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Chapter 4
ELECTROLYSIS
 CHAPTER 4 Electrolysis
The decomposition of a compound, in solution or in the
ELECTROLYSIS molten state, brought about by the passage of an electric
current through it , is known as electrolysis.
Conductor
Conduction in a metal wire
- A substance which conducts or allows the passage of
electricity is called conductor. e- e- I I
Eg. Copper , Silver, Mercury
e- e- I I

Note - (1) Conductors are usually solids.

e- e- I I

(2) Mercury which is liquid at room temperature is a Electron Flow Current(I) Flow
conductor.

(3)All metals whether they are in the solid state or liquid state The Ionic Theory ( Arrhenius' Ionic Theory)
are conductors.
1. Electrolytes contain electrically charged particles called ions.

2. Electrolytes can conduct electricity due to the movement of

(4) The valence electrons from each atom in the lattice can
move freely through the entire lattice. That is why metals are
good conductors of electricity.
Non-conductor or Insulator
these ions.
3. Non- Electrolytes do not contain ions so they cannot
conduct electricity.
NOTES - 1 Ions of electrolytes do not move in solid state.
Therefore ,solid electrolytes can not conduct electricity.

- A solid substance which does conducts electricity is known

as a non-conductor or insulator.
Terms of ElectroLysis (ElectroLysis ဆိုင ္ရ ာ ေှါဟာရမ်ား)
Eg. Wax , Rubber , Wood
Cation = Positive ion

Electrolytes Cation is a positively charged particle produced by removal

of electron(s) from a neutral atom.
- Those substances,other than metals, which in the molten
state or as a solution in water, allow the passage of Anion = Negative ion

electricity are called electrolytes.
Eg. (i)Salts such as NaCl , NaNO3 , Na2SO4 , Na2CO3 etc.,
(ii) Strong acids such as HCl , HNO3 , H2SO4
Anion is a negatively charged particle produced by addition
of electron(s) to a neutral atom .
Anode = Positive electrode ( Battery ၏ positive terminal ျဖင္႔
ဆက္သြယ္ထားေသာ လွ်ပ္ငုတ)္

(iii) Stron bases such as NaOH , KOH
(iv) Ionic compounds
Notes . (1) Electrolytes are ionic or electrovalent compounds.
Anode is a positive electrode which can accept the electrons
from the anions during electrolysis.
Cathode = Negative electrode ( Battery ၏ negative terminal
ျဖင္႔ ဆက္သြယ္ထားေသာ လွ်ပ္ငုတ)္

Cathode is a negative electrode which can donate the

(2) Electrolytes can conduct electricity in molten state
electrons to the cations during electrolysis.
or as a solution in water
Anode Cathode
(3) Electrolytes can not conduct electricity in solid state.
I e- e- I
Non- Electrolyte - A substance in a solution that does not
conduct electric current is called a non- Electrolyte .

Eg. Covalent compounds are non- Electrolytes.

Electrolyte
Electrolytes are completely ionized in molten state or aqueous
solution.
- On electrolysis, Na+ ions go to the cathode and are
n+ n- discharged as Na atoms . Na atoms deposite at the cathode.
Salts MX M + X

+ n- Cl- ions go to the anode and are discharged as Cl2 gas . Cl2
Acids HX H + X gas is evolved at the anode.
n+ - +
Alkali M OH M + OH Reaction at the cathode - Na + e
-
Na

H2O H+ + OH- Reaction at the anode - 2 Cl

-
Cl2 + 2e-

Compounds Formula Ions Na+ ions migrate to the cathode .

Sodium chloride NaCl Na+ , Cl- Cl - ions move to the anode .
Lead(II)bromide PbBr2 Pb2+ , Br- (2) Electrolysis of molten lead(II)bromide
2+ -
Lead(II)iodide PbI2 Pb ,I
Pb2+ ions migrate to the cathode .
Silver nitrate AgNO3 Ag+ , NO3-
Br- ions move to the anode.
2+ 2-
Copper(II)sulphate CuSO4 Cu , SO4
2+ -
Reaction at the cathode - Pb + 2e Pb
Sodium hydroxide NaOH Na , OH-
+

- -
Potassium hydroxide KOH K+ , OH- Reaction at the anode - 2 Br Br2 + 2e

Hydrochloric acid HCl H+ , Cl- (3) Electrolysis of molten lead(II)iodide

+ 2-
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 H , SO4 Pb2+ ions migrate to the cathode .
Nitric acid HNO3 H+ , NO3-
I- ions move to the anode.

2+ -
Reaction at the cathode - Pb + 2e Pb

Electrolysisျပဳလုပ ္တဲ႔အ ခါ… - -

Reaction at the anode - 2I I2 + 2e
Cation မ်ား Cathode သို႕သြား ။ Anion မ်ား Anode သို႔သြား

Selective Discharge of Ions

Electrolysis of Molten or Fused Salt
The Factors Affecting the Electrolysis Products
Reaction at the electrodes (1) Position of the metal or group in the electrochemical
n+
series.
-
Reaction at the cathode - M + ne M
(2) Concentration of ions.
n- -
Reaction at the anode - 2X X2 + 2 n e
(3) Nature of the electrode
Positive ions migrate to the cathode . (1) Position of the metal or group in the
electrochemical series.
Negative ions move to the anode
If all other factors are equal, any ion lower in the
electrochemical series will be discharged from solution in
(1) Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride preference to those above it,cations at the cathode and
anions at the anode.
e- e-
အျခားအခ်က္မ်ားအားလံုး(Concentration of ions and Nature of
I e- Anode Cathode I the electrodes ) တူညီပါက electrochemical series ၏
ေအာက္ဘက္ပို၍က်ေသာ ion သည္ ၎၏အေပၐဘက္ ion ထက္
ေပ်ာ္ရည္မွ ဦးစြာေပ်ာက္ကြယ္ၾကလိမ္႔မည္။ Cation မ်ားသည္ Cathode
platinum platinum တြင္လည္းေကာင္း Anion မ်ားသည္ Anode တြင္လည္းေကာင္း
ဆြဲကပ္ဓာတ္ျပဳၾကမည္ျဖစ္သည္။
or graphite

molten NaCl
 (I) Electrode Reactions for Electrolysis of Dilute or
Unsaturated Solution Using Pt Electrodes
Cations Anions
(1) Dilute Acid အားလံုး ၊ Dilute Alkali အားလံုး ၊ Cu ႏွင္႔
K+ SO42-
Ag တို႔၏ျဒပ္ေပါင္းမွအပ က်န္Unsaturatedsalt(aq)အားလံုး၏
Ca2+ increasingly NO3-
Electrode Reactions မွာေအာက္ပါအတိုင္းျဖစ္သည္။
Na+ easier to Cl-
(a) Reaction at the cathode -
Mg2+ discharge Br- to anode
2H+ + 2e- H2
Al3+ I-
(b) Reaction at the anode -
to cathode Zn2+ OH-
4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e-
2+
Fe
(2) Cu Salt , Ag Salt မ်ားအတြက္
2+
Pb
(a) Reaction at the cathode -
+
H
(i) Cu Salt မ်ားအတြက္ Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
2+
Cu
(ii) Ag Salt မ်ားအတြက္ Ag+ + e- Ag
+
Ag
(b) Reaction at the anode -

4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e-

(2) Concentration of ions
(II) Electrode Reactions for Electrolysis of Concentrated or
As the concentration of an ion increases, the tendency of
Saturated Solution Using Pt Electrodes
the ion to discharged from solution also increases.
HCl(conc) ႏွင္႔ Saturated NaCl (aq) (Brine) အတြက္
Hence the order of discharge stated by the electrochemical
series may be reversed by the concentration effect. + -
(a) Reaction at the cathode - 2H + 2e H2

(b) Reaction at the anode - 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-

(3) Nature of the Electrode
(III) Nature of Electrodeျဖင္႔ ဆံုးျဖတ္ေ သာElectrolysis
The nature of the electrode is the deciding factor in some
case . (i) Electrode Reactions for Electrolysis of Saturated NaCl
Solution Using Hg Cathode and Graphite Anode

(a) Reaction at the cathode

Electrode မ်ားတြင္ ion မ်ား ဆြဲကပ္ဓာတ္ျပဳမႈကို ေအာက္ပါ
Na+ + e- Na
ဦးစားေပးအစီအစဥ္အတိုင္း ဆံုးျဖတ္ရမည္။
(b) Reaction at the anode -
ပ-ဦးစားေပး Nature of the electrode
- -
2Cl Cl2 +2e
ဒု -ဦးစားေပး Concentration of ions.
(ii) Electrode Reactions for Electrolysis of Copper(II) sulphate
တ -ဦးစားေပး Position of in the electrochemical series. Solution Using Copper Electrodes

(a) Reaction at the cathode

Dilute (or) Unsaturated solution မ်ားကို Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu (s)

Platinum electrode (Inert electrode) မ်ားအသံုးျပဳ၍ Electrolysis (b) Reaction at the anode
ျပဳလုပ္လွ်င္ Electrode Reaction မ်ားအတြက္ electrochemical
series ျဖင္႔သာဆံုးျဖတ္ရမည္။ Cu (s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e-
 Faraday's Law of Electrolysis (iv) Al အတြက္ Al3+ + 3e- Al

(1) Faraday's First Law of Electrolysis (v) M (I) အတြက္ M+ + e- M

The mass of element liberated is directly proportional (vi) M (II) အတြက္ M2+ + 2e- M
to the quantity of electricity passed through the solution
during electrolysis. (b) Anode reactions
In mathematical form
(i) Halogens အတြက္
m ∝ Q
2X- X2 + 2e-
m ∝ It ( ံ. ံ Q = I t )
Cl2 အတြက္ 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
m = Mass of element
Br2 အတြက္ 2Br- Br2 + 2e-
Q = Quantity of electricity (Amount of charge)
I2 အတြက္ 2I- I2 + 2e-
I = Electric current ; t = Time
(ii) O2 အတြက္
(2) Faraday's Second Law of Electrolysis

When the same quantity of electricity is passed through 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e-
solutions of different electrolytes the relative number of
moles of the elements deposited are inversely proportional အဆင္႔ 3 – Electrode Reaction
ေ ပၐတြင ္
to the charges on the ions of each of the elements
respectively.
(i) ေပးခ်က္ ေမးခ်က္ mol ထည္႔ ။
Electrolysis ဆိုင္ရာပုစာၦမ်ားတြက္ရန္အထူးသတိျပဳ
(ii) gram ကို ေပး/ေမး လွ်င္ RAM (or) RMM သို႔ေျပာင္း။
အဆင္႔ 1 – Q ကို႐ ွာ
(iii) Gas အတြက္ Volume ကို ေပး/ေမး လွ်င္ 22.4dm3သို႔ေျပာင္း။
(a) I ႏွင္႔ t ကိုေပးလွ်င္ Q = I t ကိုသံုး
(iv) F ကို ေပး/ေမး လွ်င္ F သို႔ေျပာင္း။ C ကို ေပး/ေမး လွ်င္ C
Q=Amount of charge , I = Current , t = Time သို႔ေျပာင္း။

Quantities SI units 1mol of e- = 1F = 96500 C

Amount of charge (Q) coulomb ( C )
အဆင္႔ 4 - Electrode Reaction မွသံုးခ်က္တက္
ြ န ည္းျဖင္႔အ ေျဖ႐ွာ။
Current ( I ) ampere (A)
Time ( t ) second(s) Eg. (1) What mass of (i) copper (ii) silver (iii) aluminium will
be liberated during electrolysis during electrolysis by a charge
of one Faraday ? (Cu = 63 , Ag = 108 , Al=27)
One Faraday (1 F) The quantity of electricity required
to liberate one mole of a univalent element is 96500 Q=1F
coulombs . This quantity of electricity is called one Faraday.
(i) Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
1mol of electrons = 96500C = 1 F
2 mol 1 mol
(b) အကယ္၍ Electrode product ကိုေပးလွ်င္ Electrode reaction
2F 63 g
မွတြက္။
2F liberate 63 g of Cu
အဆင္႔ 2- Electrode Reaction ကိုေ ရး
63 x 1
(a) Cathode reactions . .ံ 1 F liberate = g = 31.5 g of Cu
2

Mn+ + ne- M (ii) Ag+ + e- Ag

(i) H2 အတြက္ 2H+ + 2e- H2 1 mol 1 mol

(ii) Ag အတြက္ Ag+ + e- Ag 1F 108 g

(iii) Cu အတြက္ Cu2+ + 2e- Cu 1F liberate 108 g of Ag

(iii) Al3+ + 3e- Al Eg. (3) What volume at STP of (i) hydrogen (ii) chlorine (iii)
oxygen will be liberated during electrolysis during electrolysis
3mol 1 mol
by a charge of one Faraday ?

3F 27 g
(i) 2H+ + 2e- H2
3F liberate 27g of Al
2 mol 1 mol
27 x 1
. .ံ 1 F liberate = g = 9 g of Al 2F (22.4 dm3 at STP)
3

Eg. (2) What mass of (i) copper (ii) silver (iii) aluminium will 2F liberate 22.4 dm3 of H2 at STP
be liberated during electrolysis during electrolysis by a charge
22.4 x 1
of 24125 C ? (Cu = 63 , Ag = 108 , Al=27) . .ံ 1F liberate = dm3
2
Q=1F = 11.2 dm3 of H2 at STP

(i) Cu2+ + 2e- Cu (ii) 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-

2 mol 1 mol 1 mol 2 mol

2F 63 g
(22.4 dm3 at STP) 2F
( 2x 96500 C)
2F liberate 22.4 dm3 of Cl2 at STP
2x 96500 C liberate 63 g of Cu
22.4 x 1
. .ံ 1F liberate = dm3
63 x 24125 2
. .ံ 24125 C liberate = g
2x96500
= 11.2 dm3 of Cl2 at STP
= g of Cu

(iii) 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e-

(ii) Ag+ + e- Ag
1 mol 4 mol
1 mol 1 mol
(22.4 dm3 at STP) 4F
1F 108 g
4F liberate 22.4 dm3 of O2 at STP
(96500C)
22.4 x 1
. .ံ 1F liberate = dm3
96500C liberate 108 g of Ag 4

108 x 24125 = 5.6 dm3 of O2 at STP

. .ံ 24125 C liberate = g
96500
Eg. (4) Calculate the mass of copper in grams deposited by
= g of Ag
passing a steady current of 0.45A for 25minutes through an
3+ -
(iii) Al + 3e Al excess of copper(II) sulphate solution.(Cu=63)

3mol 1 mol I = 0.45A ;

3F 27 g t= 25x60 s = 1500 s

( 3x 96500 C) Q = I t

3x 96500 C liberate 27g of Al = 0.45 x 1500 C

27 x 24125
. .ံ 24125C liberate = g = 675 C
3x96500

= g of Al
 Cu2+ + 2e- Cu (၀) အကယ္၍ Current (I) ကို ပါေပးၿပီး Time (t) ဆက္ေမးလွ်င္
Q=It မွ t ကို႐ွာ။
2 mol 1 mol
(၁) အကယ္၍ Time (t) ကို ပါေပးၿပီး Current (I) ဆက္ေမးလွ်င္
2F 63 g
Q=It မွ I ကို႐ွာ။
( 2x 96500 C)
Ex .7. Calculate the time required to discharge 0.2370g of
2x 96500 C liberate 63 g of Cu copper by passing acurrent of 0.1 A through an excess of
copper(II) sulphate solution.(Cu=63.54)
63 x 675
. .ံ 675 C liberate = g Ex .8. Calculate the time in hour to deposite 0.4209g of
2x96500
silver by passing acurrent of 0.1 A through an excess of
= 0.2203 g of Cu silver nitrate solution.(Ag=108)

Eg. (6) An electric current is passed in turn through solutions

Ex .1 . Calculate the mass of copper in grams deposited by
passing a steady current of 0.21A for 15 minutes through an
excess of copper(II) sulphate solution.(Cu=63)
Ex .2 . Calculate the mass of copper in grams deposited by
passing a steady current of 0.75 A for 25 minutes through an
excess of copper(II) sulphate solution.(Cu=63)
of silver nitrate and copper(II) sulphate in series. If 0.5 g of
silver were deposited at the cathode of the first cell, Calculate
the mass of copper deposited in the second cell.(Ag=108 ,
Cu=63, 1F=96500C)
In the first cell , Mass of Ag deposited = 0.5 g
Ag+ + e- Ag

Ex .3 . Calculate the mass of silver in grams deposited by 1 mol 1 mol

passing a steady current of 0.1 A for one hour through an
excess of silver nitrate solution.(Cu=63) 1F 108 g

Ex .4. Calculate the mass of silver in grams deposited by 108 g of Ag is deposited by 1 F

passing a steady current of 0.8 A for two hour through an
excess of silver nitrate solution.(Ag=108) 1 x 0.5
. .ံ 0.5 g of Ag = F
108
Ex .5. A steady current of 0.5A was switched on and allowed
to flow 20 minutes through dilute sulphuric acid.Calculate the 0.5
volumes of hydrogen and oxygen which would be liberated = F
108
at STP during the electrolysis.(H=1,O=16)
0.5
Ex .6. A steady current of 0.3 A was switched on and allowed Q= F
108
to flow 10 minutes through dilute aqueous alkaline solution .
Calculate the volumes of cathode and anode products which In the second cell, Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
would be liberated at STP during the electrolysis.(H=1,O=16)
2 mol 1 mol
Eg. (5) What will be the quantity of electricity required for
the deposition of 1.8g of silver on the cathode.(Ag=108) 2F 63 g

Mass of Ag deposited = 1.8 g 2F liberate 63 g of Cu

Ag+ + e- Ag 0.5 63 x 0.5

. .ံ F liberate = g
108 2x108
1 mol 1 mol
= 0.1458 g of Cu
1F 108 g
Ex .9. An electric current is passed in turn through solutions
108 g of Ag is deposited by 1 F of silver nitrate and dilute sulphuric acid in series. If 0.5 g of
silver were deposited at the cathode of the first cell, Calculate
1 x 1.8 the volume of the hydrogen liberated at STP in the second
. .ံ 1.8 g of Ag = F cell.(Ag=108 , H=1)
108

= 0.0167 F Ex .9. (a) An electric current is passed in turn through

solutions of silver nitrate and dilute sulphuric acid in series. If
0.7 g of silver were deposited at the cathode of the first cell,
The quantity of electricity required=0.0167 F
Calculate the volume of the hydrogen liberated at 35 ံC and
760 mmHg in the second cell.(Ag=108 , H=1)
မွတ္ခ်က္ ။ ။ (ဿ)အကယ္၍" the quantity of electricity required
in coulomb " ဟုေမး လွ်င္ 1 F ေနရာတြင္ 96500 C ထား၍ တြက္ပါ ။
Eg. (7) On passing a steady current of 0.75A for 25 minutes (i) Name the ions which contains this electrolyte solution.
through a copper (II) sulphate solution, 0.0.369 g of copper
(ii) Write down the equations for the reactions at the
is deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of the copper.
electrodes .
I = 0.75 A ; t = 25x60 s= 1500 s (iii) State the net result of this electrolysis.
(iv) What change in colour of this aqueous copper(II)
Q =I t
sulphate solution do you expect in this case ?
= 0.75 x 1500 C bulb ဘ
6V battery
= 1125 C

mass of copper deposited = 0.369 g e-

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu e- Anode cathode

2 mol 1 mol copper copper

electrode electrode
2F R.A.M =?

2x96500C

1125 C liberate 0.369 g of Cu Cu2+ CuSO4 (aq)

0.369 x 2x96500
. .ံ 2x96500C liberate = g
1125
(i) Aqueous CuSO4 solution contain Cu2+ , SO42- , H+ and
= 63.30 g of Cu
OH- ions .

. ံ. 1 mol of Cu = 63.3 g
(ii) Reaction at the cathode Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu (s)
. ံ. The relative atomic mass of the copper = 63.3 2+ -
Reaction at the anode - Cu (s) Cu (aq) + 2e

(iii) The net result of the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate

Ex .10. On passing a steady current of 0.65A for 30 minutes
through a copper (II) sulphate solution, 0.382 g of copper is
deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of the copper.
Ex .11. On passing a steady current of 0.21 A for 45 minutes
through a copper (II) sulphate solution, 0.187 g of copper is
deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of the copper.
Ex .12. On passing a steady current of 0.75A for 25 minutes
through a metal (II) sulphate solution, 0.365g of metal is
deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of this metal.
Ex .13. The mass of silver deposited by passing a steady
current of 0.7 A for 30 minutes through an excess of silver
nitrate solution is 1.41 g . Calculate the relative atomic mass
of silver . (one Faraday = 96500 C )
Ex .14. On passing a steady current of 0.5 A for 25 minutes
through a metal (I) nitrate solution, 0.839 g of metal is
deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of the metal.
using copper electrodes is the loss of copper from the anode
and the deposition of copper at the cathode .
(iv) In this electrolysis, the concentration of copper(II)
sulphate solution will not change . Hence the blue colour of
copper(II) sulphate solution remained unchanged .
Ex .16. Draw a fully labelled diagram of the apparatus you
would use to electrolyse aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution
using platinum electrodes.
(i) Name the ions which contains this electrolyte solution.
(ii) Write down the equations for the reactions at the
electrodes .
(iii) State the cathode product and the anode product .
(iv) What change in colour of this aqueous copper(II)
sulphate solution do you expect in this case ?

Anode Cathode

Ex .15. Draw a fully labelled diagram of the apparatus you platinum platinum
would use to electrolyse aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution
CuSO4(aq)
using copper electrodes.
(i) Aqueous CuSO4 solution contain Cu2+ , SO42- , H+ and Ex .18 . Draw a fully labelled diagram of a voltameter
-
OH ions . suitable for the electrolysis of water acidified with dilute
sulphuric acid, showing how the gaseous products are
(ii) Reaction at the cathode Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu (s) collected .

Reaction at the anode - 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e-

(i) Write down the equations for the reactions at the
(iii) Cathode product = Copper ( Cu ) electrodes.

Anode product = Oxygen ( O2 )
(iv) In this electrolysis, the concentration of copper(II)
sulphate solution will decrease . Hence the blue colour of
copper(II) sulphate solution will fade.
(ii) Give the names and relative proportions of the gases
evolved.
(iii) State and explain the effect of electrolysing a dilute
solution of sodium sulphate in the same voltameter.

Ex .17. Draw a fully labelled diagram of the apparatus you

would use to electrolyse brine (saturated sodium chloride
aqueous solution) and measure the volumes of the gases
produced at the electrodes.

(i) State the ions in the brine .

(ii) Write down the reactions at the electrodes.

(iii) Name these gases and state their relative volumes.


(i) Reaction at the cathode : 2H+ + 2e- H2

Reaction at the anode : 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e-

(ii) Hydrogen : Oxygen = 2 : 1 ( by volume )

(iii) Dilute solution of sodium sulphate ( NaSO4 ) contain Na+,

SO42- , H+ and OH- ions.

On electrolysis , Na+ and H+ ions move to the cathode .

Since H+ is lower in the electrochemical series than Na+, H2

gas is liberated at the cathode.

Reaction at the cathode : 2H+ + 2e- H2

+ - + -
(i) Brine contain Na , Cl , H and OH ions .
SO42- and OH- ions move to the anode . Since OH- is lower in
the electrochemical series than SO42-, O2 gas is liberated at
(ii) (a) Reaction at the cathode : 2H + 2e
+ -
H2
the anode.
- -
(b) Reaction at the anode : 2Cl Cl2 + 2e - -
Reaction at the anode : 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e
(iii) Hydrogen : Chlorine = 1 : 1 (by volume)



Electrochemical Series At the copper surface, the electrons reduce H+ ions from the
electrolyte which are eventually discharged as H2 gas.
The series obtained by placing the metals in
order of decreasing negative potential is known as the
electrochemical series Reaction at the copper plate : 2H+ (aq) + 2e- H2 (g)

-2.92V K * The whole process in the cell is

Ca Zn (s) + 2H+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + H2 (g)

Na ** Polarization in Chemical Cell**

-
Mg order of The bubbles of hydrogen adhere to the surface of
the copper electrode , cutting off these surface areas
Al decreasing
of the electrode from contact with the electrolyte.
Zn negative potential This phenomenon slow down the reaction at the
electrode . This is called polarization .
Fe (or ) electropositivity
♠ After a short time the light fades because the polarization
Pb
at the copper electrode causes the reaction to slow down .
0V H
♠ The two metals, that are used in a chemical cell must be
+0.34V Cu widely separated in the electrochemical series .

+0.80V Ag
♦ Chemical cell တစ္ခုတြင္ အသံုးျပဳေသာ သတၱဳ ႏွစ္ခုသည္
Note : 1 A high negative potential shows that the metal electrochemical series တြင္ တည္ေနရာ က်ယ္ျပန္႔စြာ
has a strong tendency to go into solution as positive ions. ကြာျခားေနရမည္။

Note : 2 Negative potential is directly proportional to
electropositivity.
Note : 3 The electrochemical and activity series are
similar but not identical.
Chemical Energy into Electrical Energy
♦ An electric current can be produced from a chemical
reaction.
♠ The greater the difference in reactivity between the two
metals , the greater the voltage or electromotive force (emf)
of the cell.
♦ သတၱဳႏွစ္ခု၏ ဓာတ္ျပဳစြမ္းရည္ျခားနားခ်က္ (သို႕မဟုတ)္
electrochemical series တြင္ တည္ေနရာ ကြာျခားခ်က္ ႀကီးေလေလ
Chemical cell ၏ ဗို႕အား(voltage) သို႔မဟုတ္ လွ်ပ္စစ္တြန္းအား
(emf) ႀကီးေလေလျဖစ္သည္။

Chemical Cell Eg.(1) emf of ( Zn-Ag )cell > emf of ( Zn-Cu )cell
M bulb(1.25V,0.25A)
Eg.(2) emf of ( Zn-Cu )cell > emf of ( Fe-Cu )cell
switch

Ex. 19. Two plates, one of zinc and one of copper , held
copper plate zinc plate apart and connected to a small light bulb, are dipped into
dilute sulphuric acid . The bulb lights up but the light soon
becomes dim.
dilute sulphuric acid
(a) What would happen at the zinc plate? Write an equation
for this reaction.

(b) What would be observed at the copper plate? Write an

Zinc , the more electropositive of the two metals, ionizes by
loss of electrons and pass from zinc to copper through the
wire. This is equivalent to the flow of current in the opposite
direction.
equation for the reaction which occurs.
(c) Explain why the light fades after a short time.
(d) If the zinc plate were replaced by an iron plate, would the
lamp glow more or less brightly?

(e) If the zinc plate were retained but the copper plate plate
Reaction at the zinc plate : Zn (s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-
were replaced by an silver plate, would the lamp glow more
or less brightly?
 Electroplating (9) Write down the reactions at the cathode and anode for
the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide by using platinum
Electroplating is the electrical precipitation of one
electrodes.
metal on another.

Silver Plating (10) Give the names of electrodes used as cathode and
anode in chromium plating and write down the cathode of it .
Cathode = Articles ( spoons , ornaments )

Anode = Pure silver (11) What is the net result for the electrolysis of aqueous
copper(II)sulphate solution using copper electrodes?
Plating bath = Potassium argentocyanide,KAg(CN)2
2013
KAg(CN)2 (aq) K+(aq) + Ag+(aq) + 2CN-(aq)
(1) ) Write down the reactions at zinc and copper electrodes
Reaction at the cathode Ag+(aq) + e- Ag (s)
in chemical cell using dilute sulphuric acid.
Reaction at the anode Ag (s) Ag+(aq) + e-
(2) ) Write down the reactions at the cathode and anode for
Chromium Plating
the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution by
Cathode = Articles ( spoons , Steel parts) using platinum electrodes.

Anode = Lead (3) Write down the electrode reactions for the electrolysis of

Plating bath = Chromium sulphate in sulphuric acid and
water
- In chromium plating, a steel object is plated first with nickel
or copper , because chromium does not stick well onto steel
surface.
aqueous solution of alkali using platinum electrodes.
(4) Write down the electrode reactions for the electrolysis of
silver nitrate solution by using platinum electrodes.
(5) Identify the following substances whether it is conductor

Reaction at the cathode 3+

Cr (aq) + 3 e -
Cr (s) or non-conductor or electrolyte or non-electrolyte.

Reaction at the anode 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e- Alcohol , Mercury , Copper (II) sulphate solution , Wood .

 (6) Write down the reactions at the cathode and anode for
the electrolysis of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution using
Chapter (4) No.6 (2 marks) ေမးခြန္းမ်ား platinum electrodes.

2012
(1) Give the cathode and anode reactions for the electrolysis
of aqueous sodium sulphate solution using platinum
electrodes.
(2) Write down the electrode reactions for the electrolysis of
molten lead (II) bromide by using platinum electrodes.
(3) Write down the electrochemical series.
(4) Write down the electrode reactions for the electrolysis of
fuse sodium chloride by using platinum electrodes.
(5) State Faraday's second law of electrolysis.
(7) Write down the reactions at the cathode and anode for
the electrolysis of dilute aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution
using copper electrodes.
(8) Write down the electrode reactions for the electrolysis of
aqueous acid solution using Pt electrodes.
(9) Write down the equations for reactions taking place at the
zinc and copper (foil) of the chemical cell.
2014 No.6 (c) ေမးခြန ္းမ်ား
(1) What is meant by electroplating ? Name the solution that
is used in silver plating. Write down the cathode reaction for
silver plating.

(6) Write down the reactions at the cathode and anode for (2) State the Faraday's first law of electrolysis .
the electrolysis of fuse sodium chloride by using platinum
electrodes. (3) State " The Ionic Theory ".

(7) What are the factors affecting the electrolysis products? (4) State any two postulates of ionic theory .

(8) Write down the difference between conductors and (5) How do you understand " The Ionic Theory " ?

insulators.
(6) Describe the ions contained in saturated aqueous sodium
chloride solution . Write the cathode and anode
reactions occur in the electrolysis of the above solution
using Pt electrodes .
(7) State the Faraday's second law of electrolysis .
CHAPTER - 4 - No. 7 ေမးခြန္းမ်ား 4 marks
2012
(1) An electric current is passed in turn through solutions of
silver nitrate and copper(II) sulphate in series. If 5.4g of
silver were deposited at the cathode of the first cell, Calculate
the mass of copper deposited in the second cell.(Ag=108 ,
Cu=63, 1F=96500C)
(2)a . An electric current is passed in turn through solutions
of silver nitrate and dilute sulphuric acid in series. If 0.3g of
silver were deposited at the cathode of the first cell, Calculate
the volume of the hydrogen liberated at STP in the second
cell.(Ag=108 , H=1)
(2)b . An electric current is passed in turn through solutions
of silver nitrate and dilute sulphuric acid in series. If 1.2 g of
silver were deposited at the cathode of the first cell, Calculate
the volume of the hydrogen liberated at STP in the second
cell.(Ag=108 , H=1)
(3) What volume at STP of oxygen and what mass of
aluminium will be liberated during electrolysis by a charge of
one Faraday? (Al = 27 )
(4) On passing a steady current of 0.75A for 50 minutes
through a metal (II) sulphate solution, 0.738g of metal is
deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of the metal.
(4)b. On passing a steady current of 0.65A for 30 minutes
through a copper (II) sulphate solution, 0.382g of copper is
deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of the copper.
(4)c. On passing a steady current of 0.35A for25 minutes
through an aqueous silver salt solution, 0.588g of silver is
deposited.What is the relative atomic mass of the silver?
(5) A steady current of 0.5A was switched on and allowed to
flow 20 minutes through dilutes sulphuric acid.Calculate the
volumes of hydrogen and oxygen which would be liberated
at STP during the electrolysis.(H=1,O=16)
(6) What mass of copper and silver will be liberated during
electrolysis by a charge of one Faraday?(Cu=63,Ag=108)
2013
(1) ) A steady current of 0.85A was switched on and allowed
to flow 50 minutes through dilutes sulphuric acid.Calculate
the volume of oxygen which would be liberated at STP
during the electrolysis.(O=16)
(2) What mass of (i)silver (ii)aluminium and(iii) what volume
at STP of chlorine will be liberated during electrolysis by a
charge of two Faradays? (Ag=108,Al=27)
(3) What mass of aluminium and copper will be liberated
during electrolysis by 19300C ?(Cu=63,Al=27)
**(4)Calculate the time required to discharge 5.4g of silver by
passing acurrent of 5A through silver nitrate solution.
(5) A current of 1A is passed through a solution of 0.1M
copper(II)sulphate solution using copper electrode. How long
would a current of 1A need to pass the cell, so as to deposite
0.0635 g of copper.(Cu=63)
(6) An electric current is passed in turn through solutions of
copper(II) sulphate and aluminium sulphate in series. If
12.6g of copper were deposited at the cathode of the first cell,
Calculate the mass of alumimnium deposited in the second
cell.(Al=27 , Cu=63)
(7) Calculate the mass of copper in grams deposited by
passing a steady current of 0.45A for 25minutes through an
excess of copper(II) sulphate solution.(Cu=63)
2014
(1) What will be the quantity of electricity required for the
deposition of 1.8g of silver on the cathode.(Ag=108)
(2) Calculate the time required to discharge 0.2370g of
copper by passing acurrent of 0.1 A through an excess of
copper(II) sulphate solution.(Cu=63.54)
(3) Calculate the time required to discharge 0.4260g of
copper by passing acurrent of 0.2 A through an excess of
copper(II) sulphate solution.(Cu=63.54)
(4) Calculate the time in hour to deposite 0.4209g of silver
by passing acurrent of 0.1 A through an excess of silver
nitrate solution.(Ag=108)
(5) A a steady current of 0.45A is passed through a metal (I)
nitrate solution for 25 minutes and 0.755g of metal is
deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of the metal.
(6). On passing a steady current of 0.75A for 25 minutes
through a metal (II) sulphate solution, 0.365g of metal is
deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of this metal.
(7)On passing a steady current of 0.45A for 25 minutes
through a copper (II) sulphate solution, 0.221 g of copper is
deposited.Calculate the relative atomic mass of the copper.
2015
(1) What mass of silver and what volume of oxygen will be
liberated at STP during electrolysis by a charge of 48250
coulomb ? (Ag=108)ျပည္တြင္း
(2) Calculate the mass of silver in grams deposited by
passing a steady current of 0.8 A for two hour through an
excess of silver nitrate solution.(Ag=108) ႏိုင္ငံျခား
2016
What mass of aluminium and silve will be liberated during
electrolysis by a charge of one Faradays?
(Ag=108,Al=27)ျပည္တြင္း