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GRAPHICS
Dr. M. SENTHIL KUMAR
Author of Best Selling Book
“ENGINEERING GRAPHICS ”
Published by  D.D.Publications
Email: msk67@rediffmail.com
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Dr. M. SENTHIL KUMAR
Author of Best Selling Book
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“ENGINEERING GRAPHICS”
Published by D.D.Publications
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2 ENGINEERING DRAWING IS THE UNIVERSAL GRAPHIC


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LANGUAGE OF ENGINEERS
ENGINEERING DRAWING IS THE UNIVERSAL GRAPHIC LANGUAGE OF
ENGINEERS. IT IS THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF A REAL THING.
IT IS USED TO DRAW, DEVELOP, RECORD AND CONVEY THE IDEAS,
FROM ONE TO OTHER.
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3 DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
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4 METHOD OF DIMENSIONING: METHOD - 1


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5 METHOD OF DIMENSIONING: METHOD - 2


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6 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
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7 Read Engineering Graphics by Dr. M. S. Kumar ; Published by


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18 CONICS
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19 CONICS
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35 PLANE CURVES
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36 CYCLOID: It is the curve obtained when a xed point on the


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circumference of a circle rolls on a plane surface, without slip. This Download
cycloidal pro le is used in designing gears tooth pro les used in clocks,
conveyor linkages, …
INVOLUTE: It is the curve traced by an end of a string when unwound
from a circle or a regular polygon. This involute pro le is used in
designing gear tooth pro les, used in designing the impeller of the
centrifugal pumps, …
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37 CYCLOID
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38 INVOLUTE
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39 CYCLOID
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57 INVOLUTE
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78 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES Cancel Download


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79 VARIOUS POSITIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE


The position of a straight line in space can be described with respect to Orthographic Projection
the two reference planes are as follows Welcome Engineering
Line parallel to both the HP and VP. Graphics - Lect.
Line parallel to one plane and perpendicular to other.
Line parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP.
Line parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
Line parallel to one plane and inclined to other.
Line parallel HP and inclined to VP.
Line parallel to VP and inclined to HP.
Line contained by one or both the planes.
Line in HP.
Line in VP.
Line both in HP and VP. ENGINEERING DRAWING
Line inclined to both the planes. VISUALIZATION.
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97 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
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98 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
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129 SECTIONS OF SOLIDS
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130 TERMS USED IN THE SECTIONS OF SOLIDS


SECTION PLANE: AN IMAGINARY PLANE BY WHICH THE OBJECT Cancel
IS CUT Download
IS CALLED THE SECTION PLANE. THE LINE TYPE TO REPRESENT THIS
SECTION LINE IN THE VIEW IS A THIN CHAIN LINE THICK AT THE ENDS
SECTION: THE SURFACE OF THE OBJECT CUT BY THE SECTION PLANE IS
CALLED SECTION
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131 TERMS USED IN THE SECTIONS OF SOLIDS


NOTE
Cutting plane inclined to HP and perpendicular to VP will have VT in the
elevation and the top view shows the apparent section.
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132 TERMS USED IN THE SECTIONS OF SOLIDS


SECTIONAL VIEW: THE PROJECTION OF THE SECTION ALONG WITH THE
REMAINING PORTION OF THE OBJECT IS CALLED SECTIONAL VIEW.
TRUE SHAPE OF THE SECTION: THE SECTIONAL VIEW OBTAINED ON A
PLANE PARALLEL TO THE SECTION PLANE IS CALLED THE TRUE SHAPE
OF THE SECTION.
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149 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES


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150 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES


AN OBJECT CAN BE MADE OUT OF A SHEET METAL. WHEN ALL THE
SURFACES OF A SOLID ARE OPENED OUT ON A PLANE, THEN THE
PLANAR PROFILE OBTAINED IS CALLED “DEVELOPMENT”. EACH AND
EVERY LINE ON THE DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE THE TRUE LENGTH OF
THE RESPECTIVE LINE IN THE SURFACE
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151 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES


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152 METHOD OF DEVELOPMENT
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE FOUR presentation
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOLIDS 
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PARALLEL LINE METHOD (STRETCH-OUT METHOD)
RADIAL METHOD
TRIANGULATION METHOD
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While developing the solids, the bases / ends of the solid are generally
omitted unless theyButtons:
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181 DEVELOPMENT SURFACES OF SOLIDS WITH SQUARE


CUTOUTS
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195 DEVELOPMENT SURFACES OF SOLIDS WITH CYLINDRICAL
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211 ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
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212 ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS


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213 TERMS USED IN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION


Isometric axes: The three principal axes, which are making 120° with
each other are called isometric axes
Isometric lines: The lines parallel to any one of the isometric axes are
called isometric lines.
Non-Isometric lines: The lines that are not parallel to any one of the
isometric axes are called non-isometric lines.
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214 TERMS USED IN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION


ISO-RIGHT
AXIS
ISO-TOP
PLANE
ISO-LEFT
AXIS
ISO-RIGHT
PLANE
ISO-TOP
AXIS
ISO-LEFT
PLANE
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215 TERMS USED IN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION


Isometric planes: the planes containing any two isometric axes or
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Non-Isometric Planes: These are the planes that are not parallel to any
of the isometric planes.
Isometric View: It is the pictorial view showing all the three dimensions
of the solid with no reduction in size of the edges. 
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NOTE
While drawing the isometric view of an object, only the true lengths
should be used.
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216 ISOMETRIC SCALE
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217 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION AND


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218 TO DRAW A PENTAGON IN ISOMETRIC VIEW


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224 TO DRAW THE ISOMETRIC
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251 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS Cancel Download


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252 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS


It is a type of pictorial projection of an object, which is capable of giving
more realistic appearance of the object. When an object is viewed from
a xed de nite position, the representation of the object on a at plane
(called picture plane) as it would appear to the eye is called perspective
projection or drawing
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253 TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE


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254 TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE


Auxiliary Ground Plane (AGP): It is a horizontal plane placed above the
horizon plane. As per the third angle projection the top view of the
object is obtained on this plane.
Picture Plane (PP): It is the vertical transparent plane perpendicular to
the ground plane in which the perspective of the object is obtained.
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255 TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE


Station Point: It is the location of the eye of the observer while viewing
the object.
Central
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256 TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE
Ground Line (GL): It is the line of intersection of the PP with the ground
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257 TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE


Perpendicular Axis (PA): (line of sight or Axis or vision) It is the line
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drawn through the station point perpendicular to PP. It is contained by
the Central Plane.
Centre of Vision (C): It is the point of intersection of perpendicular axis
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with the picture, which lies on horizon line
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258 METHODS OF DRAWING PERSPECTIVE VIEWS


The following are the two methods to obtain perspective of an object
Visual Ray Method
Vanishing Point Method
NOTE
The edges or planes, which are on PP, will retain its shape and size,
even in perspective.
NOTE
The faces, which are parallel to PP, will have the similar shape of the
face in perspective. But the size of it depends on its position with
respect to PP.
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259 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION BY VISUAL RAY METHOD


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284 PICTORIAL TO ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION & FREE HAND


SKETCHING
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285 FREE HAND SKETCHING


Free hand sketching is one of the most easier and e ective techniques
to communicate designs and ideas. The idea pertaining to a new design
can be expressed on a paper, without loss of information. Later it can
be updated or modi ed into suitable scale for actual work. It is
generally done without the use of any drawing instruments.
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286 TYPES OF FREEHAND SKETCHES
There are two types Download
of freehand presentation
sketches. They are 
Orthographic sketches / projections
2. Pictorial sketches / projections
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287 DRAWINGButtons:
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
Sketch the object lines and complete the details in the views and
darken the lines which are visible by thick continuous line type and the
hidden ones by thick dashed line type. Draw the center mark lines for
all the circles using chain line type.
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Mark the dimensions, notes, … in the orthographic views.
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293 THANK
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Author of Best Selling Book
“ENGINEERING GRAPHICS”
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