = 0 is given by
ƒ (x y) + l xy = 0 where ƒ (x,y) = 0 is also a second degree curve.
Examples :
(1) E(a) Find the equation of the line pair joining origin and the point of intersection of the line 2x – y = 3
and the curve x2 – y2 – xy + 3x – 6y + 18 = 0. Also find the angle between these two lines.
[Ans. 11x2 – 14xy + 3y2 = 0 ; tan–14/7]
E(b) Find the value of m if the lines joining the origin to the points common to x2 + y2 + x – 2y – m = 0 &
x + y = 1 are at right angles. [m = 1/2]
D(c) If angle between the lines joining origin and the point of intersection of the line x – y = 2 and the
curve x2 – 4xy + 2y2 – 2x + y + k = 0 is 45°. Find k. [Ans. k =–4, –10]
D(2) Show that all chord of the curve 3x2 – y2 – 2x + 4y = 0 subtending right angles at the origin pass through
a fixed point, find also the coordinates of the fixed point. [Ans. [1, –2]]
E(3) A line L passing through the point (2, 1) intersects the curve 4x2 + y2 – x + 4y – 2 = 0 at the points
A, B. If the lines joining origin and the points A, B are such that the coordinate axis are the bisectors
between them then find the equation of line L. [Ans. 4y – x = 2, 2y + x = 4]
H.W.
(1) A straight line is drawn from the point (1, 0) to the curve x2 + y2 + 6x – 10y + 1 = 0 such that the
intercept made by it on the curve subtend a right angle at the origin. Find the equation of the line L.
[Ans. x+y=1, 9y + x=1]
23. PROBLEMS ON LOCII : L1

fixed Q (0,b)
Examples : line
x y L2(variable line)
E(1) A fixed line PQ : + = 1; cut the x and y axis at P & Q and a
a b
R (a,0)
variable line perpendicular to it cut the x-axis at R and y axis at
P
S. Find the locus of the point of intersection of QR and PS.
S T(h,k)
æ k - b öæ k - 0 ö
Hence ç ÷ç ÷ = -1
è h - 0 øè h - a ø
24 E
MATHEMATICS
E(2) A rod of length (a + b) moves on the co-ordinate axis and a point P divides it in the
ratio a : b compute the locus of P B a
q P(h,k)
h = a cosq b
q
k = b sinq O A
D(3) Length of rod AB = c

Locus of the foot of the perpendicular from Q on AB
(0,c cosec q)
Equation of AB Q(c cosq,c sinq)
B
x y
+ =c L(h
cos q sin q ,k)
xsinq + ycosq = c sinq cosq ....... (i) q

O A
lines perpendicular to it (c cos q,0)
x cosq – y sinq = l ; passes through Q
Þ l = c cos2q ....... (ii)
solving (i) and (ii) h = c cos3 q ù

ú elliminate q
k = c sin3 q û
D(4) Find the locus of the vertex A of the DABC if y

(a) The difference of the base angle is q A(h,k)
[Ans. x2 + 2xycotq – y2 = a2]

(b) The product of the tangents of the base angles is l.
[Ans. y2 + lx2 = la2] x
B O C
2a
Miscellaneous :
(1) If arx + bry + cr = 0; r = 1, 2, 3 denotes the equations to the sides of the triangle.
2
a1 b1 c1
1
A= a2 b2 c2 , where C1, C2, C3 are cofactors of c1, c2, c3 i.e. C1 = a2b3 – b2a3 etc.
2C1 C2 C3
a3 b3 c3
A1 B1 C1
1
or A= A2 B2 C2 , where Ai, Bi, Ci (i = 1, 2, 3) are co-factors.
2Õ (a1 b2 - a2 b1 )
A3 B3 C3
(2) Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the lines y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2 and y-axis is given
1 (c1 - c2 )2
by . Hence deduce that the area of the triangle formed by three lines y = m1x + c1;
2|m1 - m 2 |
1 ì (c1 - c2 )2 (c2 - c 3 )2 (c 3 - c1 )2 ü
y = m2x + c2 and y = m3x + c3 is í + + ý
2 î m1 - m 2 m2 - m3 m3 - m1 þ
Home Work : Loney - Ex.XII & XIII ..................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................
E 25

Straight Line

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Straight Line

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MATHEMATICS

Geometry based on definitions & axioms is referred as euclidean geometry.

Parallelogram Trapezium Kite Cyclic Quad

(iii) In a parallelogram 2(a2 + b2) = d12 + d22 d1

æ mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 ö m x2–x E

If l comes out (+)ve Þ internal division

AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + 2DC2

æ ax1 + bx 2 + cx3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 ö

It is the point of intersection of perpendicular drawn from vertices on

the equation of any two altitudes. (x2 , y2) (x3 , y3)

æ x tan A + x 2 tan B + x 3 tan C y1 tan A + y 2 tan B + y 3 tan C ö

by I2 and I3 respectively , and

7. AREA OF A TRIANGLE AND CONDITION FOR COLLINEARITY :

Four basic steps :

2. Write the given condition in mathematical form involving h,k.

3. Eliminate the variables/parametres if any.

4. Replace h by x and k by y to obtain equation of locus.

We have a ( lxl ++1x ) + b ( lyl ++1y ) + c = l 0 + 0 = 0

11. DIFFERENT FORMS OF STRAIGHT LINES :

of 15°. Find the equation is its new position. [Ans. y = 3(x - 1) ]

a D with coordinate axis of area 54 3 sq. units. [Ans. x + 3y = 18 ]

[Ans. x1 y1 1 = 0 or x1 y1 1 + x1 y1 1 = 0 ] (x2,y2)B C(x3,y3)

D(3) Find the equation of the altitude through 'A'

x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1 (x2,y2)B c cos B b cos C C(x3,y3)

12. POSITION OF A POINT W.R.T. A LINE :

Home Work : Loney - Ex.VI (upto Q.16) ..........................................................................................

Examples : a1x+b 1y+c2=0

xcosa + ysina = p. Find the area of D. [Ans. (a cosa + b sina + p)2]

the equation of the line through the feet of these perpendiculars.

E(4) Intercept made by a line L on the co-ordinate axis is a and b; if the

14. REFLECTION OF A POINT : Y

Home Work : Loney - Ex.VII ..................................................................................................

16. LINE INCLINED AT AN ANGLE TO OTHER LINE(S) :

(c1 - c2 )(d1 - d 2 ) æ p1 p2 ö y=m2x+d2 y=m2x+d1

If l = 1, find all values of a. [Ans. l Î éë - 2, 2 ùû ] [IIT-93]

(cos 2 A)x + (cos A)y + 1 = 0 ü

(cos 2 C)x + (cos C)y + 1 = 0 ïþ

(sin2A)x + (sin C)y + sin B = 0 ü

Type 3 : (Desirable) u 1=a 1x+b 1y+c 1=0

(a) Equation of bisector of angle containing origin :

To isolate between the bisector of the pair L2=0

containing and not containing the origin.

with c1 & c2 positive. (h,k)P Q(h,k)

a1 h + b1 k + c1 ü As with (0, 0) both L and L also give +ve sign

(b) Equation of bisector of acute/obtuse angles :

To find the equation of the bisector of the acute or obtuse angle

Determine the sign of a1a2 + b1b2.

If sign of For obtuse For acute

Let the normal form of (i) is cosax + sinay = p1

If a1a2 + b1b2 < 0 Þ cos(a - b) < 0

Method-III (Desirable) Another way of identifying an acute and obtuse

½p½ = ½q½ Þ the lines L1 & L2 are perpendicular .

E(2) The vertices of a DABC are

(Note that AB = AC = 425 = 5 17 ) [Ans. 4x + y = 7]

E(3) Bisectors between the lines x + 3y = 6 + 2 3 and x - 3y = 6 - 2 3

Case (i) : When vertices of a D are known c b

uuur 3iˆ - 4jˆ -12iˆ + 5jˆ

Equation of the bisector of the angle A

Home Work : Loney - Ex.VIII (Q.37 to 40) ......................................................................................

20. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES : y Y

(Here x = 1 and y = 2 Þ x – 1 = X and y – 2 = Y

Home Work : Loney - Ex.VIII (upto Q.36) & XV .............................................................................

21. PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES :