1.

Halley M Pontes (University of Tasmania), Megan Taylor (Nottingham Trent

University) and Vasilis Stavropoulos (Victoria University Melbourne) in 2016
conducted a study on Beyond “Facebook Addiction”: The Role of Cognitive-
Related Factors and Psychiatric Distress in Social Networking Site Addiction. A
total of 532 English-speaking SNS users were recruited via opportunity sampling
from online SNSs (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn) from June to August 2016.
The survey included questions regarding participants’ age, gender, and
relationship status. Data were also collected on participants’ most used SNSs,
number of SNSs used, daily SNS use, weekly SNS use, and 12-month prevalence
of self-reported problems due to SNS use (yes/no). SNS addiction was assessed
with the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale which includes six items related to
key components of addiction (i.e., salience, mood modification, tolerance,
withdrawal symptoms, conflict, and relapse). All items are answered using a 5-
point scale (1: never to 5: always), with higher scores indicating greater levels of
SNS addiction.POSI was assessed with a subscale from the Generalized
Problematic Internet Use Scale–2. This subscale includes three items that are
rated on a 7-point scale (1: strongly disagree to 7: strongly agree), with higher
scores indicating higher POSI.Maladaptive cognitions toward SNS use was
assessed with the English version of the Chinese Maladaptive Cognitions
Scale.This scale includes twelve items that are responded to on a 5-point scale (1:
totally disagree to 5: totally agree), with higher scores indicating greater levels of
maladaptive cognitions toward SNS use. Dysfunctional emotion regulation was
assessed with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale–Short Form. This
measure consists of a total of eighteen items rated on a 5-point scale (1: almost
never to 5: almost always), with higher scores suggesting greater levels of
dysfunctional emotion regulation. This construct can be divided into six sub-
dimensions pertaining to specific forms of emotion regulation, such as strategies,
non-acceptance, impulse, goals, awareness, and clarity. Psychiatric distress was
assessed with the Symptom Checklist–6. This scale utilizes six items to assess
psychiatric distress related to symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychoticism
using two items for each subscale. All items can be rated on 5-point scale (1:
definitely not true of me to 5: definitely true of me).

The result of the study comes as Maladaptive cognition and

psychiatric distress emerged as significant risk factors for SNS addiction after
controlling for the effects of specific sociodemographic variables and patterns of
SNS use.

2. Chauhan and Gupta (2015) conducted a study in India to find the impact of
frequency of Internet use on cognitive processing among adolescents. The sample
comprised of 240 adolescents (120 males and 120 females) within the age range
of 13 to 17 years. The subjects completed the Internet use scale (Donchi &
Moore, 2004) and four scales measuring cognitive processing each measuring
one dimension of Cognitive processing (i.e., planning, attention, simultaneous
and successive processing). The data was subjected to 2×2 analysis of variance.
Results revealed that significant differences between frequent and infrequent
Internet users particularly in terms of planning, attention and successive
processing while no significant differences was found in terms of simultaneous
processing. The frequent Internet users thus, displayed higher cognitive
processing benefits than their counterparts. In order to see the significance of
 differences among means involved in interactions. Duncan's multiple range test
was applied, the results revealed that infrequent female Internet users lack
significantly in attention span task as compared to counterparts. Internet thus may
act as a tool that encourages certain kind of cognitive structures among
adolescents.

3. Min-Hyeon Park, et.al (2011) study investigated on potential relationship

between Internet addiction and cognitive function in adolescents based on IQ
tests. The study screened 253 middle school students and 389 high school
students for Internet addiction and compared 59 Internet addicted students with
43 non addicted students using an IQ test. The results of the study revealed that
Internet-addicted group had comprehension sub-item scores that were
significantly lower than those of the non-addicted group, and the study further
emphasised that there may be a relationship between Internet addiction and weak
social intelligence. Earlier onset of Internet addiction and longer addiction
duration were associated with lower participant performance in areas related to
attention. From the above study it could that brain as development remains active
during adolescence, the possibility that Internet addiction adversely affects the
cognitive functioning of adolescents.

4. Luna, Marek, Larsen, Tervo-Clemmens, & Chahal (2015) Research investigated

the effects of Internet use on cognition in adolescents. Specific concerns about
how the Internet might impact adolescent cognitive development include how
having near constant access to information might disrupt memory abilities or the
utilization of effortful thinking (Näsi & Koivusilta, 2012), or how the ability to
multitask between several online/offline activities could shorten attention spans.
While these concerns about altered cognitive abilities are often couched within
the idea that „Internet use could be rewiring developing brains‟, the current
review focuses specifically on cognitive processes rather than neural correlates or
neural development.

5. Sepede G, Tavino M, et al., (2016) in their study on the Functional magnetic

resonance imaging of internet addiction in young adults aimed at reporting the
results of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) studies pertaining
internet addiction disorder (IAD) in young adults. By analyzing many such
relevant article related to IAD and there FMRI report showed that, while in the
resting state brain studies indicated that the more relevant abnormalities were
localized in the superior temporal gyrus, limbic, medial frontal and parietal
regions where as during the task related FMRI studies it was reported that less
than half of the papers reported behavioural differences between patients and
normal controls, but all of them found significant differences in cortical and sub
cortical brain regions involved in cognitive control and reward processing: Orbito
frontal cortex, insula, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, temporal and
parietal regions, brain stem and caudate nucleus. Thus from the study it was
concluded that, IAD may fatally affecting young adults' brain functions which
includes attention and concentration also.

6. David J Llewellyn, kennth langa and felicia Huppert conducted a study in 2002 to
investigate whether psychological well-being is associated with levels of
cognitive function. Setting and participants were 11,234 non-institutionalised
 adults aged 50 years and over of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing in
2002. psychological well-being was measured using the CASP-19, and cognitive
function was assessed using neuropsychological tests of time orientation,
immediate and delayed verbal memory, prospective memory, verbal fluency,
numerical ability, cognitive speed and attention. The relation of psychological
well-being to cognitive function was modelled using linear regression. on a
global cognitive score combining all cognitive tests, those in the fifth quintile of
psychological well-being scored an average of 0.30 SD units higher than those in
the lowest quintile (95% CI 0.24-0.35) after adjustment for depressive symptoms
and socio demographics. This association remained after additional adjustment
for physical health and health behaviours. The same pattern of association was
observed for men and women, and across all cognitive domains. in a large
population of community living adults, higher levels of psychological well-being
were associated with better cognitive function.

7. Allerhand, M., Gale, C. R., & Deary, I. J. (2014) conducted a study on the
dynamic relationship between cognitive function and positive well-being in older
people.The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) is an ongoing
longitudinal study of adults aged 50 and over (Marmot et al., 2011). In total,
11,392 sample members took part in the first ELSA follow-up in 2002–2003.
There were further follow-up surveys of the cohort in 2004–2005, 2006–2007,
and 2008–2009. Everyone was measured at roughly the same time at each follow-
up (within a year of each other), and were followed up at roughly the same 2-year
intervals. In particular, for each participant at each wave, cognition and well-
being were assessed during the same interview on the same day. The mean age at
baseline was 65 years. People entering the study ranged in age from 50 to over 90
years. The variables we extracted from the ELSA data set are broadly divided
into time-varying measures of cognitive ability and positive well-being taken at
four waves of measurements, and time-invariant observations of several
covariates taken at or before the first wave. they examined whether there was a
bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and general cognitive
ability and found some evidence that depression might influence cognitive
decline, but there was no indication of a reverse effect.

8.  Nakanishi, Miharu ,Yamasaki, Syudo and Nishida, Atsushi conduct 2019 a study

on Midlife Psychological Well-Being and its Impact on Cognitive Functioning
Later in Life.This study aimed to examine the association between midlife
psychological well-being and cognitive function in later life in women. Methods:
The study included 703 women from the British 1946 birth cohort in the Medical
Research Council’s National Survey of Health and Development. Psychological
well-being at 52 years was assessed using the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-
being over six dimensions: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth,
positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Cognitive
function at 69 years was measured using the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive
Examination, Third Edition. Results: After controlling for cognitive ability at
eight years, educational attainment by 26 years, occupational attainment and
marital status by 53 years, depression, smoking, and physical exercise at 60–64
years, there was a significant association between greater personal growth and
lower self-acceptance at 52 years, and better cognition at 69 years. However,
there was no association between cognition and the other four Ryff scales. the
result is Most aspects of midlife psychological well-being, except for personal
growth and self-acceptance, were not prospectively associated with cognition.