Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Chapter 08
Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
1. An electroencephalogram
A. Is a record of action potentials in the brain
B. Records the potential difference between two points on the scalp's surface
C. Is a pattern of complex waves with amplitudes similar to those of action potentials
D. Is both is a record of action potentials in the brain and records the potential difference
between two points on the scalp's surface
E. Both records the potential difference between two points on the scalp's surface and is both
is a record of action potentials in the brain and records the potential difference between two
points on the scalp's surface are correct
2. It is believed that the rhythmic patterns of the EEG most likely originate from this structure
in the brain
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
C. Basal ganglia
D. Cerebellum
E. Hippocampus
8-1
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
3. The alpha rhythm is the most prominent EEG pattern when an adult is
A. In REM sleep
B. In non-REM sleep
C. Awake and relaxed with eyes open
D. Awake and thinking hard about something
8-2
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
4. If you were to record your own EEG activity while concentrating very hard on this exam
the most prominent EEG pattern would be
A. Alpha rhythm
B. Beta rhythm
C. Delta rhythm
D. Theta rhythm
8-3
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
8. Which of the following most accurately describes the state of consciousness known as
REM sleep?
A. EEG tracings show large amplitude, low frequency waves; subject has very low muscle
tone; if awakened will usually report dreaming
B. EEG tracings show low amplitude, high frequency activity; subject has normal muscle
tone; if awakened will usually report dreaming
C. EEG tracings show low amplitude, high frequency activity; subject has very low muscle
tone; if awakened will usually report dreaming
D. EEG tracings show low amplitude, high frequency activity; subject has normal muscle
tone; if awakened will not usually report dreaming
E. EEG tracings show large amplitude, low frequency waves; subject has normal muscle tone;
if awakened will usually report dreaming
8-4
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
9. Which of the descriptions is not descriptive of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep?
A. Visible movements of the eyes resembling those of one tracking the movements of objects
in space, watching TV, etc
B. Difficulty arousing the sleeper
C. Oxygen consumption decreases by comparison to NREM sleep and in an alert wakeful
state
D. It represents 20-25% of a person's "sleep time"
E. Skeletal muscle activity is markedly reduced, except for the extraocular and respiratory
muscles
11. This part of the brain is thought to control the various states of consciousness
A. Cerebral cortex
B. Reticular activating system
C. Thalamus
D. Cerebellum
E. Hippocampus
8-5
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
12. Habituation to a stimulus
A. Is due to receptor fatigue
B. Is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at
synaptic terminals
C. Can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type
D. Both is due to receptor fatigue and can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same
type are correct
E. Both is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium
influx at synaptic terminals and can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type are
correct
8-6
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
14. A laboratory rat has an electrode implanted in its brain. By pressing a metal bar in its cage,
the animal can activate the electrode. Which of the following is most likely to be true?
A. If the animal presses the bar repeatedly, then the electrode is probably in an area associated
with appetitive motivation
B. If the animal presses the bar once, then never touches it again, then the electrode is
probably in an area associated with aversive motivation
C. Such an experiment has no relevance to emotional states in humans or human behavior
D. Both if the animal presses the bar repeatedly, then the electrode is probably in an area
associated with appetitive motivation and if the animal presses the bar once, then never
touches it again, then the electrode is probably in an area associated with aversive motivation
are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
15. Which of the following statements regarding the brain areas that direct emotion is not
true?
A. The hypothalamus is the site of the conscious feeling of emotion
B. The hypothalamus integrates emotional behaviors
C. The limbic system delivers information about emotion from the cerebral cortex to the
hypothalamus
D. The cerebral cortex is responsible for control over emotions
E. None of the choices are true
8-7
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
16. Damage to the septum of the limbic system causes a tame animal to become vicious,
whereas destruction of the amygdala will make the same animal docile again. Which of the
following statements may explain this result or correctly follow from it?
A. The septum is required for the expression of rage
B. In a normal animal, the septum may inhibit the amygdala
C. Stimulation of the septum in a normal animal would be likely to provoke rage
D. Both the septum is required for the expression of rage and in a normal animal, the septum
may inhibit the amygdala are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
17. Regarding schizophrenia,
A. It is a family of mental disorders that involves disturbances of thinking, perceiving and
control of motor activity
B. Its symptoms can include paranoid delusions and hallucinations
C. It probably has a hereditary component
D. Both it is a family of mental disorders that involves disturbances of thinking, perceiving
and control of motor activity and its symptoms can include paranoid delusions and
hallucinations are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
18. Regarding schizophrenia,
A. People with schizophrenia frequently have disorders of sensory awareness
B. Treatment of schizophrenia may result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease
C. Lithium carbonate is the most common drug prescribed for schizophrenia
D. Both people with schizophrenia frequently have disorders of sensory awareness and
treatment of schizophrenia may result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease are correct
E. Both treatment of schizophrenia may result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease and lithium
carbonate is the most common drug prescribed for schizophrenia are correct
8-8
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
8-9
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
20. Drugs that are used to treat depression increase the levels of this neurotransmitter in the
brain
A. Glutamate
B. Serotonin
C. GABA
D. Acetylcholine
E. Dopamine
21. Bipolar disorders
A. Involve both mania and depression
B. Are most effectively treated with drugs that increase availability of dopamine
C. Are an exaggeration of normal changes in mood
D. Both involve both mania and depression and are most effectively treated with drugs that
increase availability of dopamine are correct
E. Both involve both mania and depression and are an exaggeration of normal changes in
mood are correct
8-10
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
8-11
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
24. Which of the following best explains how the phenomenon of "tolerance" develops with
use of psychoactive drugs over time?
A. Psychoactive drugs can alter blood flow to the brain
B. Psychoactive drugs often produce euphoria
C. Psychoactive drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier
D. Psychoactive drugs can inhibit production of endogenous neurotransmitters
E. Psychoactive drugs can up-regulate receptors for endogenous neurotransmitters
26. Of the following substances, which has the greatest potential to cause dependence if used
regularly?
A. Nicotine
B. Marijuana
C. Alcohol
D. Cocaine
E. Heroin
8-12
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
27. Selective attention is facilitated, enhanced and improved by way of the _____ of the brain
stem, which acts as the origin point of neurons which project to the cerebral cortex and release
________ neurotransmitter(s)
A. Pons, acetylcholine
B. Basal nuclei, dopamine
C. Hypothalamus, serotonin
D. Locus coeruleus, norepinephrine
E. Thalamus, melatonin
28. About 3-5% of school aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD). This neurobehavioral problem is anatomically linked, primarily to which
area of dysfunction in the brain?
A. Basal nuclei
B. Pituitary gland
C. Prefrontal cerebral cortex
D. Both basal nuclei and pituitary gland
E. Both basal nuclei and prefrontal cerebral cortex
8-13
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
32. Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to all of the following structures of the
brain, except
A. Thalamus
B. Hypothalamus
C. Limbic system
D. Corpus callosum
E. Hippocampus
8-14
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
33. A person with bilateral damage to the substantia nigra region of the brain will probably
A. Be unable to speak
B. Have difficulty understanding language
C. Have difficulty consolidating declarative memories
D. Develop resting tremors
E. Develop complete amnesia
34. Damage to which of the following brain structures is most likely to result in difficulty in
being able to remember meeting new people?
A. Thalamus
B. Hippocampus
C. Hypothalamus
D. Corpus callosum
E. Broca's area
8-15
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
36. When a person loses consciousness, working memory is interrupted and memories are
abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused
unconsciousness. Why?
A. The traumatic blow to the head caused a concussion through violent displacement of the
brain in the skull
B. There was a deficiency of adequate blood flow to the brain
C. There was an interruption in the constant stream of neuron potentials to memory
facilitation brain areas
D. Conflicting external interference prevents conversion of short-term to long-term memory
E. This is an area of neurological research which has not achieved any satisfying conclusions
at the present time
37. In most people, all of the following functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere except
A. Arithmetic ability
B. The ability to read and write
C. The ability to speak
D. The ability to recognize faces and read maps
E. None of these choices, all of these functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere
38. Damage to that part of the brain known as Wernicke's area is likely to
A. Cause difficulty in recognizing faces
B. Be associated with impairment of procedural memory
C. Impair comprehension of language
D. Impair one's ability to speak
E. Cause blindness
8-16
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
39. Damage to that part of the brain known as Broca's area is likely to
A. Cause difficulty in recognizing faces
B. Be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body
C. Impair speech
D. Both cause difficulty in recognizing faces and be associated with paralysis on the left side
of the body are correct
E. Both be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body and impair speech are correct
8-17
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
8-18
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
42. The most nearly correct sequence of activation of brain areas when one responds in
writing to a verbal command is:
A. Primary auditory cortex; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; supplementary motor cortex;
primary motor cortex
B. Primary auditory cortex; Broca's area; supplementary motor cortex; Wernicke's area;
primary motor cortex
C. Primary auditory cortex; Broca's area; Wernicke's area; supplementary motor cortex;
primary motor cortex
D. Primary auditory cortex; Broca's area; Wernicke's area; primary motor cortex;
supplementary motor cortex
E. Primary auditory cortex; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; primary motor cortex;
supplementary motor cortex
44. The EEG tracing of a relaxed individual who has closed eyes and is not concentrating on
anything in particular is mainly an alpha rhythm.
TRUE
8-19
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
45. EEG arousal is the recording of brain activity of someone who has just been awakened
from sleep.
FALSE
48. In paradoxical sleep an individual is easily aroused from a deep sleep although the EEG
pattern which is observed is consistent with that of an individual in NREM sleep.
FALSE
49. Lack of an adequate amount of sleep at its worst can cause death, as well as serious
memory retention and learning difficulties.
TRUE
8-20
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
8-21
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
51. A brain stem nucleus that is strongly implicated in the mechanism for directed attention is
the locus coeruleus.
TRUE
8-22
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
8-23
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
56. By reducing the pain associated with some memorable events, enkephalins and
endorphins may decrease the motivation for learning to occur.
TRUE
59. A brain structure thought to be involved in dependence upon certain euphorigenic drugs is
the nucleus accumbens.
TRUE
8-24
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
8-25
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
60. All of the psychogenic drugs that induce drug dependence act on the same
neurotransmitter/receptor system.
FALSE
63. Both short- and long-term memory are seated in and associated with the same specific
functional regions of the brain.
FALSE
8-26
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
64. Persons suffering from anterograde amnesia continually have short lived, rapidly changing
perceptions of events that they have only imagined, but then cannot recall them later as a
consequence of an inability to translate these "false memories" from short-term to long-term
memory.
FALSE
65. Working memory is labile and can be lost in response to any condition that interrupts
electrical activity of the brain.
TRUE
67. Stressful situations are likely to be remembered in striking detail in part because of the
hormones released as a result of the stress.
TRUE
8-27
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
68. Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for all events that happened before a serious
brain trauma such as a blow to the head.
FALSE
70. Brain size and the complexity of neuronal circuits are fixed and independent of
environmental stimulation.
FALSE
71. The right side of the brain is specialized for identifying visual patterns and three-
dimensional objects.
TRUE
8-28
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
72. Retrograde amnesia associated with a traumatic head injury can be directly related to the
loss of memories considered as both short-term and long-term, including any events
immediately related to the trauma.
FALSE
73. EEG with waves of high-amplitude and low frequency is descriptive of or occurs during
A. Slow-wave sleep
B. Paradoxical sleep
C. Both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep
D. Neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep
8-29
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
8-30
Chapter 08 - Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
8-31