Cisco TAC Entry Training

Cisco TAC Entry Training
Routing Concepts
Tariq Bader
CCIE # 35627
Security/VPN team
Cisco TAC
Presentation_ID © 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Agenda
Introduction to Routers
Router Basic Configuration
Routing Concepts and

Principles
Static Routing
Routers
Introduction to Routers
Why Router?
 The router is responsible for the routing of traffic between
networks.
Routers
 Routers are specialized computers containing the following

required components to operate:
o Central processing unit (CPU)
o Operating system (OS) - Routers use Cisco IOS
o Memory and storage (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash, hard drive)
Routers
 Routers use specialized ports and network interface cards to
interconnect to other networks.
Router Functions – Interconnect Networks
 Routers can connect multiple networks.
 Routers have multiple interfaces, each on a different IP network.
Router Functions – Choose Best Paths
 Routers use static
routes and dynamic
routing protocols to
learn about remote
networks and build
their routing tables.
 Routers use routing
tables to determine
the best path to
send packets.
 Routers encapsulate
the packet and
forward it to the
interface indicated
in routing table.
Router Packet Forwarding Methods
 Process switching – An older
packet forwarding
mechanism still available for
Cisco routers.
 Fast switching – A common
packet forwarding
mechanism which uses a
fast-switching cache to store
next hop information.
 Cisco Express Forwarding
(CEF) – The most recent,
fastest, and preferred Cisco
IOS packet-forwarding
mechanism. Table entries
are not packet-triggered like
fast switching but change-
triggered
IP Addresses & Default Gateways
 To enable network
access devices must be
configured with the
following IP address
information
o IP address - Identifies a
unique host on a local
network.
o Subnet mask -
Identifies the host’s
network subnet.
o Default gateway -
Identifies the router
that a packet is sent to
when the destination is
not on the same local
network subnet.
IP Address Assigning Methods
 Statically Assigned IP address – The host is manually

assigned an IP address, subnet mask and default gateway. A
DNS server IP address can also be assigned.
o Used to identify specific network resources such as network
servers and printers.
o Can be used in very small networks with few hosts.
 Dynamically Assigned IP Address – IP Address information is

dynamically assigned by a server using Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
o Most hosts acquire their IP address information through DHCP.
o DHCP services can be provided by Cisco routers.
Router LEDs
Router Console Access
IOS CLI
Router Basic Configuration
Configure Basic Router Settings
 Name the device
 Secure management access
 Configure a banner
 Save the Configuration
Configure an IPv4 Router Interface
 To be available, a router
interface must be:
o Configured with an
address and subnet
mask .
o Must be activated using
no shutdown command.
By default LAN and WAN
interfaces are not
activated.
o Serial cable end labeled
DCE must be configured
with the clock
rate command.
o Optional description can
be included.
Configure a Loopback Interface
 A loopback interface is a
logical interface that is
internal to the router:
o It is not assigned to a
physical port, it is
considered a software
interface that is
automatically in an UP
state.
o A loopback interface is
useful for testing.
o It is important in the
OSPF routing process.
Verify Interface Settings
 Show commands are used to verify operation and

configuration of interface:
o show ip interfaces brief
o show ip route
o show running-config
 Show commands are used to gather more detailed

interface information:
o show interfaces
o show ip interfaces
Verify Interface Settings
Verify The Directly Connected Networks
Filter Show Command Output
 Show command output can be managed using the following

command and filters:
o Use the terminal length number command to specify the
number of lines to be displayed. A value of 0 (zero) prevents the
router from pausing between screens of output.
o To filter specific output of commands use the (|)pipe character
after show command. Parameters that can be used after pipe
include: section, include, exclude, begin
Command History Feature
 The command history feature temporarily stores a list of

executed commands for access:
o To recall commands press Ctrl+P or the UP Arrow.
o To return to more recent commands press Ctrl+N or the Down
Arrow.
o By default, command history is enabled and the system captures
the last 10 commands in the buffer. Use the show history
privileged EXEC command to display the buffer contents.
o Use the terminal history size user EXEC command to
increase or decrease size of the buffer.
Routing
Routing Concepts and Principles
Routing Packets Between Networks
Routing Packets Between Networks (Cont.)
Routing Decision Process
Path Determination – Best Path
 Best path is selected by a routing protocol based on the

value or metric it uses to determine the distance to reach a
network:
o A metric is the value used to measure the distance to a given
network.
o Best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric.
 Dynamic routing protocols use their own rules and metrics
to build and update routing tables:
o Routing Information Protocol (RIP) - Hop count
o Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - Cost based on cumulative
bandwidth from source to destination
o Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) - Bandwidth,
delay, load, reliability
Path Determination – Administrative Distance
 If multiple paths to a destination are configured on a router,
the path installed in the routing table is the one with the
lowest Administrative Distance (AD):
o A static route with an AD of 1 is more reliable than an EIGRP-
discovered route with an AD of 90.
o A directly connected route with an AD of 0 is more reliable than a
static route with an AD of 1.
The Routing Table
 A routing table is a file stored in RAM that contains

information about:
o Directly connected routes
o Remote routes
o Network or next hop associations
The Routing Table
 The show ip route command is used to

display the contents of the routing table:
o Local route interfaces - Added to the routing table
when an interface is configured. (displayed in IOS 15 or
newer)
o Directly connected interfaces - Added to the routing
table when an interface is configured and active.
o Static routes - Added when a route is manually
configured and the exit interface is active.
o Dynamic routing protocol - Added when EIGRP or OSPF
are implemented and networks are identified.
The Routing Table
The Routing Table
 Interpreting the entries in the routing table.
Directly Connected Routes
 A newly deployed
router, without any
configured interfaces,
has an empty routing
table.
 An active, configured,
directly connected
interface creates two
routing table entries:
o Link Local (L)
o Directly Connected
(C)
Directly Connected Routes
Static Routes
 Static routes and default static routes can be implemented

after directly connected interfaces are added to the routing
table:
o Static routes are manually configured
o They define an explicit path between two networking devices.
o Static routes must be manually updated if the topology changes.
o Their benefits include improved security and control of resources.
o Configure a static route to a specific network using the ip route
network mask {next-hop-ip | exit-intf}
command.
o A default static route is used when the routing table does not
contain a path for a destination network.
o Configure a default static route using the ip route 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0 {exit-intf | next-hop-ip} command.
Static Routes
Dynamic Routing
 Dynamic routing is used by routers to share information
about the reachability and status of remote networks. It
performs network discovery and maintains routing tables.
Dynamic Routing – IPv4 Routing Protocols
 Cisco ISR routers can support a variety of dynamic

IPv4 routing protocols including:
o EIGRP – Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
o OSPF – Open Shortest Path First
o IS-IS – Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System
o RIP – Routing Information Protocol
Dynamic Routing – IPv4 Routing Protocols
Routing
Static Routing
Static Routing Advantages
1. Static routes are not advertised (usually) over the network,

resulting in better security.
2. Static routes use less bandwidth than dynamic routing
protocols, no CPU cycles are used to calculate and
communicate routes.
3. The path a static route uses to send data is known.
Static Routing Disadvantages
1. Initial configuration and maintenance is time-consuming.

2. Configuration is error-prone, especially in large networks.
3. Administrator intervention is required to maintain
changing route information.
4. Does not scale well with growing networks; maintenance
becomes cumbersome.
5. Requires complete knowledge of the whole network for
proper implementation.
Static Route Applications
1. Connect to a specific network.

2. Provide a Gateway of Last Resort for a stub network.
3. Reduce the number of routes advertised by summarizing
several contiguous networks as one static route.
4. Create a backup route in case a primary route link fails.
Types of Static Routes
1. Standard Static Route

2. Default Static Route
3. Summary Static Route
4. Floating Static Route
Standard Static Route
Default Static Route
 A default static route is a route that matches all packets.

 A default route identifies the gateway IP address to which
the router sends all IP packets that it does not have a
learned or static route.
 A default static route is simply a static route with 0.0.0.0/0
as the destination IPv4 address.
Summary Static Route
Floating Static Route
 Floating static routes are
static routes that are used
to provide a backup path to
a primary static or dynamic
route, in the event of a link
failure.
 The floating static route is
only used when the primary
route is not available.
 To accomplish
this, the floating static
route is configured with
a higher administrative
distance than the primary
route.
Configure IPv4 Static Routes
Configure IPv4 Default Static Route
Next-Hop Options
 The next hop can be identified by an IP address, exit

interface, or both. How the destination is specified
creates one of the three following route types:
o Next-hop route - Only the next-hop IP address is
specified.
o Directly connected static route - Only the router exit
interface is specified.
o Fully specified static route - The next-hop IP address
and exit interface are specified.
Configure a Next-Hop Static Route
 When a packet is destined for

the 192.168.2.0/24 network:
1. R1 looks for a match in the
routing table and finds that it
has to forward the packets to
the next-hop IPv4 address
172.16.2.2.
2. R1 must now determine how to
reach 172.16.2.2; therefore, it
searches a second time for a
172.16.2.2 match.
Configure Directly Connected Static Route
Configure a Fully Specified Static Route
 In a fully specified static route:

o Both the output interface and the next-hop IP address
are specified.
o This is another type of static route that is used in older
IOSs, prior to CEF.
o This form of static route is used when the output
interface is a multi-access interface and it is necessary
to explicitly identify the next hop.
o The next hop must be directly connected to the
specified exit interface.
Configure a Default Static Route
Configure a Floating Static Route
Verify a Default Static Route
Verify & Troubleshoot a Static Route
 ping
 traceroute
 show ip route
 show ip route static
 show ip route network
 show ip interface brief
Q&A

Cisco TAC Entry Training - 5 - Routing Concepts PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Cisco TAC Entry Training - 5 - Routing Concepts PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Router Basic Configuration

Routing Concepts and

 Routers are specialized computers containing the following

 Statically Assigned IP address – The host is manually

 Dynamically Assigned IP Address – IP Address information is

 Show commands are used to verify operation and

 Show commands are used to gather more detailed

 Show command output can be managed using the following

 The command history feature temporarily stores a list of

Routing Concepts and Principles

 Best path is selected by a routing protocol based on the

 A routing table is a file stored in RAM that contains

 The show ip route command is used to

 Static routes and default static routes can be implemented

 Cisco ISR routers can support a variety of dynamic

1. Static routes are not advertised (usually) over the network,

1. Initial configuration and maintenance is time-consuming.

1. Connect to a specific network.

1. Standard Static Route

 A default static route is a route that matches all packets.

 The next hop can be identified by an IP address, exit

 When a packet is destined for

 In a fully specified static route:

Вам также может понравиться