EE551L

Luisito F. Taripe jr.

SUBMITTED BY:

ENGR. Roland Valencia

SUBMITTED TO:

Indoor Lighting

Incandescent Bulbs:
 Incandescent bulbs are the original form of electric lighting
and have been in use for over 100 years. While Thomas
Edison is widely considered to be the inventor of the
incandescent bulb, there are a number of people who
invented components and prototypes of the light bulb well
before Edison did. It produces light when a thin wire called
a tungsten filament is heated by electricity running through
it making it so hot that it starts to glow brightly. This
releases a lot of heat and the bulbs get hot to the touch,
meaning this bulb is very inefficient.
Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass
mount attached to the bulb's base which allows the electrical
contacts to run through the envelope without gas/air leaks.
Small wires embedded in the stem support the filament and/or
its lead wires.

The enclosing glass enclosure contains either a vacuum or an

inert gas to preserve and protect the filament from
evaporating.

Diagram showing the major parts of a modern

incandescent light bulb.
1. Glass bulb
2. Inert gas
3. Tungsten filament
4. Contact wire (goes to foot)
5. Contact wire (goes to base)
6. Support wires
7. Glass mount/support
8. Base contact wire
9. Screw threads
10. Insulation
11. Electrical foot contact

Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFL):

The compact fluorescent light bulb or lamp is a type of

fluorescent lamp generally designed as a replacement for
incandescent or halogen lamps. There are two major types
of compact fluorescent lamp, screw-in and plug-in.
Screw in lamps are self-ballasted and can generally be
placed in an existing screw socket without any additional
equipment, plug-in bulbs require a ballast and a socket that
corresponds to their specific base configuration. These are
also sometimes referred to as integrated (screw base) and
non-integrated (plug base).

Both come in a wide variety of wattages, sizes, color

temperatures, and base types, and they are known
primarily for their efficiency, long life, low cost, and ease of
upgrading. CRI: 50-80

Compact fluorescent components consist of cover,

coil glass tube, phosphor coating, mercury vapor,
ballast, ballast cover, and base.
 Cover - Compact fluorescent bulbs
sometimes have a cover to hide the glass
tubes and give the bulb a more traditional
shape
 Coil glass tube - Is the medium through
which light producing gases and mercury
travel
 Phosphor coatings - are found inside the
coiled glass tube and help convert the
energy to visible light mercury and other
gasses inside the lamp reach and excited
state and product energy.
 Cathodes - direct the current through the
lamp
 The ballast - regulates the electric current
and voltage into the lamp and powers the
lamp ballast cover,
 The base - serves as a conductor of
electricity
 Light Emitting Diode (LED):

Unlike incandescent and CFL bulbs, LED bulbs

have moved into the technological age. LEDs that
produce white light work in a rather complicated
way, and their invention won a Nobel Prize in
Physics in 2014! While these are the most efficient
bulbs to date, they are not without problems.
Although the light they produce looks
white,remember that white light contains all the
colors of the rainbow. LEDs contain a lot of blue
light, too much of which can have negative effects
on human health andwildlife. The biggest
advantage of this device is its high power to light
conversion efficiency. That is, the efficiency is
almost 50 times greater than a simple tungsten
lamp. The response time of the LED is also known
to be very fast in the range of 0.1 microseconds
when compared with 100 milliseconds for a
tungsten lamp.

Unlike normal signal diodes which

are made for detection or power
rectification, and which are made from
either Germanium or Silicon
semiconductor materials, Light Emitting
Diodes are made from exotic
semiconductor compounds such as
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium
Phosphide (GaP), Gallium Arsenide
Phosphide (GaAsP), Silicon Carbide
(SiC) or Gallium Indium Nitride (GaInN)
all mixed together at different ratios to
produce a distinct wavelength of colour

CRI: 80-98 Wattage 6 9.5

Lumens 450 800
 Outdoor
Lighting
Halogen Bulbs:
Halogen bulbs are often found in homes as
spotlights or floodlights, in cars as headlights, or at
sports fields as stadium lights. These bulbs work in a
similar way to an incandescent bulb by running
electricity through a tungsten filament. Unlike the
incandescent, there is halogen gas inside the bulb.
When the tungsten burns off the filament, the gas re-
deposits it back onto the filament to be reused.
Halogen bulbs last much longer than incandescent,
but these bulbs are much brighter and burn much
hotter than traditional incandescent bulbs.

CRI: 100

Wattage 53 72 75
Lumens 940 1350 1500
HALOGEN LAMP COMPONENTS

 Main components of a Halogen lamp

are:
 The Glass envelope which is made up
of quartz glass, which protects the
chemical composition.
 The tungsten filament is a filament
made of tungsten which is tightly
wound at the center of the capsule.
 The base connects to the electrical
circuit. 
 Contact wires bring current to the
filament from the base. 
 The support Wires holds the filament.
 And Halogen gas within the capsule
improves operation.
 Metal Halide:
Metal halide lamps are commonly used in streetlights,
parking lot lights, and stadium lights. They are very bright
and contribute to a lot of light pollution. They are fairly
efficient. They produce very white light and have good
color rendition, meaning that objects under these lights look
their truecolor.

CRI: 85-94

Wattage 250 400 1000

Lumens 22,000 36,000 110,000

Metal halide lamps have two basic configurations; those with an outer envelope
and those without. In the former, the lamp’s basic construction is an inner envelope
(called the arc tube), which contains the arc, and an outer envelope (called the bulb)
which filters out ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and shields the inner arc tube. These lamps
are typically single-ended (SE) and use a threaded mount to screw into a socket. The
second lamp configuration lacks the outer envelope and typically has two ends (double-
ended, DE) that need to be inserted into a socket. The inner arc tube contains the
electrodes and various metal halides, along with mercury and inert gases that make up
the mix. The typical halides used are some combination of sodium, thallium, indium,
scandium and dysprosium iodides. These iodides control the lamp’s spectral power
distribution and provide color balance by combining the spectra of the various iodides
used.
 High Pressure Sodium (HPS):
The high pressure sodium lamp (HPS) is the
most commonly used street light throughout
the world. It produces light by running
electricity through a mixture of gases, which
produces light. The lamp itself is preferred
because it requires little maintenance. These
lamps are fairly efficient. They take a while
to turn on completely and produce a yellow-
orange glow.

CRI: 20-24

Wattage 150 250 400

Lumens 16,000 24,000 50,000

Components
 The arc tube contains the xenon and
sodium-mercury amalgam mixture and
provides the proper environment for
producing light.
 The electrodes, which are made of
tungsten, carry a high-voltage, high-
frequency pulseto strike the arc and
vaporize the mercury and sodium.
 The base of the lamp provides a means of
electrical connection.
 The outer bulb shields the arc tube from
drafts and changes in temperature,
prevents oxidation of the internal parts, and
acts as a filter for most of the UV radiation
generatedby the mercury vapor.
 Some lamps have a phosphor coating on
the inner surface of the outer bulb to diffuse
the light

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS):

 The low pressure sodium (LPS) lamp works
similarly to the HPS light. Instead of producing
white light (all the colors of the rainbow), LPS
lamps produce almost exclusively yellow light.
While this light is fairly efficient, it takes several
minutes for the bulb to turn on. The light is very
yellow-orange. This yellow light makes objects it
is illuminating look a different color orgray.
A low-pressure sodium lamp is a type
of lamp that produces light from sodium gas
contained in a bulb operating at a
partial pressure of 0.13 to 1.3 pascal. Low-
pressure sodium lamps provide energy-
efficient outdoor lighting compared to high-
intensity discharge lighting, but they have a
very low color rendition index.

CRI: -44

Wattage 18 35 55
Lumens 1800 4550 7800

Advantages:
- Very efficient lamp
- Powerful lamp for use of large areas
- Despite a warm up time of 5-10 minutes it restarts immediately if there is a brownout
- Lumen output does not drop with age (such as in LEDs or incandescents)

Disadvantages:
- Worst color rendering of any lamp
- Sodium is a hazardous material which can combust when exposed to air (such as if
the bulb is broken in the trash)

LED Street Lamps:

LED technologies have developed

 rapidly in recent years and these bulbs
are now being integrated into outdoor
lighting solutions. While the energy
savings are significant, LEDs produce a
lot of blue light, too much of which can
have negative effects on human health
and wildlife.

CRI: 80-98

Wattage 25 42 146 202

Lumens 2772 3648 12,642 13,620

Phosphor-Converted Amber (PCA) LED Street Lamps:

PCALEDs have only been on the

market for the past few years. They
use very little energy and have good
color rendition,but are still rather
expensive. Some cities have
already installed these lights on
theirstreets.

CRI: >80

Wattage 0.9 1.8

Lumens 140 77

Narrow-Band Amber (NBA) LED Street Lamps:

 Narrow-band amber (NBA) LED
street lights are a brand new
technology. Rather than emitting
all the colors of the rainbow and
a lot of blue light, they emit
mostly in the yellow. They still
have good color rendition,
meaning that they do not make
things look grey like LPS lamps
do. Because this technology is
so new, these bulbs are not
widely available and as such,
are still expensive. They are
veryefficient.

CRI: 67

Wattage 16.4 20.6 42.3

Lumens 1147 1460 3311

Narrow-Band Amber (NBA) LED Lights - Narrow-band amber (NBA) LED street
lights are a recently developed technology. They emit primarily yellow-amber colored
light directly, without using a phosphor like that used in PCALED lights. They have a
lower color rendition than PCALEDs, but they produce less interference with astronomy.
They are also the preferred lighting solution for endangered species, such as turtles,
that are affected by light at night. However, because they can experience significant
thermal instability, causing light output to diminish over time, they have not achieved
significant market penetration.