1st Term GSTS Handout

Introduction:
Science, Technology, and Society

Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
Center for Natural Sciences
School of Health and Natural Sciences
Objectives
• Explain how science and technology affected
the society and environment and vice versa
• Identify inventions and discoveries that
changed the world over the course of history
• Discuss the scientific and technological
developments in the Philippines
SCIENCE
• any system of knowledge
that is concerned with the
physical world and its
phenomena and that entails
unbiased observations and
systematic experimentation.
• involves a pursuit of
knowledge covering general
truths or the operations of
fundamental laws.
• is based on the premise that our
senses, and extensions of those senses
through the use of instruments, can
give us accurate information about the
Universe.
• follows very specific "rules" and its
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results are always subject to testing
and, if necessary, revision.
• Even with such constraints science does
not exclude, and often benefits from,
creativity and imagination.
SCIENCE
What is the purpose of Science?
• The purpose of science is to learn about our world,
our universe
• It relies on evidence from the natural world
and this evidence is examined and interpreted
through logic.
• Creative flexibility is essential to scientific
thinking, however science follows a process
guided by certain parameters.
• Science is embedded within the culture of its
times. Understanding how science works
allows one to easily distinguish science from
non-science.
SCIENCE AS A PROCESS
• Scientific ideas are developed through reasoning.
• Scientific claims are based on testing explanations
against observations of the natural world and
rejecting the ones that fail the test.
• Scientific claims are subject to peer review and
replication.
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Scientific Method
• The scientific method has five basic
steps, plus one feedback step:
1. Make an observation.
2. Ask a question.
3. Form a hypothesis, or testable
explanation.
4. Make a prediction based on the
hypothesis.
5. Test the prediction.
6. Iterate: use the results to make
new hypotheses or predictions.
Is it a fix Method?
• Most scientific thinking, whether
done while jogging, in the shower,
in a lab, or while excavating a fossil,
involves continuous observations,
questions, multiple hypotheses,
and more observations.
• It seldom "concludes" and never
"proves."
Scientific Inquiry
• is a thoughtful and coordinated
attempt to search out, describe,
explain and predict natural phenomena.
• progresses through a continuous process of
questioning, data collection, analysis and
interpretation.
• requires the sharing of findings and ideas for
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critical review by colleagues and other scientists.
Division of Sciences
• The natural taxonomy of the empirical sciences
would break the sciences down into three basic
groups:
• the physical sciences (physics, astronomy,
chemistry, geology, metallurgy),
• the biological sciences (zoology, botany, genetics,
paleontology, molecular biology, physiology), and
• the psychological sciences (psychology, sociology,
anthropology, maybe economics).
• The scale of the

Universe mapped to
branches of science and
showing how one
system
is built atop the next
through the hierarchy of
the Sciences
Technology
• Greek words meaning
‘art or
craft’ and ‘subject or
interest’
• ‘practical applications of
what we know about nature’
• Products- of imagination, of
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thought processes,
redesigning
• Purpose- quality of life
Interaction
among
science,
technology,
and society
• Technology 21st
Century
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• How important is Science to society?
What makes technology essential to humanity?
Concerns during the Ancient Times

• Transportation
• Navigation
• Communication
• Record keeping
• Mass production
Concerns during the Ancient Times

• Security and
protection
• Health
• Aesthetics
• Architecture
• At this present time, what is the society’s main

concern which utilizes science as well as
technology?
Historical Antecedents in the Course of

Science and Technology:
Sumerian Civilization
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Objectives
Sumerians and Mesopotamia

• The heartland of Sumer lay
between the Euphrates and Tigris
rivers, in what the Greeks later
called Mesopotamia.
• The ancient Sumerians, the
"black-headed ones," lived in the
southern part of what is now
Iraq.
Sumerian Civilization
• The Sumerians were
characteristically inventive, and are
likely to have been responsible for
the development of the first writing.
• Well before 3000 B.C.E. Sumerians
were recording their language using
simple pictures. They wrote on
tablets of clay, later evolving the
script that to us is known as
cuneiform, or "wedge-shaped."
• Book-keeping and very detailed
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records on clay tablets of offerings,
rations, taxes and agricultural work
were features of Sumerian life
• They were energetic farmers, traders
and sailors.
• Their religion recognized many gods,
rituals as well as parties were
enlivened by skillful harpists and
singers, and Sumerian musical
instruments have even been
excavated by modern archaeologists.
Uruk City
• Uruk was the first
major city in Sumer built
in the 5th century BC,
• is considered one of the
largest Sumerian
settlements and most
important religious
centers in Mesopotamia.
• It was continuously
inhabited from about
5000 BC up to the 5th
century AD.
The great ziggurat of Ur

• Ziggurat or mountain of god
• Constructed using the sunbaked bricks
• Sacred place, only their
priests were allowed to enter
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• The temple showcases the
– the elaborate and intricate
Sumerian architecture
– remarkable technology
used to build it
Irrigation and Dikes

• Built to bring water to
farmlands
• To control flooding of
rivers
• Considered as one of the
world’s most beneficial
engineering works
• Year-long farming and
increased food
production
Sailboats
• Main mode of
transportation was
through waterways
• Used to carry large
quantities of products
(for trading)
• To cover large distances
(foster culture,
information, and
technology
Wheel and plow

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• For farm works and food
processes (for mass
production)
• To dig the earth in a
faster pace, so as to
plant the seeds
roads
• To travel faster and
easier
• Made of sun-baked
bricks laid on the
ground, used
bitumen, a black
sticky substance
similar to asphalt
Other inventions
• Cylinder seal is a small
round cylinder with
figurative scenes or written
characters or both etched
on them.
• Invented around 3500 BC in
southern Mesopotamia,
they were used as an
administrative tool, a form
of signature, jewelry and as
magical amulets.
Copper fabrication
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• Sumerians were known to be the first users of
copper – the earliest non-precious metals. The
archeological evidence states that they
harnessed the skill of extracting and working
with copper around 5000-6000 years ago.
• Sumerians used copper in making heads of
arrows, razors, harpoons and many other small
objects.
• they also began making vessels, chisels, and
jugs from copper, which reveal excellent
craftsmanship of the Sumerians.
Time
• The world was definitely aware of
the day and night system but, yet
again, Sumerians were the first ones
to divide the passage of time. They
introduced passage of weeks,
months and years to the world.
• The Sumerians did the astronomical
calculation in the base 60 system.
Their work was appreciated and
accepted throughout Eurasia.
Lunar Calendar
• It is believed that the Sumerians were
possibly the first to develop the lunar
calendar.
• entirely based on the recurrence of
lunar phases which means, the phases
of the moons were used to count the 12
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months.
• The Sumerians observed two seasons –
summer and winter and the sacred
marriage rites were performed on New
• Another significant invention by numeral system Sumerians
• Known as Sexagesimal,
• The reason behind this invention
was out of an urgent need of
keeping the records for their
traded harvests. Gradually, they
started using a small clay cones
to denote the number one.
• Similarly, a ball denoted the
number ten and a large clay
cone denoted sixty.
• Record of Sumerian achievement in science and
technology as presented by Kramer (1948) and Brinkman
(1990) are amazing and far-reaching, particularly in
mathematics, engineering, architecture, agriculture,
transportation, and medicine.
• Sumerian doctors made use of assorted botanical,
zoological, and mineralogical ingredients as materia
medica in their prescriptions. The Sumerian civilization
was gradually absorbed by the Semitic people who
migrated to Mesopotamia from Arabia during the 2300
BCE and founded the great empires of Babylonia, Assyria,
and Persia. [materia medica: the body of remedial substances used in
the practice of medicine.]
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• What do you think is the most vital
contribution of the Sumerian civilization?
Explain briefly.
Babylonian and Egyptian Civilization

Objectives
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Babylonian Civilization
• Emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers
• the ancient city of Babylon
served for nearly two millennia
as a center of Mesopotamian
civilization
• The term Babylon is thought to
derive from bav-il or bav-ilim
which, in the Akkadian language
of the time, meant ‘Gate of God’
or `Gate of the Gods’ and
`Babylon’ coming from Greeks.
Babylon, the jewel of the ancient world

• Babylon’s history truly begins with Hammurabi, an
Amorite prince, who began his reign over the city in
1792 B.C.
• Through war and diplomacy, Hammurabi subdued all of
Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule by 1755 B.C.
• His empire stretched from Syria to the Persian Gulf.
Hammurabi called his empire Babylonia.
• Then, it was restored by Nebuchadnezzar, then
conquered by Cyrus, this city was both desired and
despised, placing it at the center stage of the dawn of
history.
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• Babylon intrigued Greek and Roman writers, who added to
the rich store of legends that have come down to the
present day.
• The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about Babylon in the
fifth century B.C. A number of inconsistencies in his
account have led many scholars to believe that he never
traveled there and that his text may be closer to hearsay
than historical fact.
• Popular tales of Babylon’s fantastic structures, like the
Tower of Babel and the Hanging Gardens, may also be
products of legends and confusion.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

• One of the seven wonders
of the ancient world
• From the stories of
historians and paintings, it
is a structure made up of
layers upon layers of
gardens that contained
several species of plants,
trees, and vines
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

• The Hanging Gardens
were the fabled gardens
which adorned the
capital of the NeoBabylonian Empire
• built by its greatest king
• From the Babylonians, we learned the system of bookkeeping, a simple but adequate system of doubleentry accounting.
• They adopted Sumerian sexagesimal system of
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counting in units of 60, which served as basis of the
360-degeree circle and the 60-minute hour. (Dauben,
1990).
• Their measurements made use of fractions, squares, and
square roots.
• Their models of planetary motions and other heavenly
bodies proved their ability to compute complicated
mathematical problems. Their detailed observation of
the sky enabled them to make accurate predictions of
solar and lunar eclipses and other astronomical
phenomena (Dauben, 1990).
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
• Egyptians are known of their
infrastructures such as pyramid
and other practical contributions
to the world.
• The Great Pyramids of Giza,
located on a plateau on the west
bank of the Nile River, on the
outskirts of modern-day Cairo.
• The oldest and largest of the
three pyramids at Giza, known
as the Great Pyramid, is the only
surviving structure out of the
famed seven wonders of the
ancient world.
• they introduced paper or
papyrus to make writing,
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safe-keeping, and
transporting records
easier
• Papyrus, a plant that grew
abundantly along the Nile
River in Egypt, was
processed into thin sheet
Quick Facts About Ancient Egyptian Papysrus

 Papyrus with writing on it is known as papyri
 The dry Egyptian climate helped preserve the ancient papyri
 Papyrus was called wadji in the Egyptian language
 The English term papyrus comes from the Greek papuros
 The papyrus plant is one of the most ancient forms of plant life known to man
 The papyrus plant has largely disappeared from Egypt in the present day
 It is unknown when exactly papyrus began to be used in ancient Egypt as a writing material
 Preserved scrolls of papyrus contain a variety of ancient writings, records and knowledge
 Medical knowledge from the Ebers Papyrus is still in use today
 Papal bulls were written on papyrus until 1022 AD
 Herculaneum made the first discovery of modern rolls of papyri in 1752 AD
 Papyrus remains a recognizable symbol of ancient Egypt
 Abusir Papyri (record of Neferirkare Kakai)
 Moscow Mathematical Papyrus (math problems)
 Berlin Papyrus (medical topics)
 Westcar Papyrus (magical tales)
 Hearst Papyrus (medical text)
 Papyrus Boulaq 18 (palace administration)
 Reisner Papyrus (official records)
 Turin Erotic Papyrus (erotic drawings)
 Papyrus of Ani (the Book of the Dead)
 Turin King List (list of kings)
 Judicial Papyrus of Turin (Harem conspiracy report)
 Papyrus Harris 500 (poems and stories)
 Turin Papyrus (map)
 Leopold II and Amhest Papyrus (crime investigation)
 Papyrus Lansing (schoolbook)
Ancient Egyptian Papyri
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• A variety of documents written
on papyrus
remain preserved to this day.
The various documents contain
a range of subjects, from
biographies, to maps, religious
texts and scientific or medical
documents.
A short list of papyri from ancient

Egypt with subject matter is shown:
Other Uses of Papyrus

• as a food source, to make rope, for sandals, for boxes and
baskets and mats, as window shades, material for toys such
as dolls, as amulets to ward off throat diseases, and even to
make small fishing boats.
• It also played a part in religious devotion as it was often
bound together to form the symbol of the ankh and offered
to the gods as a gift.
• Papyrus also served as a political symbol through its use in
the Sma-Tawy, the insignia of the unity of Upper and Lower
Egypt. This symbol is a bouquet of papyrus (associated with
the Delta of Lower Egypt) bound with a lotus (the symbol of
Upper Egypt).
Egyptian black ink

• the ancient Egyptians made ink by grinding brightly
colored minerals into powder, then mixing the powder
with liquid so that it was easier to apply.
• This must withstand the elements of nature since it was
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used to record history, culture, and codified laws.
• writings on papyrus must be tamper-proof
hieroglyphics
• Said to be adapted from the early
writing system established in
Mesopotamia
• The script was developed about
four thousand years before Christ
and there was also a decimal
system of numeration up to a
million.
• Hieroglyphs were called “the
words of God” and were used
mainly by the priests.
Egyptian system of
writing using symbols
Hieroglyphs
• are written in rows or columns
and can be read from left to
right or from right to left.
• includes information on the
history of Egyptian writing
and mathematics, the use of
the different types of symbols,
how to write name, how to
recognize kings names and
the story of the scribe
• ‘sacred carving’
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Cosmetics
• Their function in ancient Egypt was
for both health and aesthetic reasons
• Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes
to prevent and even cure eye
diseases.
• Kohl was created by mixing soot or
malachite with mineral galena
• Egyptians believed that wearing
make-up was a protection from evil
and that beauty was a sign of holiness
Egyptian Wig
• Worn for health and wellness during the
ancient times
• To protect the shaved heads of the
wealthy Egyptians from the harmful
rays of the sun
• It was considered cleaner for it
prevented the accumulation of head
lice and allowed heat to escape
• Upper-class Egyptian men and women
considered wigs an essential part of
their wardrobe.
Egyptian Wig
• Wearing a wig signaled a person's
rank in Egyptian society.
• Although a shaved head was a sign
of nobility during most of the
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Egyptian kingdoms, the majority of
Egyptians kept their heads covered.
• Wigs were worn in place of
headdresses or, for special
occasions, with elaborate
headdresses.
• Egyptian law prohibited slaves and
servants from shaving their heads
or wearing wigs.
Water clock/
clepsydra
• It utilizes gravity that affects the
flow of water from one vessel to
the other
• The amount of water remaining in
the device determines how much
time is elapsed since it is full.
• Widely used as time keeping
device in the early times
• the oldest known example is dated
to 1500 BC, and is from the tomb
of the Egyptian pharaoh
Amenhotep I.
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Ancient Egyptian Civilization – lasted before 300 year
- Most powerful and iconic civilizations in history
- As far North as Syria
- As far South as Sudan
*modern-day cairo
Before the Empire
- Series of independent city – states
- Located along the nile river
 Heliopolis
 Memphis
 Abydos
 Thebes
 Nekhen
Two Regions
Named according to the flow of the nile
 Lower Egypt – downstream
 Upper Egypt – upstream
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About 3100 B.C.
The halves united one Egyptian state
Three major periods

 Old kingdom – 2575 B.C. – 2130 B.C.
 Middle kingdom – 1938 B.C. – 1630 B.C.
 New kingdom – 1539 B.C. – 1075 B.C.
First intermediate – 2130 BC – 1938 BC

Second intermediate – 1630 BC – 1540BC
Pharaoh
King menes. Possible unifier of upper and lower Egypt
Pharaoh – “great house” in ancient Egyptian

-
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Only used during modern times
Nefertiti – 1353 BC – 1336 BC

Taharqa – 690 BC – 664 BC
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RAMSES III AND GOD ANUBIS – Valley of the queens. Tomb of amenherkhepshef
Elaborate Tombs – pyramid of khufu, giza

- Tut’s tomb, valley of the kings
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Bust Of Tutankhamun, Valley Of The Kings, Egypt c1922
555
Tomb of Amenhotep II – Monkey & Dog
Mummy of the lady rai 18th dynasty
556
Embalmed Wrapped
Embalmed Wrapped in linen placed in tomb

- Burial chamber
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Measurement Mathematics
1 cubit length of the arm to the fingertips
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Great Pyramid of Giza – 440 cubits x 440 cubits
ONE DAY
Twenty four hour division to the day
559
Created a solar calendar – 365 days in one year
560
Heiroglyph Portion
Rosetta Stone
-translated Egyptian
-hieroglyphs using Egyptian
-demotic and ancient greek
-demotic portion
-greek portion
561
Hieratic – written in ink
- Served a more functional purpose
562
Papyrus-derived from the papyrus plant
-grew on the nile river
563
Crouching Scribe Statue- Saqqara burial ground
2620-2350 BC 4th or 5th dynasty
Conquered by Invasions
- Cambyses II, ruler of the achaemenid Persians, conquers Egypt
- Cleopatra during the battle of actium
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Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology:
Greek and Roman Civilization
Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
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Saint Mary’s University
Objectives
• Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa
• Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history
• Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines
Greece
• An archipelago in the southern part of Europe
• Known as the birthplace of western philosophy
• Some major achievement of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics; on fields of
science and technology
Alarm Clock
• Purpose is to tell an individual when to stop or when to start
• Used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm
• Greeks made use of water (small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm
• Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture.
Water Mill
• Considered as one of the most important contribution of the Greeks
• Commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains/ food processing
• invention started with the Perachora wheel, which used both the water wheel and the gear technology that had
already been invented.
• was invented in around the 3rd Century BC and Philo of Byzantium made the earliest known reference of it in his
works,
the Pneumatica and Parasceuastica
odometer
• This ever-present instrument originated in the time of ancient Greece.
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• was first described by Vitruvius around 27 BCE, and evidence points to Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor
sometime around the first Punic war.
• Some historians also attribute its invention to Heron of Alexandria.
• it was widely used in the late Hellenistic time by Romans for indicating the distance travelled by a vehicle.
• By accurately measuring distance and enabling its careful illustration with milestones, it helped revolutionize road
building and travel.
Cartography
• is the study and practice of making maps.
• has played an important role in travel and navigation since ancient times.
• The earliest known evidence of cartography points towards ancient Babylon, however, it was the Greeks who
brought cartography into new light and discovered its possibilities.
Anaximander was one of the pioneer cartographers to create a world map. Born between 611-610 BCE, this map maker of
the ancient world made important contributions to astronomy and geography.
Earliest practice of medicine

• In the ancient days, diseases were supposed to be the gods’ way of punishing humans, and all possible remedies
were surrounded by superstition.
• That all changed when Hippocrates of Cos started to collect data and conduct experiments, showing that disease
was a natural process; that the signs and symptoms of a disease were caused by the natural reactions of the body to the
disease.
• Born in 460 BCE, Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician, considered one of the most outstanding figures in
the history of medicine. He was referred to as the Father of Western Medicine
• The most famous of his supposed contributions is the Hippocratic Oath. It was this document that was first
proposed as an ethical standard among doctors when doing their work.
Discoveries in modern science

• the ancient Greeks made some outstanding contributions in various branches of science.
• They broke contemporary stereotypes in the fields of astronomy, biology, and physics, and excelled in
mathematics.
• The Greeks had so much influence in the early concepts of science that most symbols often used in physics and
higher math equations are derived from the Greek alphabet.
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• Aristotle gave us the idea of the Earth being a globe. He also classified animals and is often referred to as Father
of Zoology.
• Theophrastus was the first botanist we know of in written history.

• The Pythagoreans not only made the earliest of advances in philosophy and geometry, they also proposed the
heliocentric hypothesis with the Earth revolving around the Sun. This idea was so ahead of its time that it was disregarded
as blasphemy.
• Archimedes discovered that submerging a solid object will displace an amount of liquid that matches the object’s
weight.
Roman Civilization
• The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west.
• Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance
• Model of legislation and codified laws
newspaper
• First known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people
• Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets
• With the advent of the paper, government information as well as minutes of the proceedings of the Roman senate
were done in shorthand
Bound books or codex

• It was said that Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book.
• Earlier covers of the compilation were made of wax, then were later replaced by animal skin
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• This provided a safer and more manageable way to keep the information secure.
• This Roman invention was then widely used by the Christians to make codices of the bible.
Roman architecture
• One of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman empire to the world
• A continuation of Greek architecture
• Romans were able adapt building and engineering technology on architectural designs which made their
infrastructure stronger
• The Colosseum is located in the center of the city of Rome, Italy.

• It was the largest amphitheatre of the
Roman Empire, and indeed the world.
• Built between 70 and 80 AD under the emperor Vespasian and then Titus, the Colosseum could hold between
50,000 and 80,000 spectators.
• http://www.romecabs.com/blog/2012/07/seven- wonders-of-ancient-rome/
• https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history- archaeology/romes-colosseum-condominium-medieval- times-
001828
Aqueducts
• Roman aqueducts supplied fresh, clean water for baths, fountains, and drinking water
for ordinary citizens.
• Though earlier civilizations in Egypt and India also built aqueducts, the Romans improved on the structure and
built an extensive and complex network across their territories.
• Evidence of aqueducts remain in parts of modern-day France, Spain, Greece, North Africa, and Turkey.
Roman imperial triumphal arches

• symbolized the empire’s power and greatness of the emperor.
• The arches were decorated with beautiful historical scenes commemorating
the achievements of the Roman leader to his people and the empire.
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First surgical tools
• Romans weren’t just about spears and dagger as they also pioneered in precision instruments that gave birth to
many modern-day surgical tools.
• Roman emperors weren’t just keen on using such tool in hospitals or medical centers.
• To have a slight idea about the surgical skills of the Romans, know that the cesarean section was actually devised
in Rome.
• They were intrigued to know that such tools could also become helpful to soldiers who have been injured in
battles there and then.
Roman numerals
• Most probably, Roman numerals history of coming into conception rose from the need for a communal means of
counting which is essential to trade and communications.
• I, V, X, C, D, L and M are the seven basic symbols used in roman numerals which dates back from 900 to 800 BC
How do you think the tools developed by the

Greeks and Romans influenced our lives today?
Scientists today know more about the world than ever before. But too often, knowledge is overshadowed by ignorance.
What’s behind the disconnect?
- The original scientists might have an IDEA.
The Greek guide to greatness- science
Throughout history people have struggled to explain to unexplainable.
Before science the answers often came from RELIGION.
Neil DeGrasse Tyson

- Astrophysicist & Director, Hayden Planetarium
Until the ANCIENT GREEKS came along.

They were RELIGIOUS, but for them blind faith was not enough.
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Bettany Hughes
- Research Fellow, King’s College London
The Greeks embraced freedom of thought.
Scientific Opening their minds to theory.
It took root here in the ancient city of Miletus, Turkey.
When their harbor became impassable, the greeks didn’t blame the gods…
They figured out that slit from upriver was the cause.
Science as we know it took off from there.

Thales pioneered philosophy, astronomy, and geometry.
Pythagoras revolutionized mathematics.
Hippocrates furthered the field of medicine.
Together they pushed human understanding and started a traditional of Scientific Inquiry that continues to this day.
Beverly Goodman
- Marine Geoarchaelogist, University of Haifa
The U.S. has a long tradition of pushing the envelope.
But Today
36% aren’t concerned about climate change
42% don’t believe in evolution
22% support cutting scientific research funding
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100% Renewable is 100% possible
Reason is being threatened by Dogma
But we have the power to turn it Around

The greeks LED.
Historical Antecedents in the Course of

Science and Technology:
Chinese Civilization
Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
Objectives
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Chinese civilization
• Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia
• Also known as the middle kingdom, located on the far east Asia
• Not a great amount was written about the ancient China partly due to its distance from the other civilizations
Silk
• It is one of the things that connected Far East China to the world.
• Although silk is naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to
harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing.
• Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific
exchange.
Tea Production
• Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves
• Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea
leaves into strips.
• This production may have resulted in making tea as one of the most popular beverages in the world today.
Shennong (Chinese: 神农), whose name means the Divine Farmer -- and who is considered as the ancient Chinese Father
of Agriculture, is honored with the discovery of tea.
Great wall of China

• Once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen from outer space
• It is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built.
• Constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China.
of-china
• Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese engineering
technology at that time.
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originally conceived by Emperor Qin Shi
Huang in the third century B.C.
The best-known and best-preserved section of the Great Wall was built in the 14th through 17th centuries A.D., during the
Ming dynasty
Gunpowder
• Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality.
• They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally
invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
• gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless deaths.
gunpowder is also used in fireworks during important celebrations in China
Bronze Production
The bronze works of ancient China produced under the Shang Dynasty (1766 – 1122 BCE) were technically perfect and
sophisticated beauty and style, the result of a long story of experimental progress in combining varying proportions of
copper, tin, lead and zinc until the ideal mix was attained (Greaves et al., 1990).
Bronze gu from Anyang, Henan province, China, Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE); and Bronze jia, Shang dynasty
(18th–12th century BCE); in the William Rockhill Nelson Gallery and Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, Kansas City,
Mo. https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-bronzes
Bronze Production
The outstanding cultural contribution of the Shang included the creation of magnificent bronze vessels; the discovery of
lacquer (varnish); the development of the horse-drawn war chariots; silk production; and the establishment of a system of
writing.
Zhou-era chariot, perhaps such chariots existed in the Shang era

Ox scapula with a divination inscription from the Shang dynasty
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Medicine
• Chinese medical practices – particularly, apothecaries and acupuncture – proven effective cures to most known
diseases, have been handed down almost unchanged to the present (Dauben, 1990).
• Acupuncture was used to treat illnesses or pain by pricking the patience body with needles at point believed to be
connected with the visceral organs causing the physical pain.
The greatest medical contribution of the Han culture was the discovery of healing drugs and herbs
Paper Making
• The invention of paper making in 105 CE is generally credited to Cai Lun.
• By using vegetable fibers made from hemp rope ends, cloth rags, and old fishing nets, Cai Lun created an easy and
affordable way of making paper (Selin, 1993b).
• Evidence point to the fact that in ancient China, paper was used not
only for writing (Selin, 1993b). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History
_of_paper
• Coarser and stronger paper was used for clothing (it was warm and impenetrable by cold winds), lacquer- ware,
wall decor, and even military armor.
• The use of toilet paper was also traced in China back to the 6th century.
• Soon after its invention, paper became a setting for Chinese artistry: its use led to the development of calligraphy,
water color painting, and block printing.
What are the other S and T influence

of the ancient Chinese Civilization in
todays’ time?
History of Ancient China

The first real emperor of ancient china was Jin Chuang born in yunxiang in 259 BC
- He united the different kingdoms in 221 BC and ruled them all
- He stablished a standard writing system money weights and measures
- He builds roads and erected beautiful palaces in the capital xi’an
- The empire he forged turned to out to be so strong, it has survived for thousands of years and is even named for
him the word china comes from one on his name’s jian of course that makes it sound like he was a Benevolent and
enlightened ruler
- But he wasn’t definitely not by modern standards
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- he didn’t like scholars or books burying some scholars alive and burning many many books including those
Confucius he thought education for the common people took time away from growing crops emperor
- Jin’s rule was so cruel that he lived in fear that he would be harmed in retaliation it said he rarely slept in the
same palace two nights in a row
- He also sent decoys who resembled him to meetings where his life might be in danger
- He died in 210 BC after he drinking a potion he thought would give him eternal life when if Jin’s most lasting
achievements was the famous Great Wall of China around the Year 220 BC
- Emperor Qin began the huge undertaking of connecting the many different walls around Chine
- Some that were as old as 400BC and forging one enormous wall to keep out invaders built entirely by hand the
great wall snakes up mountain ranges down into valleys and across the deserts of northern china stretching close to
4,300 miles it’s about 25 feet high and 15 to 30 feet wide
- In addition to defense the wall provided a way to transport men and supplies throughout China and to
communicate with smoke signals more than 2,000 years late later it continues to be one of the one ders of the
world
- after Emperor Qin died Leo bong became the first emperor of the Han Dynasty
- under the Han Chine was no longer isolated and it was during this time that the Silk Road was established which
was a network of trade routes between China and the ancient western lands china traded their silks and spices
- with the people of India Persia Arabia North Africa and even Europe the nomadic traders who crossed the Silk
Road took a dangerous Trek facing bandits harsh climates and rough terrain but eventually Chinese goods found
their way to cities as far away as Rome the Forbidden City is another amazing site in China
- often associated with its ancient past but compared to the Great Wall and the terracotta soldier it’s positively
modern only six hundred years old that is it was home to Emperor’s during the Ming and Qing dynasties
- construction began on the palace in 1406 and millions of workers labored to build it over 14 years when the
Forbidden City was completed a 26 foot wall and a 20 foot moat kept people out for 500 years most people were
forbidden to enter the palace that 24 Emperor’s called home
- hence the name the Forbidden City with 900 rooms and 800 buildings it’s the world’s largest palace complex in
1949
- It was open to all citizens of China and is now a museum
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Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology:
Middle & Modern Times
Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
Objectives
Middle Ages
• The start of Middle Ages was marred by massive invasions
and migrations.
• Wars were prevalent this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass
food and farm production, and health.
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• The wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there were significant rise in
population.
• Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology.
• Some of the most innovative minds came from this period
Printing Press
• After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to invent printing press, a more
reliable way of printing using a cast type.
• He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters,
and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression of paper.
Book printing had existed in China since the 11th century, but Gutenberg was the first to produce serial standardized
individual parts, which made the printing process faster and less expensive.
Printing Press
• The general inventions soon evolved to be mechanical printing press which was eventually used all over the
world. The printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many
people at a faster rate. This invention also made accessible to individuals who could not even write (Streissguth, 1997).
Microscope
• Growing population caused by massive migration and urbanization during the period
• More and more people transferred to polluted and populated areas which resulted in more people getting sick and
needing medical attention.
• To develop the proper medicines for illness, experts must understand the sickness through an investigation.
• Thus, they needed a device that could magnify things invisible to the eye.
He is associated with the invention of the first optical telescope and/or the first truly compound microscope
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Microscope
• Guided by the principles used for inventions of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop
the first compound microscope.
• With this device, people were able to observe organism that were normally unseen by naked eye.
• The microscope was the key in preventing and curing various illnesses (Davidson, 2015).
Three Dutch spectacle makers—Hans Jansen, his son Zacharias Jansen, and Hans Lippershey—have received credit for
inventing the compound microscope about 1590.
One of Galileo's first telescopes. He did not invent the telescope, but he did make several improvements and was the first
to aim one at the stars.
Telescope
• Since Middle Ages is also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high.
• Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to
navigate or to avoid dangers at sea.
• The invention of telescope, an optical instrument that helps in observation of remote objects, was greater help for
navigators during this time.
Hans Lippershey (or Lipperhey), a Dutch eyeglass maker, is the first person to apply for a patent for a telescope.
Telescope
• Its invention is attributed to the lens- maker Hans Lippershey.
• In 1608, Lippershey laid claim to a device that could magnify objects three times. His telescope had a concave
eyepiece aligned with a convex objective lens. Together with the telescope, the invention of the compass, oars, and
rudders made sea travelling easier and safer (Helden, 1989).
War Weapons
• Since wars were widespread during Middle Ages, great development in the weaponry technology occurred.
• All sides must develop weaponries not as only as offensive tool but also defensive instrument.
• For open-area battles, people developed cross bows and long bows so that they could attack the enemies long
ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses.
• Additionally, in close rang hand to hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need
addressed by the creation of iron body armors.
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• However, body armors were heavy and limited their movements. The problem was eventually solved by the
inventions of chainmail.
Modern Times
• The booming world population during 19th century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate.
• People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover larger distance.
• Machines that required animals to operate must thus, upgraded.
Industrial Revolution started in 18th-century Great Britain, where the pace of change appeared to speed up. This
acceleration in the processes of technical innovation brought about an array of new tools and machines
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the
period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
Modern Times
• Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish connections between and
among all nations.
• However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food
processing and medicine posed some bigger challenges since health was great concern.
• As people were able to develop better means of production to meet needs of the population, food preservation and
food safety became an issue.
• The challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater than the dairy products, especially milk,
since they usually spoiled faster.
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• These goods needed to be consumed almost immediately after production or they would cause illness like
diphtheria, food poisoning and typhoid fever.
Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur, a French biologist microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the problem.
Pasteurization
• He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to
spoil faster.
• Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period.
• It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010).
• Other contributions of science, technology, and medicine included his work on molecular asymmetry,
fermentation, and vaccination
Petroleum Refinery
• The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation.
• At first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their
homes.
• However, the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand.
• Faced with this concern, Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum.
Samuel Martin Kier was an American inventor and businessman who is credited with founding the American petroleum
refining industry.
Petroleum Refinery
• Kerosene was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes.
• After some time, it was applied for heating purposes.
• The development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010).
• At present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants, among others.
Telephone
• The more people get connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a way to easily maintain these
connections and communicate with each other in real time.
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• Government likewise needed some kind of communication system which would allow them to administer their
states well.
• the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions at that
time.
Alexander Graham Bell revolutionized communication. He secured exclusive rights to the technology and launched the
Bell Telephone Company in 1877
Calculator
• In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator (by Wilhelm Schickard and several
decades later Blaise Pascal), a device that was at times somewhat over- promoted as being able to perform all four
arithmetic operations with minimal human intervention.
• Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed, circumstances in the modern times
required a faster way to compute more complicated equations.
Schickard’s design was preserved only in a few sketches and letters to the astronomer Kepler. They remained lost until
1935
Calculator
• Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis.
• The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted
in the development of more complex processing machines like computer.
Blaise
Pascal Wilhelm
Schickard
What do you think will today’s priority be that may spark innovation?
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Concerns Romans Chinese Medieval Period Modern
Times
Transportation Chariot Boats Horses Automobiles; truc
Boat Rickshaws Carts aircrafts, aircraft,
Cart Carts pipelines and bulk
Foot Chariots container ships
Wagons
Navigation Compass Astrolabe Telescope Maps
Sextant Compasses
Astrolabes
Calipers
Communication Newspaper Paper Television Telephone
Telephone
Radio
Internet
Record Keeping Bound books or codex Oracle bones Printing Press Calculator
Mass Production Aqueducts Tea Production Heavy Plow Pasteurization
(for food, produce,
etc)
Security and Chariots, calvary Gunpowder War Weapons
protection Massive Walls
Health First surgical tool Apothecaries Microscope Hypodermic Need
Acupuncture Maggots
Stethoscopes
Engineering and Roman Architecture Great wall of China Blast furnaces Petroleum Refiner
Architecture Colosseum Telephone
Status Roman imperial Accessories and Peasant Women
triumphal arches Ornamentals
Time Julian Calendar Candle clocks Verge
escapement/mechanic
al clocks replaced
hourglasses
Numeral System Roman numerals Suzhou Numerals Hindu-Arabic Calculator
Fibonacci Sequence
Aesthetics Bronze Production The writings of St.
Augustine
Others (please Sewers and Silk production resulted Paper Money; use to Petroleum Refiner
specify) Sanitation; The in the creation of a provide a form of a Kerosene was late
Romans established a product for trade, promissory note referred to as
number of public making way for payable on demand to the “illuminating o
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bath, latrines, and an cultural, economic, and the bearer by the because it was
interlinked sewage scientific exchange. issuer. used at first to pro
line binding them lighting to
together in a complex Liquors homes.
and efficient feat of
engineering. Wheelbarrow At present, petrole
widely used
in powering autom
factories,
and power plants,
others.
What is at the center of the universe?

It’s an essential question that humans have been wondering about for centuries.
But the journey toward an answer has been a strange one.
If you wanted to know the answer to this question in third century B.C.E. Greece, you might look up at the night sky and
trust what you see. That’s what Aristotle, The Guy to ask back then, did.
-He thought that since we’re on Earth, looking up, it must be the center, right?
-For him, the sphere of the world was made up of four elements: earth, water, air & fire
- These elements shifted around a nested set of solid crystalline spheres.
- each of the wandering stars, the planets, had their own crystal sphere.
- The rest of the universe and all of its stars were on the last crystal sphere.
- If you watch the sky change over time, you could see that this idea worked fine at explaining the motion you saw.
- For centuries, this was central to how Europe and the Islamic world saw the universe.
- But in 1543, a guy named Copernicus proposed a different model.
- He believed that the sun was at the center of the universe.
- This radically new idea was hard for a lot of people to accept.
- After all, Aristotle’s ideas made sense and they were pretty flattering to humans.
- But a series of subsequent discoveries made the sun-centric model hard to ignore.
- First, Johannes Kepler pointed out that orbits aren’t perfect circles or spheres.
- Then, Galileo’s telescope caught Jupiter’s moon orbiting around Jupiter, totally ignoring Earth.
- And then, Newton proposed the theory of universal gravitation, demonstrating that all objects are pulling on each
other.
- Eventually, we had to let go of the idea that we were at the center of the universe.
- Shortly after Copernicus, in the 1580’s, an Italian friar, Giordano Bruno, suggested that stars were suns that likely
had their own planets and that the universe was infinite.
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- This idea didn’t go over well.
- Bruno was burned at the stake for his radical suggestion.
- Centuries later, the philosopher Rene Descartes proposed that the universe was a series of whirlpools, which he
called vortices, and that each star was at the center of a whirlpool.
- In time, we realized there were far more stars than Aristotle ever dreamed.
- As astronomers like William Herschel got more and more advanced telescopes, it became clear that our sun is
actually one of many stars inside the Milky way.
- And those smudges we see in the night sky? They’re other galaxies, just as vast as our Milky Way home.
- Maybe we’re farther from the center than we ever realized.
- In the 1920s, astronomers studying the nebuli wanted to figure out how they were moving.
- They expected to see blue shift and red shift for ones moving away.- doppler effect
- But all they saw was a red shift
- Everything was moving away from us, fast.
- This observation is one of the pieces of evidence
BIGBANG THEORY
- All matter in the universe was once a singular, infinitely dense particle.
- In a sense, our piece of the universe was once at the center.
- This theory eliminates the whole idea of a center since there can’t be a center to an infinite universe.
- The Big Bang wasn’t just an explosion in space; it was an explosion of space.
- What each new discovery proves is that while our observations are limited,
- Our ability to speculate and dream of what’s out there isn’t.
- What we think we know today can change tomorrow.
- As with many of the thinkers we just met, sometimes our wildest guesses lead to wonderful and humbling answers
and propel us toward even more perplexing questions.
The Scientific Revolution

THe TeleScOPe
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The telescope was the most important of the new scientific instruments that facilitated discovery. This engraving depicts
an astronomer using the telescope in 1647.
In 1609 Galileo Galilei, an Italian mathematician at the University of Padua, directed a new scientific instrument,
the telescope, toward the heavens. Having heard that a Dutch artisan had put together two lenses in a way that magnified
distant objects, Galileo built his own such device. Anyone who has looked through a telescope can appreciate his
excitement. Ob- jects that appeared one way to the naked eye looked entirely different when magnified by his new
“spyglass,” as he called it. The surface of the moon, long believed to be smooth, uniform, and perfectly spheri- cal, now
appeared full of mountains and craters. Galileo’s spyglass showed that the sun, too, was imperfect, marred by spots that
appeared to move across its surface. Such sights challenged traditional science, which assumed that “the heavens,” the
throne of God, were perfect and thus never changed. Traditional science was shaken even further when Galileo showed
that Venus, viewed over many months, appeared to change its shape, much as the moon did in its phases. This discovery
provided evidence for the relatively new theory that the planets, including earth, revolved around the sun rather than the
sun and the planets around the earth.
Galileo shared the discoveries he made not only with fellow scientists, but also with other educated members of
society. He also staged a number of public demonstrations of his new astronomical instrument, the first of which took
place on top of one of the city gates of Rome in 1611. To convince those who doubted the reality of the images they saw,
Galileo turned the telescope toward familiar landmarks in the city. Interest in the new scientific instrument ran so high
that a number of amateur astronomers acquired telescopes of their own.
Galileo’s discoveries were part of what historians call the Scientific Revolution. This development changed the
way europeans viewed the natural world, the supernatural realm, and themselves. It led to controversies in religion,
philosophy, and politics and changes in military technology, navigation, and business. It also set the West apart from the
civilizations of the Middle east, Asia, and Africa and provided a basis for claims of Western superiority over the people in
those lands.
The scientific culture that emerged in the West by the end of the seventeenth century was the product of a series of
cultural encounters. It resulted from a complex interaction among scholars proposing different ideas of how nature
operated. Some of these ideas originated in Greek philosophy. Others came from christian sources. Still other ideas
came from a tradition of late medieval science that had been influenced by the scholarship of the Islamic Middle east.
The main question this chapter seeks to answer is this:
How did European scientists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries change the way in which people in the West
viewed the natural world?
The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution
Unlike political revolutions, such as the English Revolution of the 1640s discussed in the last chapter, the
Scientific Revolution developed gradually over a long period of time. It began in the mid-sixteenth century and continued
into the eighteenth century. Even though it took a relatively long time to unfold, it was revolutionary
in the sense that it transformed human thought, just as political revolutions have funda- mentally changed systems of
government. The most important changes in seventeenth- century science took place in astronomy, physics, chemistry,
and biology.
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe
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The most significant change in astronomy was the acceptance of the view that the sun, not the Earth, was the
center of the universe. Until the mid-sixteenth century, most natural philosophers—as scientists were known at the time
—accepted the views of the ancient Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy (100–170 C.E.). Ptolemy’s observations and
calculations sup- ported the cosmology of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.). According to Ptolemy and
Aristotle, the center of the universe was a stationary Earth, around which the moon, the sun, and the other planets
revolved in circular orbits. Beyond the planets a large sphere carried the stars, which stood in a fixed relationship to each
other, around the Earth from east to west once every 24 hours, thus accounting for the rising and setting of the stars. Each
of the four known elements—earth, water, air, and fire—had a natural place within this universe, with the heavy elements,
earth and water, being pulled down toward the center of the Earth and the light ones, air and fire, hovering above it. All
heavenly bodies, including the sun and the planets, were composed of a fifth element, called ether, which unlike matter on
Earth was thought to be eternal and could not be altered, corrupted, or destroyed.
This traditional view of the cosmos had much to recommend it, and some educated people continued to accept it
well into the eighteenth century. The Bible, which in a few passages referred to the motion of the sun, reinforced the
authority of Aristotle. And human observation seemed to confirm the motion of the sun. We do, after all, see the sun
“rise” and “set” every day, so the idea that the Earth rotates at high speed and revolves around the sun contradicts the
experience of our senses. Nevertheless, the Earth-centered model of the universe failed to explain many patterns that
astronomers observed in the sky, most notably the paths followed by planets. Whenever ancient or medieval astronomers
confronted a new problem as a result of their observations, they tried to accommodate the results to the Ptolemaic model.
By the sixteenth century this model had been modified or adjusted so many times that it had gradually become a confused
collection of planets and stars following different motions.
Faced with this situation, a Polish cleric, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), looked for a simpler and more
plausible model of the universe. In On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which was published shortly after his
death, Copernicus proposed that the center of the universe was not the Earth but the sun. The book was widely circulated,
but it did not win much support for the sun-centered theory of the universe. Only the most learned astronomers could
understand Copernicus’s mathematical arguments, and even they were not prepared to adopt his central thesis. In the late
sixteenth century the great Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) accepted the
TWO VIeWS Of THe PTOleMAIc OR PRe-cOPeRNIcAN UNIVeRSe (Left) In this sixteenth-century engraving the
earth lies at the center of the universe and the elements of water, air, and fire are arranged in ascending order above the
earth. The orbit that is shaded in black is the firmament or stellar sphere. The presence of christ and the saints at the top
reflects the view that Heaven lay beyond the stellar sphere. (Right) A medieval king representing Atlas holds a Ptolemaic
cosmos. The Ptolemaic universe is often referred to as a two-sphere universe: The inner sphere of the earth lies at the
center and the outer sphere encompassing the entire universe rotates around the earth.
On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres

(1500s) Nicolaus Copernicus
TWO eARly MODeRN VIeWS Of THe SUN-ceNTeReD UNIVeRSe (Left) The depiction by copernicus. Note that all
the orbits are circular, rather than elliptical, as Kepler was to show they were. The outermost sphere is that of the fixed
stars. (Right) A late-seventeenth-century depiction of the cosmos by Andreas cellarius in which the planets follow
elliptical orbits. It illustrates four different positions of the earth as it orbits the sun.
argument of Copernicus that the planets revolved around the sun but still insisted that the sun revolved around the Earth.
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Significant support for the Copernican model of the universe among scientists began to materialize only in the
seventeenth century. In 1609 a German astronomer, Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), using data that Brahe had collected,
confirmed the central position of the sun in the universe. In New Astronomy (1609) Kepler also demonstrated that the
planets, including the Earth, followed elliptical rather than circular orbits and that physical laws governed their
movements. Not many people read Kepler’s book, however, and his achievement was not fully appreciated until many
decades later.
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was far more successful in gaining support for the sun-centered model of the
universe. Galileo had the literary skill, which Kepler lacked, of being able to write for a broad audience. Using the
evidence gained from his observations with the telescope, and presenting his views in the form of a dialogue between
the advocates of the two competing worldviews, Galileo demonstrated the plausibility and superiority of Copernicus’s
theory.
The publication of Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems— Ptolemaic and Copernican in
1632 won many converts to the sun-centered theory of the universe, but it lost him the support of Pope Urban VIII, who
had been one of his patrons. The character in Dialogue who defends the Ptolemaic system is named Simplicio (that is, a
simple—or stupid—person). Urban wrongly concluded that Galileo was mocking him. In 1633 Galileo was tried before
the Roman Inquisition, an ecclesiastical court whose purpose was to maintain theological orthodoxy. The charge against
him was that he had challenged the authority of Scripture and was therefore guilty of heresy, the denial of the theological
truths of the Roman Catholic Church. (See Justice in History in this chapter.)
As a result of this trial, Galileo was forced to abandon his support for the Copernican model of the universe, and
Dialogue was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books, a list compiled by the papacy of all printed works containing
heretical ideas. Despite this set- back, by 1700 Copernicanism commanded widespread support among scientists and the
educated public. Dialogue, however, was not removed from the Index until 1822.
Physics: The laws of Motion and Gravitation
Galileo made his most significant contributions to the Scientific Revolution in physics. In the seventeenth century
the main branches of physics were mechanics (the study of motion and its causes) and optics (the study of light). Galileo
formulated a set of laws governing the motion of material objects that challenged the accepted theories of Aristotle
regarding motion and laid the foundation of modern physics.
According to Aristotle, whose views dominated science in the late Middle Ages, the motion of every object—
except the natural motion of falling toward the center of the Earth—required another object to move it. If the mover
stopped, the object fell to the ground or simply stopped moving. But this theory could not explain why a projectile, such
as a discus or a spear, continued to move after a person threw it. Galileo’s answer to that question was a theory of inertia,
which became the basis of a new theory of motion. According to Galileo, an object continues to move or lie at rest until
something external to it intervenes to change its motion. Thus, motion is neither a quality inherent in an object nor a force
that it acquires from another object. It is simply a state in which the object finds itself. Galileo also discovered that the
motion of an object occurs only in relation to things that do not move. A ship moves through the water, for example, but
the goods that the ship carries do not move in relationship to the moving ship. This insight explained to the critics of
Copernicus how the Earth can move even though we do not experience its motion. Galileo’s most significant contribution
to mechanics was his formulation of a mathematical law of motion that explained how the speed and acceleration of a
falling object are determined by the distance it travels during equal intervals of time.
The greatest achievements of the Scientific Revolution in physics belong to English scientist Sir Isaac Newton
(1642–1727). His research changed the way future genera- tions viewed the world. As a boy Newton felt out of place in
his small village, where he worked on his mother’s farm and attended school. Fascinated by mechanical devices, he spent
much of his time building wooden models of windmills and other machines. When playing with his friends he always
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found ways to exercise his mind, calculating, for example, how he could use the wind to win jumping contests. It became
obvious to all who knew him that Newton belonged at a university. In 1661 he entered Cambridge University, where, at
age 27, he became a chaired professor of mathematics.
Newton formulated a set of mathematical laws to explain the operation of the entire physical world. In 1687 he
published his theories in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. The centerpiece of this monumental work was
the universal law of gravitation, which demonstrated that the same force holding an object to the Earth also holds the
planets in their orbits. This law represented a synthesis of the work of other scientists, including Kepler on planetary
motion and Galileo on inertia. Newton paid tribute to the work of these men when he said, “If I have seen farther, it is by
standing on the shoulders of giants.” But Newton went further than any of them by establishing the existence of a single
gravitational force and by giving it precise mathematical expression. His book revealed the unity and order of the entire
physical world and thus offered a scientific model to replace that of Aristotle.
universal law of gravitation

A law of nature established by Isaac Newton in 1687 holding that any two bodies attract each other with a force
that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and indirectly proportional to the square of the distance between
them. The law was presented in mathematical terms.
589
17.1 CHronology: DisCovEriEs of tHE sCiEntifiC rEvolution
1543
17.2 copernicus publishes On the
Philosophy.
Newton publishes Mathematical Principles of Natural
Revolutions of the Heavenly 1543
Spheres.
17.3
1609
1609 Johannes Kepler
17.4 1628 publishes New
William Harvey publishes Astronomy.
On the Motion of the
17.5 Heart and Blood 1628
in Animals.
1632 1632
Galileo publishes
1687
1638 Dialogue
Galileo publishes Discourses Concern- ing the
on the Two New Sciences of 1638 Two Chief World
Motion and Mechanics. Systems.
1687
1659
1659
Robert Boyle invents the
air pump and conducts
experiments on the
elasticity and
compressibility of air.
590
Galileo Galilei – Father of Modern Science 1564-1642
- Was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher,
- One of the pioneers of the scientific method
- Overturned that Aristotle worldview, according to which the world can be explained
mainly through logic.
Science = logic
For example: Aristotle had claimed that the velocity of falling bodies is relative to their
weight.
- Logically, even intuitively, that might sound right..
- But by putting this hypothesis to the test, Galileo proved that all objects fall at the same
rate of acceleration.
- Aristotle claimed that falling objects maintain a constant speed;
- Galileo proved that speed increases in proportion to the distance of the fall.
- Galileo also refuted the popular Aristotelian belief that earth is fixed in the center of the
universe, while the stars and planets are metaphysical beings that revolved around.
- This known as Geo-Centrism
- By inviting an improved telescope, Galileo was able to discover four of Jupiter’s moons-
thus proving that celestial objects can orbit something other than the Earth.
- While the craters he discovered on the moon refuted Aristotle’s theory about the meta-
physical nature of the heavens.
- Galileo then concluded that the laws of physics apply equally throughout the universe
- Galileo’s discoveries paved the way for the Heliocentric model published by Polish
mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Cupernicus which argued that, despite
appearances, the sun neither rises nor sets.
- It is earth that is orbiting the sun.
- Unfortunately, Galileo failed to convince that Church that Heliocentrism does not
contradict the Bible.
- A tour in the dungeons of the Inquisition, however, did convince Galileo to recant.
- He was sentenced to house-arrest for the remainder of his life, and forbidden from
publishing his writings.
- The ban on the complete, uncensored works of Galileo was lifted only in 1835.
- Galileo’s paradigm-shifting contribution to a scientific method which is based on
experiments, is the reason why he is considered, by many historians, the “father of
modern physics”
Intellectual/ Scientific Revolution
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban

What aspects were highlighted in this
time period?
Middle and Modern Times

What brought about these inventions?
Middle times
– War, massive invasion and migration
– Weaponry, navigation, mass, food and farm production, and health
– Trade and commerce, transportation
What brought about these inventions?

Modern times
– Booming population (19th century)
– Food, goods, medicine
– Efficient transportation, trade, health
– Faster and clear communication and connection with nations
– industrialization
the achievements and discoveries of the Scientific Revolution
– It began in the mid-sixteenth century (in Europe toward the end of the Renaissance
period) and continued into the eighteenth century influencing the intellectual social movement
known as the Enlightenment.
– Even though it took a relatively long time to unfold, it was revolutionary in the sense that
it transformed human thought
The Scientific Revolution

– was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when
developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and
chemistry transformed societal views about nature
– While its dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of
Nicolaus Copernicus’s ’On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres’ is often cited as marking
the beginning of the scientific revolution.
Scientific Revolution
The change to the medieval idea of science occurred for four reasons:
1. Seventeenth century scientists and philosophers were able to collaborate with members of
the mathematical and astronomical communities to effect advances in all fields.
2. Scientists realized the inadequacy of medieval
experimental methods for their work and so felt the need to devise new methods (some of which
we use today).
The change to the medieval idea of science occurred for four reasons:
3. Academics had access to a legacy of European, Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific
philosophy that they could use as a starting point (either by disproving or building on the
theorems).
4. Institutions (for example, the British Royal Society) helped validate science as a field by
providing an outlet for the publication of scientists’ work.
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe
– Until the mid-17th century, most natural philosophers/ scientists accepted the views of
the ancient Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy (100–170 c.e. ).
– According to Ptolemy and Aristotle, the center of the universe was a stationary Earth,
around which the moon, the sun, and the other planets revolved in circular orbits.
– Beyond the planets a large sphere carried the stars around the Earth from east to west
once every 24 hours, thus accounting for the rising and setting of the stars.
– Nevertheless, the Earth-centered model of the universe failed to explain many patterns
that astronomers observed in the sky, most notably the paths followed by planets.
– Whenever ancient or medieval astronomers confronted a new problem as a result of their
observations, they tried to accommodate the results to the Ptolemaic model.
– By the 16th century this model had been modified so many times that it had gradually
become a confused collection of planets and stars following different motions.
– Polish Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), wrote On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres (published shortly after his death), that the center of the universe was not the
Earth but the sun.
– In the late sixteenth century the great Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601)
accepted the argument of Copernicus that the planets revolved around the sun but still insisted
that the sun revolved around the Earth.
– Significant support for the Copernican model of the universe among scientists began to
materialize only in the 17th century.
– In 1609 a German astronomer, Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), confirmed the central
position of the sun in the universe.
– In New Astronomy (1609) Kepler also demonstrated that the planets, including the Earth,
followed elliptical rather than circular orbits and that physical laws governed their movements.
– An Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was far more
successful in gaining support for the sun-centered model of the universe.
– Using the evidence acquired from his observations with the telescope, and presenting his
views in the form of a dialogue between the advocates of the two competing worldviews, Galileo
demonstrated the plausibility and superiority of Copernicus’s theory.
– The publication of Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief
World Systems in 1632 won many converts to the sun-centered theory of the universe, but it lost
him the support of Pope Urban VIII
– In 1633 Galileo was tried before the Roman Inquisition, an ecclesiastical court whose
purpose was to maintain theological orthodoxy.
– The charge against him was that he had challenged the authority of Scripture and was
therefore guilty of heresy, the denial of the theological truths of the Roman Catholic Church.
Physics: The Laws of Motion and Gravitation

– In the 17th century the main branches of physics were mechanics (the study of motion
and its causes) and optics (the study of light).
– Galileo formulated a set of laws governing the motion of material objects that challenged
the accepted theories of Aristotle regarding motion and laid the foundation of modern physics.
– According to Aristotle the motion of every object required another object to move it.
– According to Galileo, an object continues to move or lie at rest until something external
to it intervenes to change its motion.
– Galileo’s most significant contribution to mechanics was his formulation of a
mathematical law of motion that explained how the speed and acceleration of a falling object are
determined by the distance it travels during equal intervals of time.
– The greatest achievements of the Scientific Revolution in physics belong to English
scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642– 1727).
– As a boy Newton felt out of place in his small village, where
he worked on his mother’s farm and attended school.
– Fascinated by mechanical devices, he spent much of his time building wooden models of
windmills and other machines.
– In 1661 he entered Cambridge University, where, at age 27, he became a chaired
professor of mathematics.
– In 1687 he published his theories in Mathematical Principles of

Natural Philosophy.
– The centerpiece of this monumental work was the universal law of gravitation, which
demonstrated that the same force holding an object to the Earth also holds the planets in their
orbits.
– Newton paid tribute to the work of other scientists when he said, “If I have seen farther, it
is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”
– But he went further than any of them by establishing the existence of a single
gravitational force and by giving it precise mathematical expression.
New Ideas
New Method
– The heliocentric model that involved the radical displacement of the earth to an orbit
around the sun.
– The discoveries of Johannes Kepler and Galileo gave the theory credibility and the work
culminated in Isaac
Newton’s Principia, which formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that
dominated scientists’ view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.
Science and Technology

a. Pre-colonial period
The first technologies include:
The early natives already had activities already linked to science & technology even
before the colonizers came.
Herbs & Herbal Medicines, Jars, Alibata & Fire, Light & Heat
Agricultural Revolution
1. Methods in Farming
2. Stones for recording purposes
3. Clay pottery and soil minerals for metallurgy
4. Barter of different goods and resources
Agricultural Abundance
- Filipinos were already engaged in farming. The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos.
- The natives based their faith on abundance of harvest, different plants and animals.
b. Colonial period
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish crown, was looking
forward to a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia.
On march 16, 1521 Magellan’s expedition landed on Homohon island in the Philipines.
But the colonization of the Philippine Island wasn’t successful on the first attempt.
However, when Philip II succeeded the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco ,
the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi.
On February 13, 1565, Legaspi’s expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle
with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol
The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in
the archipelago.
The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution
Espanya:
- During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established
where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.
- Education & Religion
- Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives. The early
study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish Era.field of
engineering in the islands by constructing government buildings, churches, roads, bridges
and forts.
- Science & Technology
c. Post-colonial period (19th century)

Presidents & Laws by Ferdinand Marcos
- Shortly after the world war II, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos became the 6th
president of the 3rd Republic of the Philippines.
- During Ferdinand Marcos’ presidency, the importance given to science grew.
”advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development”
- National Science Development Board
- He recognized that technology was the leading factor in economic development, and
channeled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science education.
- He added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the
coconut industry
- The NSDB also established the Philippine Textile Research Institute
- The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of NSDB explored the uses of atomic energy
for economic development.
- In 1972, He created the National Grains Authority to provide for the development of the
rice and corn industry to fully harness it for the economy of the country.
- He established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support the
progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for the nation.
- He established the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense to provide
environmental protection and to utilize knowledge ton ensure the safety of the people.
Presidents & Laws by Maria Corazon “Cory” Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino
- 1st president of the 5th Republic of the Philippines
- The National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of
Science and Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet.
- The Presidential Task force for Science and Technology which came up with the first
Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the
Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.
2. How did the developments in Science and Technology shape human history?
Science and technology inventions and discoveries, including the theory of the origin of the
universe, the theory of evolution, and the discovery of genes, have given humanity many hints
relating to human existence from civilized and cultural points of view. Science and technology
have had an immeasurable influence on the formation of our understanding of the world, our
view of society, and our outlook on nature.
The wide variety of technologies and science discoveries produced by humanity has led to the
building and development of the civilizations of each age, stimulated economic growth, raised
people’s standards of living, encouraged cultural development, and had a tremendous impact on
religion, thought, and many other human activities. The impact of science and technology on
modern society is broad and wide-ranging, influencing such areas as politics, diplomacy,
defense, the economy, medicine, transportation, agriculture, social capital improvement, and
many more. The fruits of science and technology fill every corner of our lives.

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Introduction:

Science, Technology, and Society

• The scale of the

Concerns during the Ancient Times

Concerns during the Ancient Times

• At this present time, what is the society’s main

Historical Antecedents in the Course of

Sumerians and Mesopotamia

The great ziggurat of Ur

Irrigation and Dikes

Wheel and plow

Babylonian and Egyptian Civilization

Babylon, the jewel of the ancient world

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Quick Facts About Ancient Egyptian Papysrus

A short list of papyri from ancient

Other Uses of Papyrus

Egyptian black ink

Three major periods

First intermediate – 2130 BC – 1938 BC

Pharaoh – “great house” in ancient Egyptian

Nefertiti – 1353 BC – 1336 BC

Elaborate Tombs – pyramid of khufu, giza

Mummy of the lady rai 18th dynasty

Embalmed Wrapped in linen placed in tomb

1 cubit length of the arm to the fingertips

Earliest practice of medicine

Discoveries in modern science

Discoveries in modern science

Bound books or codex

• The Colosseum is located in the center of the city of Rome, Italy.

Roman imperial triumphal arches

How do you think the tools developed by the

Throughout history people have struggled to explain to unexplainable.

Before science the answers often came from RELIGION.

Neil DeGrasse Tyson

Until the ANCIENT GREEKS came along.

The Greeks embraced freedom of thought.

Scientific Opening their minds to theory.

It took root here in the ancient city of Miletus, Turkey.

Science as we know it took off from there.

Pythagoras revolutionized mathematics.

Hippocrates furthered the field of medicine.

But we have the power to turn it Around

Historical Antecedents in the Course of

Great wall of China

Zhou-era chariot, perhaps such chariots existed in the Shang era

What are the other S and T influence

History of Ancient China

What is at the center of the universe?

The Scientific Revolution

On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres

universal law of gravitation

Mrs. Lorna C. Aban

Middle and Modern Times

What brought about these inventions?

the achievements and discoveries of the Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution

Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe

Physics: The Laws of Motion and Gravitation

– In 1687 he published his theories in Mathematical Principles of

Science and Technology