W E L L S E R V I C E S

Schlumberger Private
GasMigrationAdvisor*

Client Presentation
 Schlumberger Private
• © Schlumberger 2005

• An asterisk is used throughout this presentation to denote a

mark of Schlumberger. Other company, product, and service
names may be trademarks, registered trademarks, or service
marks of others.
 Agenda
• Gas Migration overview
• GasMigrationAdvisor (GMA) Objectives
• Physics behind the GMA

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– Pressure Decay Limit
– Mud Removal Risk
– Formation Production Risk
• GMA Process: work flow, analysis, outputs, etc
• Lab testing
• Case History
• GMA summary
 Gas Migration Theory

Path to
Migrate

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Gas
Migration
Space
for Entry Pann < Pfm

• All three factors are required for Gas Migration to occur.

 Gas Migration Timeline

e t
g s s
p lu t i
p e n
u m m
Ce

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B
Placement Post-Placement Post -Setting
Minutes Hours Days Months/Years

Immediate Short Term Long Term

Gas Migration Gas Migration Gas Migration

• The focus is on the Short Term Gas Migration

Responsible Factors for Gas Migration

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 GasMigrationAdvisor: Objectives

• The main goals of GMA are as follows:

– Evaluate the severity of gas migration

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– Recommend a chemical solution to provide
gas migration control

• A key element is the separation of well conditions from cement

slurry properties. The GMA will help to:
– select the most appropriate cement slurry
– propose designs pre-validated with the CHA (Cement Hydration Analyzer)
GasMigrationAdvisor Usage/Workflow

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 GasMigrationAdvisor Physics

• Computes 3 risk factors:

– Pressure Decay Limit (PDL): associated to the loss of

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hydrostatic pressure during cement setting
– Mud Removal Risk (MRR): associated with the
integrity of cement coverage across the gas zone(s)
– Formation Productivity Risk (FPR): associated with the
ability of the formation to deliver gas
• Generates a composite risk:
– Gas Migration Severity (GMS)
 Gas Migration Process - PDL Concept

Risk of
Hydrostatic Gas

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Annular Pressure

pressure Migration Path to

Migrate

Gas
Migration

Pore pressure Space

for Entry P <P
ann fm

Set cement area

Critical Hydration Period Time

• The GMA assesses how far into the setting period the cement
will be when gas can invade the annulus due to the PDL.
 Pressure Decay Limit (PDL)
↳ To prevent gas migration, the annular pressure should
exceed the formation pressure
↳ During cement setting, the slurry column gradually becomes
self-supporting and the fluid pressure in the annulus

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decreases
Path to
↳ PDL is related to how much pressure the cement can stop
Migrate
transmitting such that the annular pressure becomes equal to
the pore pressure in the gas
Gaszone
↳ The larger the PDL, theMigration
more pressure loss the system can
Space
sustain before gas invasion
for Entry Pann < Pfm
↳ High PDL value Æ low gas migration risk
↳ Low PDL value Æ high gas migration risk
 PDL Calculation
The PDL is the primary measure of the Gas Migration risk.
The derivation of the formula is based on a force balance:

PHydr ⋅ Area Hydr = PDL ⋅ Area SS + Ppore ⋅ Area Hydr

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(
1 2
DOH − DOD
2
)
PDL = (PHydr − PPore )⋅ 4
(DOH + DOD )⋅L

De ⋅ Δ P
AreaHydr AreaSS PDL =
Where:
DOH: Open Hole diameter DOD: Outside csg diameter
4 ⋅L
De: Equivalent diameter (DOH-DOD) L: cement column length
P: Pressure
 Mud Removal Risk (MRR)
• Mud removal technology is mandatory for gas
migration control
• MRR assesses the cement coverage in the gas

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zones and the quality of mud removal
• Data imported from WELLCLEAN II Simulator
• A high MRR implies:
Æ gas zone(s) are not properly covered by cement or
Æ mud removal is poor
 Formation Productivity Risk - FPR
↳ Assesses the formation’s ability to deliver gas
↳ It combines the volume of gas that the formation
can deliver within a period equal to the Critical

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Hydration Time with the volume available in the
annular cement column for gas
↳ A high FPR implies that the formation will deliver a
large amount of gas and that there is a smaller
volume of cement to accept it
↳ Today, the final Gas Migration Severity does not
take into account the FPR
 Gas Migration Severity (GMS)
↳ The GMS combines two calculated risks (MRR and PDL) to
assess the general risk of gas migration
↳ The Gas Migration Severity Index calculation is based on
the PDL factor:

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High Medium Low
 Sensitivity analysis
↳ The GMA application provides a PDL sensitivity
analysis in order to assess the influence of
different parameters on the risk of gas migration.
↳ Sensitivity Analysis is available upon successful

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completion of the GMS
↳ Assess: on what you don't know
Æ should you worry about it ?
↳ Optimize: on what you can control
Æ how robust is the solution ?
 GMA Process
↳ Choose unit system (metric, oilfield, custom)
↳ Choose what you want to do
‒ Start from scratch for a quick run (“ bid” mode)
‒ Load an existing file, CemCADE or GMA (“refined” mode)

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‒ Open a sample file (“training” mode)
↳ Add/Edit data (well geometry, formation data and fluid
placement)
↳ Calculate the Gas Migration Severity (GMS)
↳ Review the recommendations to minimize the gas
migration risk
↳ Run the sensitivity analysis and optimize the design
↳ Review the recommended chemical solution
↳ Save and generate a report
Workflow

↳ Logical steps
↳ User friendly

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↳ Always visible
↳ Allows fast switching
between sections
↳ Ultimately leads to
customer report
generation
Initial Screen - Options

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Getting started - New

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 Input: Geometry

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Hole Data Input

Casing and Previous Casing Data Input

Directional survey input data

 Formation data
↳ Measured depth (MD) and BHCT
↳ Pore pressure
↳ Fracture pressure
↳ Lithology

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↳ Reservoir Fluid
↳ Skin Factor: (default values)
Fresh water Silicate mud WBM OBM
1 100 20 10

↳ Permeability (mD), default values:

Low Medium High
0.5 mD 20 mD 100 mD
 Formation Data (Continued)
↳ Default values:
Pore Pressure Gradient

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Normal Low High
0.44 psi/ft 0.35 psi/ft 0.6 psi/ft

Fracture Pressure Gradient

Normal Low High

0.65 psi/ft 0.5 psi/ft 0.85 psi/ft
 Input: Formation
Formation Data Input

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Static well security chart BHCT Data Input Wellbore and Risk Charts
Input: Fluid Placement

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Analysis: Gas Migration Risk
Gas Zones Summary

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Pressure Decay Limit

Mud Removal Risk

Formation Productivity Risk

Analysis: Sensitivity

PDL vs. parameter

range change

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Potential severity risk change,
6% increase in pore pressure
and the severity will change
from low to medium
Analysis: Generate Report

One page report or

detailed report can
be generated.

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 Analysis – GMA Outputs
↳ Gas zones summary
↳ Calculation of the risk factors
↳ Gas Migration Severity (GMS)

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↳ Advice on optimizing MRR & PDL
↳ Chemical solutions for the specific risk & BHCT
↳ Sensitivity analysis
↳ Customer report
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Where does GMA fit?
 Chemical Matrix Solution

• Portfolio of cement slurry additives tailored

to risk and BHCT

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• Validated for gas tightness with the Cement
Hydration Analyzer (CHA)
Cement Hydration Analyzer (CHA)

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Gas tight slurry Non gas tight slurry

Typical charts from the CHA

 Laboratory Testing - Summary

• Slurry systems proposed in the GMA matrix were

prequalified with the Cement Hydration Analyzer (CHA)

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• No need to retest for individual jobs if the GMA
recommendations are followed
• Slurry has to be optimized locally:
Fluid loss and Free Fluid as per GMA recommendations
 Case history # 1- Low severity D168
↳ Client: ENI Tunisia B.V.
↳ 8 ½” O.H. for 7” Production liner @ 10990 ft.
↳ BHCT 155 degF

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↳ Fluids pumped:

↳ Tail slurry formulated with D168 (FLAC) as the low

severity gas migration control additive.
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GMA evaluation
 Case history # 1- Results - CBL/USIT
No GAS and Good CBL

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 Case history # 2- Low severity D193
↳ Client: Shell
↳ 8 ½” O.H. for 7” Production liner @ 2400 ft.
↳ BHCT 89 degF

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↳ Fluids pumped:

↳ Tail slurry formulated with D193 (FLAC) as the low

severity gas migration control additive
Case history # 2- Results

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Technical Sheet
 GMA - Summary
• Evaluates the gas migration risks (high/medium/low severity)
- Consider all relevant phenomena

• Separates well conditions from slurry properties

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- to select the most appropriate slurry

• Sensitivity Analysis and cement design optimization.

• Technical solution recommendation

• Slurry designs tailored to meet the gas migration severity
• cost effective
Questions and Feedback

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What do you think…..?