PROPERTY OF: JON ROWIE B. BONIFACIO, JOSHUA D. BACULO, JASON E. DE GRACIA, RALPH P.

PANALIGAN
ME LAB 3 – REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS
MECHANICAL ENERGY Utilized to run an electric generator which is coupled to the turbine shaft
KINETIC ENERGY OF WATER Its energy in motion and is a function of mass and velocity
POTENTIAL ENERGY Is a function of the difference in level of water between two points, called the head
Primary source of water and depends upon such factors as temperature, humidity cloudiness, wind
RAINFALL
direction and velocity
Depends upon several complex factors include, its intensity and time distribution, topography of land and
UTILITY OF THE RAIN
its drainage characteristics
WATER The cheapest source of power
CATCHMENT AREA Area behind the dam, which collects rain water, drains into a stream or river
PURPOSE OF RESERVOIR To store the water during rainy days and supply it during dry season.
HEAD RACE LEVEL Water surface in the storage reservoir
NATURAL RESERVOIR Is a lake in high mountains
ARTIFICIAL RESERVOIR Made by constructing a dam across the river
STORAGE Water held in upstream reservoir
Water behind the dam at the plant.
PONDAGE
Increases the stream capacity for a short period, hours or week depending upon the capacity of the pond
DAM Is a structure of masonry earth and rock fill built across a river
NARROW DEEP GORGE Is best bridged with a concrete or masonry dam whereas an earth dam best suits a wide valley
ECONOMY AND SAFETY The basic requirements of a dam
INTAKE HOUSE Includes the head works, which are the structure at the intake of conduits, tunnels or flumes.
TRASH RACK Made up of steel bars and is placed across the intake to prevent the debris from going into the intake
GATES AND VALVES Control the rate of water flow entering the intake
INLET WATER WAYS Are the passages through which water is conveyed from the dam to the power house.\
TUNNEL Made by cutting the mountains where canal or pipe line cannot be used due to topography.
TUNNELING Provides a direct and a short route for the water passages
Maybe conveyed to turbines through open conduits or closed pressure pipes
PENSTOCK
Made of reinforced concrete or steel
Additional storage spaces near the power unit, usually provided in high head or medium head plants
SURGE TANK
when there is considerable distance
WATER HAMMER Sudden rise of pressure in the penstock above normal due to reduced load on generator
Through the forebay, the water carried by the power canals is distributed to various penstocks leading to
FOREBAY the turbines
Also known as the head pond
Provide for discharge of the surplus water from the storage reservoirs into the river on the stream side of
the dam
SPILLWAYS
Considered a safety device for a dam, which acts as a safety valve, which has the capacity to discharge
major floods without damage to the dam
POWER HOUSE Is a building in which the turbines, alternators and the auxiliary plant are housed.
SUBSTRUCTURE Support the hydraulic and electrical equipment and superstructure to house and protect these equipment
SUPERSTRUCTURE Mostly is a building, housing an operating equipment
TAIL RACE Is a passage for discharging the water leaving the turbine into the river
Is a essential part of reaction turbine installation
DRAFT TUBE
Is a diverging passage from the point of runner exit down to the tail race
RUN OF RIVER PLANTS These plants utilize the flow as it runs through the year, without any storage add the benefit thereof.
RUN OF RIVER PLANTS
Have absolutely no pondage available and use the water only as it comes in the stream
WITHOUT PONDAGE
RUN OF RIVER PLANTS Enables them to store water during off peak period and use it during off peak hours of the same day of
WITH PONDAGE the week
STORAGE PLANTS OR Usually provides sufficient storage to carryover from wet season to dry season and sometimes even
RESERVOIR PLANTS from one year to another
STORAGE Takes care of fluctuations of the river supply or that of the load

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PROPERTY OF: JON ROWIE B. BONIFACIO, JOSHUA D. BACULO, JASON E. DE GRACIA, RALPH P. PANALIGAN
This type of plant in combination with hydro-electric power plant is used for supplying the sudden peak
PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS
load for short duration
When the operating head is less than 30 meters
LOW HEAD PLANTS (CANAL
Stores water by the construction of a dam across the river and the power plant is installed near the base
WATER POWER PLANT)
of the dam on the downstream side
Similar to the low head plant but works on a head of about 30 to 100 meter.
MEDIUM HEAD PLANTS
This type of plant uses Francis, propeller or Kaplan turbine as a prime mover
HIGH HEAD PLANTS Water is stored at a high elevations due to rain and can usually last throughout the year
TRASH RACKS Fitted at the inlets of the pressure tunnels to prevent the foreign matter from going into the tunnels
BUTTERFLY VALVES OR
Electrically driven, control the water flow in the penstocks.
SLUICE TYPE VALVES
GATE VALVES Control the water flow through the turbines
A plant supplying base load, which is more or less constant
BASE LOAD PLANTS
Ex: run-off-river and storage type power plant
If fluctuating peak loads are met by the plant
PEAK LOAD PLANTS
Ex: run-off-river plants with pondage and pumped storage plants
MICRO HYDEL PLANT Less than 5 MW
MEDIUM CAPACITY PLANT 5 to 100 MW
HIGH CAPACITY PLANTS 100 to 1000 MW
SUPER PLANTS Above 1000 MW
QUANTITY OF WATER
It is the estimated on the basis of measurements of stream flow over a long period as possible
AVAILABLE
Is necessary for maintaining its availability during all seasons of the year so that operation of the plant
STORAGE OF WATER
can be ensured at all times
SEDIMENTATION The capacity of storage reservoir is reduced due to gradual deposition of silt
AVAILABILITY OF HEAD OF Geographical and geological conditions of the area along with stream flow data may be used to estimate
WATER the head of water
WATER POLLUTION Polluted water may cause excessive corrosion and damage to metallic structures
DISTANCE FROM LOAD The routes and the distances should be carefully considered since the cost of erection or transmission
CETRE lines and their maintenance will depend upon the route selected
GEOLOGICAL Needed to see that the foundation rock for the dam and other structures is firm, stable, impervious and
INVESTIGATION strong enough to withstand water thrust and other stresses
ACCESS TO SITE It is always desirable factor to have a good access to the site of the plant
Develops a reservoir which has a capacity to store water
DAMS
Builds up a head and thus, potential for the river water
Mainly for storing water and using it subsequently as and when required for various uses such as hydro
STORAGE DAMS
power, irrigation and water supply
DIVERSION DAMS Constructed to raise the water level and to divert the river flow in another direction
DETENTION DAMS Constructed primarily to store flood water
REAL DETENTION DAMS Is to kept empty to receive the flood waters when the floods are anticipated
These dams need over ten times the material that is required for concrete or masonry dams are often
FILL DAMS
quite long in span
These are used for smaller capacity power plants
More economical for sites where excavation of the foundation soil is considerable
EARTH FILL DAMS
Made of clay silt and sand
Limited in height to a maximum of about 100 meter
Has the characteristics midway between gravity dam and earth fill dam
This type is considered economical when adequate quantity of good rock is easily available near the
ROCK FILL DAMS dam site
Has a high resistance to earthquake because its flexible character which permits considerable
movement
The concrete and masonry dams are the most common type of dams, particularly suited for big heights
MANSORY DAMS
They also have greater stability and strength as compared to fill dams

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PROPERTY OF: JON ROWIE B. BONIFACIO, JOSHUA D. BACULO, JASON E. DE GRACIA, RALPH P. PANALIGAN
Is bulky and derives its stability against forces by virtue of its weight
SOLID GRAVITY DAM Constructed either in stone masonry or in concrete
Simplest in design but they carry massive volumes of materials so initial cost is very high
SPILLWAY DAM Has a downstream apron as part of the dam
BUTTRESS DAM OR Usually selected when the concrete costs are high
HOLLOW GRAVITY DAM Generally triangular in shape and are usually made of concrete
Are curved in plan, arching between the two abutments of the valley, with the convex face on the water
side
ARCHED DAM Suitable for sites with narrow gorges and steep stops of solid rock which support the dam against water
pressure
Ex: Idikki dam on river Periyar in Kerala
GRAVITY DAM One in which the retained water thrust is resisted by gravity action.
ARCH DAM One where the thrust is resisted by the arch action
Resist the water thrust with the help of buttresses, which support water through an inclined structural
BUTTRESS DAM
member such as a slab.
Also resist the water pressure by gravity action.
EARTHERN DAM AND ROCK Consist of discrete unbonded particles and the action of seepage through the body of the dam merits
FILL DAM close scrutiny.
Normally classified under the category of embankment dams.
NON-OVER FLOW DAMS Dames on the top of which water is not allowed to flow.
OVER FLOW DAMS Dams over water is allowed to flow.
CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS May or may not be over flow dams.
SPILLWAYS The over flow sections.
Small height have their practically total length deigned for over flow.
WEIR
Mainly for diversion of water.
Acts as a safety valve fir a dam.
SPILLWAY Part of the dam which discharges the flood flow to the downstream side.
Important part of the dam complex and is located either as a part of the main dam.
Help the passage of flood water without any damage to the dam.
SPILLWAY AND GATES
They keep the reservoir level below the predetermined maximum level.
FULL RESERVOIR LEVEL
Spillway does not start discharging till the water reaches a predetermined level.
(FRL)
MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL
Highest level up to which the water is allowed to rise in the reservoir even during high floods.
(MWL)
FLOOD LIFT Difference between Maximum Water Level (MWL) and Full Reservoir Level (FRL).
OVER FLOW SPILLWAY
Simple in design, low in cost and suitable for concrete dams.
(OGEE SPILLWAY)
GATE Over flow spillway may have a control device.
The crest level forms the FRL and the height of the flood lift added over the crest level (FRL)
UNGATED SPILLWAY
corresponds to MWL.
Type of spillway is provided through the abutments of the dam when it is not possible tpass floods over
CHUTE OR TROUGH
the dam as in the case of Earthern and rock fill dams.
SPILLWAY
This type of spillway is suitable for earth dams because it is light.
CHUTE Discharging water flows into a steep sloped open channel.
CREST Usually wide and then the channel narrows for economy.
This type of spillway is preferable in narrow canyons where sufficient length is not available for overflow
SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY
or chute spillway.
Also sometimes known as “morning glory”
SHAFT SPILLWAY Has shape of vertical funnel with a vertical shaft which connects and L-shaped horizontal outlet conduct.
Suitable for narrow gorges where other types of spillways do not find adequate space.
Used for smaller capacity and where space is limited.
Designed for a capacity of 600 m3/s.
SIPHON SPILLWAYS
This type of spillway is only suitable for gravity dams and they are never preferred for earth of rockfill
dams.

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PROPERTY OF: JON ROWIE B. BONIFACIO, JOSHUA D. BACULO, JASON E. DE GRACIA, RALPH P. PANALIGAN
GATES (INTAKE SYSTEM)
Water is allowed to flow into penstock, canal or directly to the turbine through the intake system.
AND VALVES
Simplest way of limiting head water and may be affected by flash boards, timber needles. Stoplogs or
CREST CONTROL
tilting or drum gates but these devices are adaptable in case of small dams only.
FLASH BOARDS Wooden boards placed in the series on the dam crest to raise pond level.
May be constructed of wood, steel, cast iron or structural steel depending upon the head and the
GATES
discharge capacity of the hydro units.
VETICAL LIFT GATES (FLAT These are use for smaller dams.
OR SLIDING GATE) One of its types is stoney gates.
Often use as crest gates for spillways but may also be used as intake gates.
TRAITOR OR RADIAL GATES
Name is given as traitor or sector gate.
WHEELED GATES Flat plain gates are supported on self-aligning roller bearing wheels.
Consist of cylindrical drums which span the piers and to which attached facings which act as water
ROLLING GATES
barrier.
DRUM OR CYLINDRICAL
Consists of a segment provided in the top of spillway.
GATES
BUTTERFLY VALVES Gate valve are closed to regulate the flow.
(INTERIOR GATE VALVE) For moderate heads butterfly are preferred.
SLUICES GATES Sluices are opening for withdrawal of water and are provided with gates.
Used not only as intake gates for penstocks but also they are often used before the turbine to facilitate
BUTTERFLY VALVES their inspection without dewatering the whole of the penstock line.
Consists of circular lens shaped disk, mounted usually on a horizontal shaft in a flame.
LEAKAGE Minimized by proper sealing around the trunions and the periphery of the disk.
NEEDLE VALVE Consist of three water filled chambers MN and P.
HEAD WORKS Structures at the intake of conduits tunnels and flumes.
HEADRACE Leads water from the headwork to the turbine.
TAILRACE Leads water form the turbine outlet to the downstream side of the plant.
Used when it becomes difficult or expensive to construct canals.
FLUMES
Artificial water channel of wood, metal concrete or masonry supported above the surface of ground.
TUNNELS Cheaper to convey water by tunnel through a hill to the power house than by canal or flume.
WATER CARRYING
TUNNELS OR SERVICE Which are dry tunnels
TUNNELS
HEADRACE OR POWER
Tunnels which carry water to the power house.
TUNEELS
TAILRACE TUNNELS Tunnels which carry away the water from the power house.
Constructed when the flow or river required to be diverted away from the construction.
DIVERSION TUNNELS
Do not have very high pressures, but discharge capacity has to be such as to allow the floods to pass.
HORSE SHOE Generally preferred to take the advantage of arch section.
Water carried away by the power canals is distributed to various penstocks leading to the turbines
FOREBAY through the forebay, also known as the head pond.
Acts as a sort of regulating reservoir.
Pipe connecting the forebay or the surge tank and the scroll case of the turbine.
PENSTOCK
Usually run under high pressures.
Provided to prevent the movement of penstock due to dynamic forces at vertical or horizontal bends on
ANCHOR BLOCKS
slopes.
Additional storage space near the power unit, usually provided in high head or medium head plants.
SURGE TANKS
Serves to regulate flow of water through the conveyance system.
Surge tank also automatically serves a secondary function.
STORAGE FUNCTION
This storage is needed when the turbine is switching over from one steady state to another steady state.
REVERSE Case when the load on the power house increases.
Prime mover of a hydro power development.
HYDRAULIC TURBINE Machine which converts the energy of water into mechanical energy.
It consists of a runner connected to shat, a mechanism controlling the quantity of water.

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PROPERTY OF: JON ROWIE B. BONIFACIO, JOSHUA D. BACULO, JASON E. DE GRACIA, RALPH P. PANALIGAN
TURBINE RUNNER Wheel having vanes or buckets along its periphery.
Work under atmospheric pressure, the whole energy of the water supplied to the wheel being in the form
IMPLUSE TURBINE
of kinetic energy.
REACTION TURBINES Work under pressure, much higher than atmospheric.
PELTON WHEEL Turbine patented by Pelton in 1889. (Impulse)
FRANCIS TURBINE Patented by Francis in 1849. (Mainly reaction)
PROPELLER AND KAPLAN
Patented by Kaplan 1913. (Reaction)
TURBINES
DARIAZ TURBINE Patented by Dariaz in the year 1945. (Reaction)
RUNNER Encased in a casing which also houses the guide mechanism that guides water from the penstocks.
PRESSURE LESS OR
Its design is adopted.
IMPULSE TURBINE
REACTION OR PRESSURE
Converts both kinetic as well as the pressure energy into mechanical energy.
TURBINE
Most commonly used impulse turbine.
Consists of a wheel like runner with spoon shaped buckets around the circumference of the wheel.
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
Preferred for use with high over heads.
Water head exceeds roughly 300 meters.
Reaction turbines are essentially pressure turbines, flowing completely full and under high pressure.
FRANCIS TURBINE
Used for water heads from about 30 to 300m.
FLUME OR SPIRAL CASING Supplies water around the runners and links it with the penstock.
GUIDE WHEEL Controls the flow to the turbine and distribute it axis symmetrically to the runner.
RUNNER Converts the energy of water into mechanical energy.
DRAFT TUBE Disposes the water used by the runner and regains the energy thrown away at the exist by the runner.
MIXED FLOW Water flows between the runner blades initially in radial direction and is the discharged downward.
May be considered as a development of Francis type in which the number of blades is greatly reduced
PROPELLER RUNNER and the lower band omitted.
It is an axial flow turbine with 3 to 6 fixed blades.
Also a propeller type but have movable blades instead of fixed one.
Have adjustable blades is now commonly used for low head developments generally less than 30m.
KAPLAN TURBINE
Designed at speed ratios as high as 3:0 or more specific speed of 400 to 1500 to operate at very high
velocities.
BULB TURBINE Very high speed axial flow runners with adjustable blades are used for low heads (3m to 10m).
TUBULAR TURBINE Unit look like a propeller located inside a horizontal.
BULB TURBINE Generator is enclose in a water fight housing (or bulb like casing) to protect it from water.
WATER TUBE BOILERS Water circulates through the tubes and hot products of combustion flow over these tubes.
FIRE TUBE BOILERS Have low initial cost, and are more compacts.
ECONOMIZER Is a feed water heater, deriving heat from the flue gases.
SOOT BLOWERS Control the formation of soot and reduce its corrosive effects.
Is used to improve the efficiency of the power plant by decreasing the exhaust pressure of the steam
CONDENSER
below temperature.
Do the job of decreasing the temperature of the cooling water after condensing the steam in the
COOLING TOWER
condenser.
Consists of a superheater header and superheater elements. One of the most important accessories of a
SUPERHEATER
boiler.
REHEATER Similar to the superheater in that it serves to elevate the steam temperature.
STEAM TEMPERATURE
The nominal control of reheat steam temperature is by tilting the burners.
CONTROL
The steam outlet temperature of convection superheater may be increased at partial load by increasing
EXCESS AIR CONTROL
the excess air supply.
The recirculation of some percentage of the combustion gases serves to control steam temperature in
FLUE GAS RECIRCULATION
the same manner as does an increase in excess air.
The boiler convection banks can be arranged in such a manner that portion of the gases can be by-
GAS BY-PASS CONTROL
passed around the superheater elements.

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PROPERTY OF: JON ROWIE B. BONIFACIO, JOSHUA D. BACULO, JASON E. DE GRACIA, RALPH P. PANALIGAN
CONTROL OF COMBINATION The control of combination radiant-convection superheaters is relatively simple because of their
SUPERHEATERS compensating characteristics.
ADJUSTABLE BURNER With a multiple burner furnace it is possible to distribute the burners over a considerable burner wall
CONTROL height.
HIGH FEED WATER
Are used in the feed water system between the boiler feed pump discharge and the boiler.
HEATERS
LOW FEED WATER Are used in the condensate system between the condensate pump discharge and boiler feed pumps and
HEATERS utilize low pressure turbine extraction.
OPEN FEEDWATER HEATER Is merely a direct contact heat exchanger in which extracted steam is allowed to mix with the feed water
CLOSED FEEDWATER Are typically shell tube heat exchangers where the feedwater passes throughout the tubes and is heated
HEATER by turbine extraction steam.
FEEDWATER HEATERS Are used in both fossil and nuclear-fuelled power plants.
Is a general term to describe any device designed to heat air before another process (for example,
AIR PREHEATERS
combustion in a boiler) with primary objective passing of increasing the thermal efficiency of the process.
Consist of straight tube bundles which pass through the outlet ducting of the boiler and open each end
TUBULAR PREHEATERS
outside air inside the preheater.
ROTATING-PLATE
REGENERATIVE AIR PRE- Consists of a central rotating-plate element installed within a casing.
HEATER
STATIONARY-PLATE
REGENERATIVE AIR The heating plate elements are stationary rather than rotating.
PREHEATER
UNIT SYSTEM OR DIRECT
In this system the raw coal from the coal bunker drops on to the feeder.
SYSTEM
Crushed coal from the raw coal bunker is fed by gravity to a dryer where hot air is passed through the
BIN OR CENTRAL SYSTEM
coal to dry it.
This is obtained one of three ways, the first being “stack effect” of heated chimney, in which the flue gas
INDUCED DRAFT
is less dense than the ambient air surrounding the boiler.
FORCED DRAFT Is obtained by forcing air into the furnace by means of fan and ductwork.
BALANCED DRAFT Is obtained through the use of both induced and force draft.
HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS Are universally used. In order to obtain efficient operation and high capacity.
BRITISH STANDARDS,
Describes the methods an conditions under which boiler should be tested to determine its efficiency.
BS845:1997
Where the energy gain of the working fluid (water and steam) is compared with the energy content of the
DIRECT METHOD
boiler fuel.
INDIRECT METHOD Where the efficiency is the difference between the losses and the energy input
The efficiency can be measured easily by measuring the losses occurring in the boilers using the
INDIRECT METHOD TESTING
principles to be described.
COMBUSTION RATE Is determined by the rated at which parcels of unburned gas are broken down into smaller once.
COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY Is the effectiveness of the burner only and relates its ability to completely burn fuel.
THERMAL EFFICIENCY Is the effectiveness of the heat transfer in a boiler.
BOILER EFFICIENCY Is often substituted for combustion or thermal efficiency
FUEL TO STEAM
Is calculated using either of the two methods as prescribed by the ASME.
EFFICIENCY
Is mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary
STEAM TURBINE
motion.
REHEAT TURBINES Are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants.
EXTRACTING TYPE TURBINE Steam is released from various stages of turbine, and used for industrial process.
IMPULSE TURBINE Has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets.
This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the
REACTION TURBINE
nozzles formed by the rotor
GOVERNOR Control the automatic opening and closing of the admission valves.
CASINGS Are made of cast carbon steel for non superheated steam applications.
NOZZLES to convert the thermal energy of steam into kinetic energy.

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ROTORS To carry the moving blades that convert the steam’s kinetic energy to rotating mechanical energy.
Carry and supports the weight of the rotor and maintain the correct radial clearance between the rotor
BEARINGS
casing.
Prevent the leaking of steam out of air into the turbine casing where the turbine rotor shaft extends
SHAFT PACKING GLANDS
through the turbine casing.
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY Used to determine machine performance trends and effects of maintenance activities .
PRESSURE RATIOS Used together with the efficiency curves to determine optimum stage performance selection.
STEAM VELOCITIES Used as an indicator of the amount of energy removed from the steam feedstock, from each stage.
STEAM RATES Illustrates changes in performance deviation, relative to isentropic expansion.
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY Is the ratio of the brake output of the internal input.
Can be determined by dividing the actual throttle steam flow rate by the actual corresponding kilowatts,
ACTUAL STEAM RATE
at the generator terminals.
Is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts in into rotary
STEAM TURBINE
motion.
NON-CONDENSING OR
Most widely used for process steam applications.
BACKPRESSURE TURBINES
REHEAT TURBINES also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants.
EXTRACTING TYPE
Common in all applications.
TURBINES
INDUCTION TURBINES Introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power.
SINGLE CASING Are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator.
IMPULSE TURBINE Has fixed nozzles that orient the steam into high speed jets.
LEAVING LOSS OR CARRY
The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity.
OVER VELOCITY
REACTION TURBINES The rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles.
When warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves have a bypass line to allow
STEAM TURBINE START UP superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up the lines in the system along with
the steam turbines.
PRECAUTIONS DURING
Problems with turbines are now rare and maintenance requirements are relatively small.
RUNNING
The control of a turbine with a governor is essential, as turbines need to be run up slowly, to prevent
SPEED REGULATION
damage while some applications require precise peed control.
The speed of the machine is controlled by the automatic opening and closing of the admission valves
THE GOVERNOR under the control of a governor, of the spring-weighted type attached directly to the top end of the turbine
shaft.
FOUNDATIONS Are built up from a structural foundation in the hull to provide a rigid supporting base.
The material used to construct turbines will vary somewhat depending on the steam and power
CASING
conditions for which the turbine is designed.
NOZZLES The primary function of the nozzle is to convert the thermal energy of steam into kinetic energy.
Are manufactured from steel alloys.
ROTORS
To carry the moving blades that converts the steam’s kinetic energy to rotating mechanical energy.
BEARINGS/ RADIAL Carry and support the weight of the rotor and maintain the correct radial clearance between the rotor and
BEARINGS casing.
Prevent the leaking of steam out of or air into the turbines casing where the turbine rotor shaft extends
SHAFT PACKING GLANDS
through the turbine casing.
LABYRINTH PACKING Consists of rows of metallic strips or fins.
CARBON PACKING RINGS Restrict the passage of steam along the shaft in much the same manner as labyrinth packing strips.
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY Used to determine machine performance trends and effects of maintenance activities.
The power generation, actual or implied, together with expected generation at design or clean
POWER CHARACTERISTICS
conditions.
EFFICIENCY/ POWER
Load independent comparison relative to design.
DEVIATION
PRESSURE RATIOS Used together with the efficiency curves to determine optimum stage performance selection.
STEAM VELOCITIES Used as an indicator of the amount of energy removed from the steam feedstock, from each stage.

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PROPERTY OF: JON ROWIE B. BONIFACIO, JOSHUA D. BACULO, JASON E. DE GRACIA, RALPH P. PANALIGAN
STEAM RATES Illustrates change in performance deviation, relative to isentropic expansion.
POWER VS STEAM Scatter plot identifies turbine degradation and optimum control regions.
OPERATING LOSS COST Tracks current and historical loss opportunity- both instantaneous and cumulative.
The overall thermal efficiency of a steam turbine plant can be represented by the ratio of the net
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
mechanical energy available to the energy within the fuel supplied.
MECHANICAL EFFIENCY Is the ratio of the brake output to the internal output.
HEAT RATE Total thermal input to the cycle divided by the electrical output of the units
Can be determined by dividing the actual throttle steam flow rate by the actual corresponding kilowatts,
ACTUAL STEAM RATE
at the generator terminals, produced by that amount of steam.
To condense the exhaust steam from the turbine for reuse in the cycle and to maximize turbine efficiency
CONDENSER
by maintaining proper vacuum.
DIRECT CONTACT
Condense the turbine exhaust steam by mixing it directly with cooling water.
CONDENSERS
Are the most commonly used condensers in modern power plants.
SURFACE CONDENSERS
Is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated through the tubes.
SHELL The condenser’s outermost body and contains the heat exchanger tubes.
HOTWELL At the bottom of the shell, where the condensate collects, an outlet is installed.
VACUUM SYSTEM For a steam ejector, the motive fluid is steam.
At the end of the shell, a sheet of sufficient thickness usually made of stainless stell is provided, with
TUBE SHEETS
holes for the tubes to be inserted and rolled.
Are made of stainless steel, copper alloys such as brass or bronze, cupro nickel, or titanium depending
TUBES
on several selection criteria.
The tube sheet at each end with tube ends rolled, for each end of the condenser is closed by a
WATER BOXES
fabricated box cover known as a waterbox, with flanged connection to the tube sheet or condenser shell.
Are those kinds of pumps that are used to collect and transport condensate back into a steam system for
CONDENSATE PUMPS
reheating and reuse, or to remove unwanted condensate.
This pump closes the boiler, steam and condensate loop by returning the condensate back into the
BOILER FEED PUMP
system for reuse.
SUMP PUMP This pump is installed in compartments to remove the unwanted build-up of water.
CIRCULATING PUMPS Are used to pump cooling water through the condenser.
ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF
Provide automatic protection of costly condenser equipment.
VALVES
Commonly used to provide lower than ambient water temperatures and are most other cost effective and
COOLING TOWERS
energy efficient than most other alternatives.
CLOSED LOOP / CLOSED Also called indirect cooling tower systems, do not allow the water to come into contact with any outside
CIRCUIT COOLING TOWER substance, therefore keeping the water more pure due to the lack of foreign particles introduced.
FIELD ASSEMBLED TOWERS Are shipped in pieces and assembled on site by a highly qualified and certified installation team.
FACTORY ASSEMBLED
Typically only require the fan motor to be mounted.
TOWERS
Typically about 120 m high, depending on the differential pressure between the cold outside air and the
NATURAL DRAFT TOWERS
hot humid air on the inside of the tower as the driving force.
MECHANICAL DRAFT
Uses fans to move large quantities of air through the tower.
TOWERS
COUNTER FLOW TOWER Occupies less floor space than a cross flow tower but is taller for a given capacity.
FORCED DRAFT TOWER Has the fan, basin, and piping located within the tower structure.
Has one or more fans, located at the top of the tower, that draw air upwards against the downward flow
INDUCED DRAFT TOWER
of water passing around the wooden decking or packing.
They are equipped with mechanical draft fans to augment airflow.
HYBRID DRAFT
They are also referred to as fan-assisted natural draft towers.

ME – 5205 © BONIFACIO, BACULO, DE GRACIA, PANALIGAN 8