Valid - is purely out of context or form. Logical Terms also play a key role.

Logical Terms or Connectives: (In sentential Logic)

-All

-Some

-No

-Are

-Not

Statement Connectives - is an incomplete expression (without conclusion)

It is important to remember that when two statements are joined by a connective, it also becomes a
statement. (The two statements then produce a third statement or the conclusion)

There are mainly three types of place in Connectives:

1 Place connective has only one blank

Example:

It is false that (A statement)

2 place connective has two blanks

Example:

(A statement) And (Another Statement)

3 place connective has 3 blanks

Example:
(A statement) if (Another statement) otherwise (Yet another statement)

Intro Logic - is not concerned with all connectives but only special ones such as Truth-Functional
Connectives

If it is true = T

If it is false = F

Atomic Statements (Statements without connectives) are of the Roman Alphabet (A, B, C, D, etc.)

Connectives are of Logograms (->, &, ~, etc.)

Compound sentences are made of Atomic Statements (The roman alphabet) and Connectives
(Logograms)

Example of Compound Sentence using "And" (Conjunction)

"It is raining" is represented by "R"

"It is sleeting" is represented by "S"

"And" is represented by "&"

R & S

It is raining and sleeting

R and S here are known as Conjuncts

"And" or its symbol "&" is the connective to a conjunction (not to be confused with the parts of speech)
Conjunction Truth Table

R S R&S

Case 1 T T T

Case 2 T F F

Case 3 F T F

Case 4 F F F

Example of a compound sentence using "or" (Disjunction)

"It is raining" is represented by "R"

"It is sleeting" is represented by "S"

"Or" is represented by the symbol "v"

R v S

It is raining or it is sleeting

"Or" and its symbol "v" is known as Wedge

R and S are known here are Disjuncts

Exclusive and Inclusive Sense

Exclusive "or" means you can only have one or the other

Inclusive "or" gives you a choice but you can still have both

Latin has two words:

'aut' is exlusive "or"

'vel' is inclusive "or"

Legalistic English has the word "and/or"

Logic Concentrates on inclusive 'or'

Disjunction Truth Table

R S RvS

Case 1 T T T

Case 2 T F T

Case 3 F T T

Case 4 F F F

A connective that is not truth-functional

R S R because S S because R

T F ??? ???

T F F F

F T F F

F F F F
Example of a compound sentence using Negation (not)

"It is raining" is represented by "R"

"Not" is represented by "~"

~ R

It is not Raining

Example of a compound statement using " If... Then..."

"My car runs out of gas" is represented by "R"

"My car stops" is represented by "S"

"If... Then..." is represented by "->"

R -> S

If my car runs out of gas , then my car stops

S -> R

If my car stops, then my car runs out of gas

Important Reminder: R->S is not equivalent to S->R

Terminology

A->C is called a conditional

A is called the Antecedent (Before)

C is called Consequent (After)

If antecedent, then consequent

Non Truth-Functional Example

I live in Los Angeles I Live in California L->C

F F T

I live in New York City I live in California N->C

F F F

Truth Functional Example of "If... Then..."

"It rains" is represented by "R"

"I shut the windows" is represented by "S"

"If... Then..." is represented by "->"

R -> S

If it rains, then I will shut the windows

Truth Table of "If... Then..."

R S R->S

Case 1 T T T

Case 2 T F F

Case 3 F T T

Case 4 F F T
Case 3 and 4 are "true" simply because the only case where you did not close the window was case 2
therefore cases 3 and 4 are by default "true"