Petrotectonic Characteristics, Geochemistry, U-Pb Geochronology, Jurassic Plutons UMV, Rodriguez Et Al 2018

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Petrotectonic characteristics, geochemistry, and U-Pb geochronology of

Jurassic plutons in the Upper Magdalena Valley-Colombia: Implications on
the evolution of magmatic arcs in th...
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DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2017.10.012
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Journal of South American Earth Sciences 81 (2018) 10e30
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Journal of South American Earth Sciences

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Petrotectonic characteristics, geochemistry, and U-Pb geochronology

of Jurassic plutons in the Upper Magdalena Valley-Colombia:
Implications on the evolution of magmatic arcs in the NW Andes
G. Rodríguez*, M.I. Arango, G. Zapata, J.G. Bermúdez
gico Colombiano (SGC), Special Geologic Studies Group, Medellín, Colombia
Servicio Geolo
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Field, petrographic, and geochemical characterization along with U-Pb zircon geochronology of the
Received 21 February 2017 Jurassic plutons exposed in the Upper Magdalena Valley (Colombia) allowed recognizing distinct western
Received in revised form and eastern suites formed in at least three magmatic pulses. The western plutons crop out between the
8 October 2017
eastern flank of the Central Cordillera and the Las Minas range, being limited by the Avirama and the
Accepted 17 October 2017
Betania-El Agrado faults. The western suite comprises a quartz monzonite e quartz monzodiorite e
Available online 7 November 2017
quartz diorite series and subordinate monzogranites. Chemically, the rocks are high-K calc-alkaline I-
type granitoids (some reaching the shoshonitic series) with metaluminous of magnesium affinity. Trace-
Keywords:
Upper Magdalena Valley (UMV)
element tectonic discrimination is consistent with magmatism in a continental arc environment. Most
Geochemistry rocks of this suite crystallized between 195 and 186 Ma (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian), but locally some
U-Pb zircon geochronology plutons yielded younger ages between 182 and 179 Ma (Early Jurassic, Toarcian).
Colombia The eastern suite crops out in the eastern margin of the Upper Magdalena Valley, east of the Betania e
Magmatic arc El Agrado fault. Plutons of this unit belong to the monzogranite series with rock types ranging between
syenogranites and granodiorites. They are high-K calc-alkaline continental granitoids, some metal-
uminous and some peraluminous, related to I-type granites generated in a volcanic arc. Crystallization of
the suite was between 173 and 169 Ma (Middle Jurassic, Aalenian-Bajocian), but locally these rocks
contain zircon with earlier inherited ages related to the magmatic pulse of the western suite between 182
and 179 Ma (Early Jurassic, Toarcian).
The evolution of the Jurassic plutons in the Upper Magdalena Valley is best explained by onset or
increase in subduction erosion of the accretionary prism. This explains the eastward migration of the arc
away from the trench. Subduction of prism sediments increased the water flux from the subducting slab,
decreasing solidus temperatures, therefore increasing the volume of magma and the amount of crustal
melts involved in the magma. This is explains the crystallization of older and more primitive quartz-
monzodiorite stocks in the west and the later crystallization of granitic bodies with batholitic di-
mensions in the east.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction et al., 2011). The second group of models is chiefly based on

geochronology, geochemistry, and isotopes of the Jurassic igneous
Tectonic models to explain the ubiquitous Jurassic magmatism rocks themselves, data that are consistent with arc magmatism
in the Northern Andes belong to two main groups. The first group is developed on a convergent continental margin (McCourt et al.,
chiefly based on kinematic and paleotectonic considerations, and it 1984; Toussaint, 1995; Meschede and Frisch, 1998; Bustamante
proposes that Jurassic magmatism is related to the breakup of et al., 2010; Leal Mejía, 2011; Boschman et al., 2014; Villagomez
Pangea and the development of intra-continental rifts (Pindell and et al., 2015; Spikings et al., 2015; Zapata et al., 2016; Bustamante
Dewey, 1982; Ross and Scotese, 1988; Cediel et al., 2003; Pindell et al., 2016).
There are significant disparities among authors championing
the arc model. Spikings et al. (2015) propose that the arc formed by
* Corresponding author. a single, eastward subduction zone active between 209 and 114 Ma.
E-mail address: grodriguez@sgc.gov.co (G. Rodríguez).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.10.012
0895-9811/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
G. Rodríguez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 81 (2018) 10e30 11
Bustamante et al. (2016) suggest that the arc formed during 40 m.y. 1988; Cediel et al., 2003; Restrepo et al., 2009). However, terranes
of oblique convergence between the Farallon oceanic plate and the in the Colombian Andes are still poorly understood (Etayo et al.,
NW of South America. Some recent studies suggest that there was 1983; Restrepo and Toussaint, 1988; Moreno and Pardo, 2002,
coeval Jurassic arc and rift magmatism; igneous rocks of the Upper Cediel et al., 2003; Restrepo et al., 2009). East of the San Jeronimo
Magdalena Valley, the Central Cordillera, the Serrania de San Lucas Fault, terranes are continental, such as the Chibcha, Tahami, Pan-
and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta formed in an allochthonous zenu (Puqui), Anacona (Caldas) (Restrepo et al., 2009; Martens
continental arc setting (Bayona et al., 2010; Villagomez et al., 2015), et al., 2014).
whereas similar igneous rocks from the Eastern Cordillera and the The Chibcha Terrane (as per Restrepo et al., 2009) includes a
Santander Massif formed in a relatively autochtonous position, Grenvillian basement covered by Lower Paleozoic sedimentary
possibly due to rifting (Villago mez et al., 2015). It is worth noting rocks, adjacent to blocks bearing Permian granitoids and Upper
that some authors have proposed that the Jurassic rocks from the Triassic limestone units (Payande Formation). The Tahami Terrane
Eastern Cordillera have an arc origin as well (Mantilla et al., 2013a; is characterized by Triassic metamorphic rocks (Restrepo et al.,
Van der Lelij, 2013). 2009), which represent a significant part of the metamorphic
Paleomagnetic and thermochronological data suggest that some basement of the Central Cordillera. The Panzenu Terrane under-
of the Jurassic rocks migrated as tectonic slivers from a southerly went Carboniferous metamorphism, previous to the event recorded
position northwards for hundreds of kilometers (Bayona et al., in the Tahami (Restrepo et al., 2009). The Anacona Terrane has
2006, 2010). This feature partially masks the original geologic re- Devonian metamorphic ages and was not affected by Triassic
lations and has led to models proposing a single but fragmented metamorphism, suggesting that it had not been amalgamated to
Jurassic arc (Bayona et al., 2010; Villagomez et al., 2015; Zapata the Tahami Terrane during the Triassic orogeny (Restrepo et al.,
et al., 2016). 2009).
This paper presents new U-Pb zircon geochronology and lith- Based on U-Pb geochronology, new metamorphic blocks or
ogeochemical data obtained by the Servicio Geologico Colombiano terranes, whose boundaries have not so far been precisely deter-
(SGC) on the Jurassic plutons that crop out in the Upper Magdalena mined, have been recently proposed within the Central Cordillera.
Valley (UMV; Fig. 1). We integrate these new data with recent work There have been reports of metamorphic Jurassic blocks (156e165
by the SGC and by other authors to produce a new geotectonic Ma) in the Central Cordillera that partially correspond to the Tier-
interpretation of the Jurassic evolution of the NW Andes. This radentro Gneisses and Amphibolites (Rodríguez et al., 2017b) and
model is an alternative to models that propose rollback of the to the La Cocha - Rio Tellez Complex (Zapata et al., 2017). Meta-
subduction zone and westward migration of magmatism (Cochrane morphic blocks with ages straddling the Jurassic - Cretaceous
et al., 2014; Spikings et al., 2015; Bustamante et al., 2016). Our data boundary were also found (Sajonia Mylonitic Schists and Con-
show that the UMV rocks were indeed formed in an arc setting, and cepcion Schists), and they contain inherited igneous zircons prob-
that they correlate with the age-equivalent rocks of the Saldan ~ a Fm. ably from the Jurassic arc (Rodríguez and Correa, 2015). Finally,
(Rodríguez et al., 2016a, b, c, d). Based on petrography and bulk Albian metamorphic blocks with ages ranging 102-98 Ma are rep-
chemistry, we propose an evolution model for the Jurassic arc resented by local gneisses and amphibolites (Santa Elena Am-
magmatism in the UMV that accounts for the shift in its geographic phibolites and the Las Pen ~ as Gneiss; Restrepo et al., 2012;
distribution. Futhermore, based on the distinct ages, the Rodríguez and Correa, 2015).
geochemical character, and the type of intruded basement, we The amalgamation of metamorphic terranes in the Central
suggest that the various pulses and belts of Jurassic magmatism in Cordillera is more complex than had previously been thought.
the NW Andes reflect various distinct juxtaposed arcs. Some of the magmatic arcs possibly traveled and were amalgam-
We consider that a magmatic pulse in an arc is the generation of ated along with the metamorphic basements; this seems to be the
significant volume of magma that crystallizes in the form of case of the Jurassic arc of the Western margin of South America.
plutonic and volcanic rocks in a constrained period of geologic time, The Jurassic arc comprises a series of dismembered blocks,
with specific compositional features. A pulse can be differentiated possibly transported from the south (Bayona et al., 2006;
from other pulses in the same arc by its crystallization age, its Villago mez et al., 2015) along the western edge of the Chibcha
composition, and in the case of UVM magmatism, the spatial terrane of Restrepo et al. (2009) or the Payande Terrane of Etayo
location of the plutons and volcanic rocks that it produced. This last et al. (1983). The travelled units include the Upper Magdalena
factor is not relevant if multi-pulse plutons are generated, because Valley, the Serrania de San Lucas, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,
despite being composite, these plutons have a single spatial loca- and the Upper Guajira. The Jurassic units comprise intermediate to
tion. This is not the case for the Jurassic arc according to the data acidic volcanic rocks that crop out next to monzodioritic to mon-
obtained in this work, as we will demonstrate below. zogranitic plutons, which intruded metamorphic basement ca. 1 Ga
old, Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks, Permian granitoids, and Triassic
2. Regional geologic setting sedimentary units. This Jurassic arc does not include the tonalitic
rocks of the northern segment of the Ibague Batholith, which are
Tectonic blocks elongated NS and bearing abundant plutonic younger and were emplaced in Jurassic metamorphic rocks that are
and volcanic rocks with ages between 195 Ma and 160 Ma are part of the metamorphic basement of the Central Cordillera. As will
common in the western margin of northern South America. In be discussed below, the northern Ibague Batholith corresponds to a
Colombia, such feature occurs in the eastern flank of the Central distinct arc of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous time.
Cordillera, the Upper and Medium Magdalena valleys, the Serrania The Santander Massif's monzogranitic to syenogranitic plutons
de San Lucas, the Eastern Cordillera, the Sierra Nevada de Santa predate the Jurassic arc located on the western margin of the Pro-
Marta, and the Upper Guajira (Fig. 1). Slightly older magmatic rocks terozoic basement. This magmatism was generated between 214
with crystallization ages between 214 and 192 Ma occur in the Ma and 192 Ma (Rodriguez et al., 2017c) and it includes both I- and
Santander Massif and the Serrania de Perija (Eastern Cordillera; S-type arc plutons that were produced by melts involving different
Rodríguez et al., 2017c). proportions of continental crust and mantle (Van der Lelij, 2013;
The tectonic blocks bearing Jurassic magmatic rocks have been Rodríguez et al., 2017c). These Triassic-Jurassic rocks are associ-
variously interpreted in the several terrane models proposed for ated with a Paleozoic metamorphic basement, which belongs to the
the Colombian Andes (Etayo et al., 1983; Restrepo and Toussaint, Santander-Norte de Santander Terrane described by Etayo et al.
12 G. Rodríguez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 81 (2018) 10e30
Fig. 1. Areas with Jurassic plutonic and volcanic units in the Colombian Andes.
(1983). metamorphic terranes of the Central Cordillera. The UMV includes

The UMV region lies within the Chibcha (or Payande) Terrane. Its the Garzon Group, the Guapoton and Mancagua Gneisses
basement comprises Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks covered (Kroonenberg and Diederix, 1982), the Las Minas Migmatites
by Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. On the west, the UMV is limited (Velandia et al., 2001), Paleozoic sedimentary units like the Gran-
by the Inza-Avirama faults, which separate it from the younger adillo Limestone, La Jagua, El Higado Formation, and the La Batalla
Limestones and Sandstones. These sedimentary units unconform- Triassic, and Jurassic rocks was covered by continental and marine
ably overly the Precambrian crystalline basement. Next to this successions at the end of the Mesozoic and during the Cenozoic.
group, some Permian granitoids crop out, such as the La Plata This rock association is faulted and uplifted in blocks limited by
granite (Rodríguez et al., 1998; Velandia et al., 2001; Leal Mejía, thrust and strike-slip faults like the dextral Algeciras Fault
2011; Rodríguez et al., 2017a). Locally, blocks of Triassic lime- (Velandia et al., 2005), the El Betania-El Agrado Fault and La Plata-
stones and clastic sediments of the Luisa and Payande formations Chusma Fault, which partly exposed the Jurassic rocks and the
are also present (Geyer, 1973; Cediel et al., 1980). basement. None of these faults determines the limit of Neo-
The Proterpozoic basement, the Paleozoic sedimentary forma- proterozoic metamorphic basement, which is fragmented and
tions, the Permian arc granitoids, and the Triassic limestones were widely distributed. Similar features are present in the blocks that
intruded by Jurassic plutons and covered by Jurassic volcanic have Jurassic rocks bounding the western margin of the South
products (Fig. 2). The group of Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Permian, American plate, where the Neoproterozoic basement crops out
Fig. 2. Location of Jurassic plutons and volcanic rocks associated with the UMV; numbers correspond to U-Pb ages in Ma.
together with fragments of Permian granitoids and Jurassic arc reference materials the Plesovice, 91500 and M. Dromedry zircons
rocks of comparable ages (Serrania de San Lucas, Sierra Nevada de were used. The ablation points were 20 mm in diameter. For the data
Santa Marta and Upper Guajira). reduction, the Iolite IGROpro software was used. For the base line,
0 s - 38 s integration times were used, whereas for the samples and
3. Analytic methodology standards, 32.5 s - 8 s were used. The final results correspond to the
average data obtained after discriminating at 2 standard deviations.
The analysis of the Jurassic magmatism in the UMV involved Geochronology plots were performed using the Isoplot v3.5 soft-
defining groups of plutons based on their rock type, geochemistry, ware and the correction for common lead was calculated according
crystallization age, and tectonic position. For this purpose, an in- to the evolution model of Stacey and Kramers (1975). Finally, zircon
depth compilation of the existing regional cartography at the SGC data with discordant values above 10% or 15% (depending on the
was carried out, and then field control, sampling for petrography, sample) were eliminated.
geochemistry and geochronology was performed. Importantly, the
petrographic analyses of samples included thin sections from older 4. Compositional characteristics of the UMV Jurassic plutons
SGC projects.
The analysis of the UMV's Jurassic magmatism is carried out on
3.1. Lithogeochemistry the basis of the current location of the plutons and volcanic rocks,
which corresponds to the known position, without losing sight of
Chemical analyses were performed at the laboratory of the SGC the fact that this location most likely does not correspond with the
headquarters in Bogota. Major oxides were determined by X-ray position and disposition of the arc during the Jurassic, taking into
fluorescence, including trace elements of V, Mo, Nb, Ta, W, Zr and account that it is affected by major strike-slip faults, like the
Hf. The REE and other trace elements were measured using Algeciras Fault with a dextral component (Velandia et al., 2005).
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For the The plutons were grouped into Western and Eastern plutons
interpretation of the major oxides, a recalculation was made to according to their distribution, current geotectonics, age, and their
account for loss on ignition (LOI). lithological and geochemical characteristics (Fig. 2).
X-ray fluorescence analyses were performed with a Panalytical
AXIOS Mineral spectrometer configured with a specialized soft- 4.1. Western plutons
ware for geological materials. Quantification of major oxides was
performed in molten samples using metaborate and lithium tet- These plutons are located along the western margin of the UMV,
raborate, and the quantification of elements was done in pressed between the eastern flank of the Central Cordillera and the Las
samples. For the analyses of trace elements, a Perkin Elmer NEXION Minas Sierra, within the tectonic boundaries of the Avirama and
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was used. For Betania-El Agrado faults. As part of this group, the following units
adequate dissolution, the samples were attacked with strong are found: the Anchique Quartz Monzonite (1), the Los Naranjos
inorganic acids (HF, HNO3, HClO4 and HCl). The process was carried Quartz Monzonite (3), the San Cayetano Quartz Monzonite (2), the
out in an open system, using various progressions of temperatures El Astillero Quartz Monzodiorite (5), the Las Minas Monzonite (6)
and heating times. and the Paez Quartz Monzodiorite (4) (Fig. 2). These units corre-
spond to the quartz monzonite e quartz monzodiorite e quartz
3.2. U-Pb zircon geochronology diorite series with some monzogranites, and consist of
Pl þ Kfs þ Qtz (<20%) ± Hbl ± Bt ± Cpx ± Opx and apatite, zircon,
Zircon U-Pb geochronology was conducted at Laboratorio de titanite and opaques, as accessory minerals. In general, these plu-
Estudios Isoto picos, Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional tons correspond to stocks.
Auto noma de Me xico in Juriquilla. Zircon grains of each sample
were hand picked under a binocular microscope, and then mounted 4.2. Eastern plutons
on 2.5 cm epoxy rings. Zircons were exposed using sandpaper and
then photomicrographed. Internal textures of zircon were charac- This second group of plutons crop out along the eastern margin
terized by cathodoluminescence (CL) images, which were obtained of the UMV, on the Western flank of the Eastern Cordillera, within
using an ELM-3R luminoscope. the tectonic boundaries of the Betania - El Agrado and the Algeciras
Prior to the isotopic measurements, the zircon mounts were faults. This group is represented by the Algeciras Monzogranite (7),
cleaned with HNO3 1M to minimize common Pb on the surface of the hypabyssal Teruel Quartz Latite (8), the Garzon Granite (9), the
the grains. Laser ablation was conducted with a Resonetics Reso- Altamira Monzogranite (10), the Mocoa Monzogranite (12) and the
lution M50 system with a LPX 220 193 nm excimer laser and a spot Sombrerillo Quartz Monzonite (11) (Fig. 2). They correspond to
size of 23 mm. Laser energy density was ~6 J/cm2 per pulse with a monzogranites with lithological variations between syenogranites
repetition rate of 5 Hz. The zircon crystals were ablated inside a cell and granodiorites composed of Kfs þ Pl þ Qtz
in a He atmosphere, which provides an optimal condition for this (>20%) þ Bt ± Hbl ± Cpx and apatite, zircon, titanite,
process (Eggins et al., 1998; Kosler and Sylvester, 2003). The laser opaques ± allanite, as accessory minerals. In general, these plutons
was coupled to a quadrupole inductively coupled mass spectrom- correspond to bodies of batholitic dimensions.
eter (ICP-MS). The material vaporized by the laser was extruded The geological characteristics of each group are summarized in
from the cell of ablation and transported to the mass spectrometer Table 1 and the petrographic classification of each unit according to
in a He flow (700 ml/min) that is mixed with N2 (ca. 3 ml/min) Streckeisen (1976), which shows the modal compositional differ-
together with Ar. Along with unknowns, standard glass (NIST 610) ences between the two groups, is shown in Fig. 3.
and standard natural zircons 91500 (Wiedenbeck et al., 1995) and Towards the North, the Western plutons are composed of rocks
Plesovice (Slama et al., 2008) were measured. with a quartz monzonitic composition, whereas towards the South,
Additional U-Pb dating was performed at the LA-ICP-MS labo- the group shows a quartz monzodirioritic composition. In contrast,
ratory in the SGC headquarters in Bogota. U-Pb dating was per- the Eastern plutons exhibit a homogeneous monzogranitic
formed using in an Element 2 ICP-MS, with an associated Photon composition throughout the UMV.
Machines laser ablation equipment with a 193 nm excimer laser. As The modal quartz contents make a difference between the two
Table 1
Geologic characteristics of the UMV Western and Eastern plutons. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals after Siivola & Schmid (2007).
Pluton Macroscopic Characteristics Lithology Mineralogy Accessory Minerals Associated Dykes Contacts Chemistry Ages
(U-Pb)
Western Plutons
1- Anchique Quartz Equigranular and Quartz monzonite PLþQtzþFps OpþAp±Zr±Ttn Intrusive in the Metaluminous, 183.5 ±3 Ma,
Monzonite inequigranular, locally ± monzonite þHblþBt±Cpx ~ a Formation
Saldan magnesian, Type I, 186.4 ±1.4 Ma
porphyritic, micrographic ± granite high in K calc-
texture alkaline and
shoshonitic series,
arc environment
2- San Cayetano Inequigranular, locally Quartz monzonite PLþQtzþFps±Hbl OpþZrþApþTtn Sienogranite, Intrusive in the Metaluminous, 195.8±1.5 Ma,
Quartz Monzonite porphyritic, micrographic ± monzonite ±Cpx±Opx±Bt andesite y basalt ~ a Formation
Saldan magnesian, Type I, 173.3±1.3 Ma.
texture ± quartz monzodiorite shoshonitic series
3- Los Naranjos Equigranular and Quartz monzonite PLþQtzþFps OpþAp±Zr±Ttn Monzogranite, Intrusive in the Metaluminous, 187.9 ±1.3 Ma
Quartz Monzonite inequigranular, porphyritic ± monzonite ±Hbl±Bt±Cpx monzonite, andesite ~ a Formation,
Saldan magnesian, Type I,
towards the edges, ± quartz monzodiorite the Yavi Formation high in K calc-
G. Rodríguez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 81 (2018) 10e30

micrographic texture ± sienogranite overlays alkaline and
discordantly shoshonitic series,
arc environment
4- Del Paez Quartz Equigranular and Quartz monzodiorite PLþQtzþFps±Cpx OpþAp±Zr±Ttn Andesite, dacite, Intrusive in the Metaluminous, 180.2±1.6 Ma,
Monzodiorite inequigranular ± monzodiorite ± gabro ±Hbl±Opx±Bt quartz latite, riolite ~ a Formation
Saldan magnesian, Type I, 181.83±0.91 Ma,
± diorite ± monzogranite and in the Aleluya high and medium 191.9±1.4 Ma,
Complex in K calc-alkaline 193.13±1.4 Ma,
series, arc 181.7±3.8 Ma
environment
5- El Astillero Quartz Equigranular and Quartz monzodiorite PLþQtzþFpsþCpx OpþAp±Zr±Ttn Micro-quartz diorite Intrusive in the Metaluminous, 187.0 ±3.3 Ma
Monzodiorite inequigranular, dioritic ± quartz monzonite þHbl±Opx±Bt and andesite ~ a Formation
Saldan magnesian, Type I,
autoliths ± quartz diorite high in K calc-
± monzodiorite alkaline series, arc
environment
6- Las Minas Equigranular and Quartz monzodiorite PLþQtzþFps±Cpx OpþAp±Zr±Ttn Intrusive in the Las Metaluminous, 187.4 ±2.3 Ma,
Monzonite inequigranular, dioritic ± diorite ±Hbl±Opx±Bt Minas Migmatites magnesian, Type I, 181.6±3.4 Ma
autoliths, subophytic and high in K calc-
porphyritic borders alkaline series, arc
environment
Eastern Plutons
7- Algeciras Inequigranular locally Monzogranite± FsplþPlþQtzþHbl TtnþOp±Ap±Zrn Andesite, dacite, Intrusive in the Metaluminous, 178.6±1.2 Ma,
Monzogranite bimodal, con perthitic granodiorite±granite ±Bt±Cpx riolite, micro-diorite Saldan~ a Formation magnesian, Type I, 171.5±2.5 Ma,
exolutions. Enclaves are ±quartz monzonite and in the Garzon high in K calc- 169.6±1.2 Ma,
frequent. Group, faulted with alkaline and 179±1.9 Ma
the cretacic, shoshonitic series,
paleogene and arc environment
neogene
sedimentites
8- Teruel Latite Inequigranular porphyritic, Quartz latite± riolite PLþFspþQtz±Cpx OpþAp±Zrn±Ttn Intrusive in the Metaluminous, 170.50 ±1.10 Ma,
locally dioritic autoliths ± dacite ±Hbl±Opx±Bt Saldan~ a Formation magnesian, Type I, 174.1±2.0 Ma
and discordant high in K calc-
with the Caballos alkaline series, arc
Formation, faulted environment
with the Olini
Group sedimentites
9- Garzon Granite Inequigranular, with Monzogranite PLþFspþQtz±Hbl OpþAp±Zrn±Ttn Intrusive in the Peraluminous, 170.8±2.4 Ma
subophitic border facies ± granodiorite ±Bt±Cpx Garzon Complex, magnesian, Type I,
± quartz monzodiorite faulted with the high in K calc-
±monzodiorite Gigante Formation alkaline series, arc
sedimentites environment
OpþTtnþApþZrn
(continued on next page)
15
groups; the Western plutons have a quartz content in general less

178.97±0.40 Ma, than 20%, while the Eastern plutons correspond to more acidic and
169.4±3.2 Ma,
174.0±1.5 Ma,
180.3±2.9 Ma,
176.3±2.5 Ma,
203.9±2.3 Ma,
171.6±1.2 Ma,
181.8±1.3 Ma,
170.7±2.1Ma
172±3.9 Ma, differentiated rocks containing quartz that in most of the rocks is
171.6±1 Ma
934±15 Ma
greater than 20%.
(U-Pb)
Mafic minerals have a higher modal quantity in the Western

Ages
plutons with hornblende, biotite and clinopyroxene being common

with subordinated orthopyroxene. In the Eastern plutons mafic
minerals appear in minor proportion, with hornblende and biotite,
magnesian, Type I,
magnesian, Type I,
magnesian, Type I,
alkaline series, arc

Metaluminous to
Metaluminous to
locally clinopyroxene and an absence of orthopyroxene.
Metaluminous,
high in K calc-
high in K calc-
high in K calc-
peraluminous,
peraluminous,
environment
environment
environment
Both groups of plutons are intruded by dykes which do not
Chemistry
present a remarkable differentiation according to their tectonic and

spatial position in the UMV. The composition of these dykes range
from intermediate to basic and were classified as andesites,
microdiorites, and basalts; there is another population of acid
Mudstones, faulted
~ a Formation
~ a Formation
dykes formed by rhyolites with variations to dacites and aplitic

with the Saldan~a
Intrusive in the
Intrusive in the
Intrusive in the
monzogranites.
Regarding their textures, the Western plutons range from
Formation.
Granadillo
Contacts
equigranular to inequigranular and exhibit frequent micrographic

Saldan
Saldan
intergrowths, while the Eastern plutons are inequigranular, with

bimodal crystals of alkali feldspar and sporadic graphic
intergrowths.
Andesite, dacite and
andesite, dacite and
Associated Dykes
5. Lithogeochemistry
micro-diorite
micro-diorite
Sienogranite,
Andesite
Total-rock chemical analysis for the 72 rock samples from the

Western and Eastern plutons was carried out in the SGC chemical
laboratory located in the Bogota headquarters; major oxides and
some of the trace elements (Mo, V, Nb, Ta, W, Zr, Hf) (Table 2) were
Accessory Minerals
determined using X-ray fluorescence, while other trace elements

OpþTtnþApþZrn
OpþTtnþApþZrn
and rare earths elements (REE) were determined with inductively

coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Appendix 1 and
Appendix 2). The GCDKit software was used for plotting and
interpreting the geochemical results (Janou_sek et al., 2006). The
geochemical data of two samples from Bustamante et al. (2010)
were also used in this process.
PlþFspþQtz
PlþFspþQtz
PlþFspþQtz
Mineralogy
5.1. Major oxides

±Bt±Hbl
±Bt±Hbl
±Bt±Hbl
The Western plutons show a greater dispersion between the

calc-alkaline to tholeiitic series (Fig. 4), with lower values of SiO2
(47.61e77.77%), Na2O (1.7e4.27%) and an increase in Fe2O3
(1.06e10.74%) and MgO (0.28e9.25%); the Paez Quartz Mon-
±quartz monzodiorite
zodiorite (4) reflects its lithological heterogeneity (monzogranites

±quartz monzonite
±quartz monzonite
Quartz monzonite
and quartz monzodiorites), plotting between the two series. The

±quartz diorites
±monzogranite
Monzogranite
Monzogranite
±granodiorite
±granodiorite
Eastern plutons show a calc-alkaline affinity with SiO2

sienogranite
(52.93e78.03%), Na2O (2.84e4.66%), Fe2O3 (0.5e10.38%) and

Lithology
±tonalite
lower values of MgO (0.18e6.37%); some rocks of the Sombrerillo

Quartz Monzonite (11) and the Mocoa Monzogranite (12) (Fig. 2)
reach the tholeiitic field with an intermediate behaviour.
Macroscopic Characteristics
The K2O vs CaO proportions allow the differentiation between

Granular subidiomorphic,
the Western and Eastern plutons., The Western plutons are classi-
perthitic, locally micro-
variation to porphyritic
Inequigranular, slightly
fied as arc calc-alkaline granitoids (ACG), with a decrease in K2O

inequigranular, with
(0.63e5.56%) and an increase in CaO (0.36e10.25%) while the

dioritic autoliths
Coarse-grained,
Eastern plutons are classified as high-K calc-alkaline granitoids

porphyritic
(KCG), with higher concentrations of K2O (1.62e5.71%) and lower

texture
concentrations of CaO (0.24e9.28%) according to Barbarin (1999).

In the TAS diagram (Middlemost, 1994), the Western plutons
plot in the monzodiorite, quartz monzonite and granodiorite fields,
and five (5) rock samples from the Paez Quartz Monzodiorite (4)
Quartz Monzonite
plot in the granites field. Based on the SiO2 content, the presence of
Table 1 (continued )
Monzogranite
Monzogranite
11- Sombrerillo
two rock populations in the Paez Quartz Monzodiorite, character-

10- Altamira
12- Mocoa
izes this body as a composite pluton consisting of various magmatic

pulses. The Eastern plutons plot in the granites field; however,
Pluton
some rocks from the Algeciras Monzogranite (7) and the Altamira
Monzogranite (10) plot in the alkaline granites field and four (4)
Fig. 3. Modal composition of the UMV Jurassic plutons. Western plutons in black, Eastern plutons in green. The numbering for each pluton matches the one in Fig. 2.
samples from the Sombrerillo Quartz Monzodiorite are scattered positive and negative Y anomalies, a behaviour associated with the
with smaller amounts of SiO2 towards the quartz diorites and concentration of the accessory minerals (Winter, 2014).
quartz monzodiorites fields. All of the UMV plutons features discussed above are indicative of
The Western plutons in general are scattered in the high-K calc- rocks formed in a magmatic arc of continental margin environ-
alkaline series, with lower content of SiO2 for the Las Minas Mon- ment; the shoshonitic behaviour is related to a distant environment
zodiorite (6) and the Astillero Quartz monzodiorite (5); some rocks from the trench, where the plate is subducted to great depths and is
from the Paez Quartz Monzodiorite have a calc-alkaline affinity, associated with the dislocation of the arc or with a back-arc (Gill,
while the Los Naranjos, Anchique and San Cayetano Quartz Mon- 1981; Pearce et al., 1984; Baluyev and Perepelov, 1988).
zonites reach the shoshonitic series field. The Eastern plutons are The Ba/Sr ratio is often associated with the crystallization of
concentrated in the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic series for plagioclase and ease of replacement of Ba by K, indicating a greater
rocks from the Altamira Mocoa, and Algeciras Monzogranites, with enrichment in the alkalis (Green, 1980). In the Eastern plutons this
lower concentrations of SiO2 and K2O for the rocks from the Garzon relationship is higher among (0.77e10.22), whereas in the Western
Granite, the Sombrerillo Quartz Monzonite and the Teruel Quartz plutons the relationship is lower between (0.70e5.17). In contrast,
Latite. the Western plutons have a higher content of elements such as Ni
In the Western plutons the metaluminous character pre- (1.2e57.14 ppm) and Co (3.8e44.71 ppm), of higher affinity with
dominates, with aluminosity values (Al2O3/(CaO þ Na2O þ K2O) intermediate to basic liquids, while the Eastern plutons present a
between 0.63 and 0.99 mol and alkalinity values (Al2O3/ lower concentration of these elements (Ni: 0.9e29.5 ppm, Co:
(Na2O þ K2O) between 1.19 and 4.80 mol. Four (4) rock samples 4.1e38.3 ppm).
from the Paez Quartz Monzodiorite (4) associated with a high In general, in the diagram of McDonough and Sun (1995)
content of silica (67.99e77.77%), reflect a peraluminous behavior normalized to the chondrite, the two groups of plutons show a
with (A/CNK) between 1.01 and 1.07 mol. negative slope with similar trends (Fig. 6); the (La/Sm)N relation-
The Eastern plutons exhibit a greater dispersion between the ship in the Eastern plutons is greater between (1.92e23.656) with
metaluminous and peraluminous fields. The Algeciras and Mocoa respect to the Western plutons that have values ranging between
Monzogranites (7, 12 e Fig. 2), the Sombrerillo Quartz Monzodiorite (1.70 and 5.89); this demonstrates an enrichment in LREE in the
(11) and Teruel Quartz Latite (8) behave as subsaturated in the Eastern plutons. The Western plutons show a slight differentiation
metaluminous series with (A/CNK) values between 0.74 and into two groups: rocks with values greater than 100 times the
0.99 mol and higher concentrations in (A/NK) between 1.32 and chondrite, formed by the more intermediate units Anchique Quartz
2.55 mol. In contrast, the rocks from the Garzon Granite (9) and Monzonite (1), Los Naranjos Quartz Monzonite (3) and Las Minas
most of the samples from the Altamira Monzogranite (10), tend Monzodiorite (6), and rocks with values lower or equal to the
toward the oversaturated (peraluminous) series, with contents of chondrite value for the more basic units El Astillero Quartz Mon-
(A/CNK) between 1.011 and 1.21 mol and (A/NK) between 1.14 and zodiorite (5) and the Paez Quartz Monzodiorite (4).
1.85 mol. The two groups of plutons show positive anomalies in europium
According to Barbarin (1999), rocks with a mixed origin (crustal with Eu/Eu* relations for the Western plutons between 0.27 and
and mantle contribution in their origin) may have a peraluminous 1.93 and for the Eastern plutons between 0.5 and 2.6, with the
signature because of one of the following reasons: after the exception of rock sample JGB-392 (sienogranite) from the Altamira
amphibole has been fractionated, by an interaction with volatiles or Monzogranite (10) showing a deflection of the Eu content of
by assimilation of rocks with a pelitic composition; this could also 0.50 ppm, and also rock sample JGB-370 (monzogranite) from the
be associated with the modal content of biotite in these rocks or Paez Quartz Monzodiorite (4) with a Eu content of 0.28 ppm.
due to the contribution of the crustal material that has been
assimilated (Chappell and White, 1974).
An important difference is noted between the Western and 5.3. Discrimination of the tectonic environment
Eastern plutons on the basis of the #Mg analysis. The Western
plutons show an increase in the #Mg in the order of The two groups of plutons exhibit features that range from
29.04e66.91 mol, P2O5 (0.02e0.65%) and minor enrichments in continental margin arcs to Andean arcs (Condie, 1989), plotting into
the TiO2 (0.14e1.2%) content, while the Eastern plutons are acidic to I -Type (Cordilleran) magmas (Whalen et al., 1987), of the magne-
intermediate with #Mg between 0.18 and 62.35 mol, TiO2 sian series (oxidizing magmas) (Frost et al., 2001), with higher
(0.045e1.19%) and P2O5 (0.052e0.67%). enrichments of SiO2 for the Eastern plutons (Fig. 7). In the diagram
of Pearce et al. (1984) the rocks from the two groups fall within the
5.2. Trace elements and REE field of Volcanic Arc Granites with a dispersion of three rocks from
the Western plutons (from the Paez Quartz Monzodiorite (4)) and a
The two groups of plutons exhibit an enrichment in the mobile rock of the Eastern plutons (Sombrerillo Quartz Monzonite (11))
elements Rb, Ba, Pb, and Cs between 100 and 1000 times the that plots in the Intraplate-type Granites.
chondrite values, with a relative differentiation in the eastern pulse The Western plutons plot into the fields of Pre-plate collision
indicated by a lower content of Cs (Fig. 5). There are significant (Batchelor and Bowden, 1985), associated with emplacements
impoverishments for the two groups in Nb, Ce, Sr and Ti, more above subduction zones. According to Barbarin (1999), ACG (arc
evident for the Eastern plutons in rocks classified as sienogranites calc-alkaline granitoids) granites tend to be batholitic bodies which
(IGM 900745 and 900691) from the Altamira and Algeciras Mon- are arranged parallel to the subduction zone, with a volcanic
zogranites (10, 7, Fig. 2), reflecting a shoshonitic behavior. The Ce/ component of andesitic type. The Eastern plutons are distributed
Yb ratio is generally high, attributed to higher concentrations of towards the syn-collision to pre-plate collision type granites, which
Light Rare-Earth Elements (LREE), with a content in the Western according to Barbarin (1999), are related to transitional periods
plutons of (14.51e51.53) and slightly higher in the Eastern plutons from a compressional regime to a tensional one, once the collision
(16.14e56.66). between plates event has ended. In the diagram Hastie et al. (2007)
A negative slope towards the HREE occurs in both sets of plu- Western plutons are concentrated in the field of BA/A (andesitic
tons. Some of the rocks from the Western plutons -El Astillero basalts), while the eastern plutons tend towards the field of dacite
Quartz Monzodiorite (5) and Las Minas Monzodiorite (6)- have -rhyolites.
Table 2
Major oxides in total-rock (%).
Pluton Sample ID SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 MnO FeO LOI #Mg
Western plutons
Anchique Quartz Monzonite 900642 64.59 0.655 14.97 4.77 2.2 3.363 3.404 4.338 0.228 0.161 2.62 1.04 46.173
Anchique Quartz Monzonite 900643 64.1 0.585 15.51 3.91 1.524 3.516 4.275 3.661 0.199 0.218 2.13 2.39 42.141
San Cayetano quartz monzonite 900825 61.2 0.84 16.21 6.04 2.32 3.05 3.6 4.79 0.24 0.2 2.83 2.83 43.824
Los Naranjos Quartz Monzonite 900647 56.494 1.186 16.404 9.997 4.467 6.509 3.374 2.614 0.374 0.364 5.58 1.98 45.16
Los Naranjos Quartz Monzonite 900651 72.587 0.456 14.119 3.214 1.006 1.98 3.431 4.603 0.117 0 1.93 1.7 35.583
Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 900658 53.91 0.965 17.42 8.51 4.651 8.001 3.219 1.165 0.265 0.145 5.55 1.57 47.859
Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 900665 53 0.673 15.43 8.29 6.842 9.271 2.334 2.005 0.171 0.141 4.85 1.65 59.673
Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 900678 48.52 0.89 16.71 10.74 7.99 10.25 1.7 0.63 0.12 0 7.29 2.15 54.932
Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 900730 75.08 0.24 13 1.49 0.28 0.9 3.88 4.4 0.05 0.68 0.61 0.5 29.04
Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 900737 77.77 0.14 12.22 1.06 <0.10 0.36 3.57 4.44 0.02 0.39 0.13 0.41
El Astillero Quartz Monzodiorite 900719 59.351 0.85 16.92 7.01 2.82 6.05 3.36 2.37 0.283 0.016 3.79 0.71 43.019
Las Minas Monzonite CB0007A* 58.1 0.9 17.2 7.4 3 6 3.7 2.2 0.3 0.1 63.858
Las Minas Monzonite 900752 55.3 1.2 16.57 7.78 3.43 6.25 3.49 2.43 0.55 15.1 4.1 1.08 45.637
Eastern plutons
Altamira Monzogranite 900718 74.9 0.26 13.3 1.48 0.26 1.08 3.31 4.87 0.059 0.04 0.24 0.41 35.41
Altamira Monzogranite 900745 78 0.13 12.4 0.63 0.24 3.61 4.56 <0.024 0.06 0.21 0.4
Altamira Monzogranite CB0005* 63.5 0.6 15.6 5 1.9 3.8 3.7 3.9 0.2 0.1 0 62.352
Algeciras Monzogranite 900691 78.03 0.045 12.37 0.54 0.466 3.62 4.49 <0.024 0 0.17 0.31
Algeciras Monzogranite 900692 74.71 0.23 13.25 1.64 0.433 1.47 3.5 4.26 0.066 0 0.59 0.3 37.97
Algeciras Monzogranite 900694 67.33 0.526 14.72 4.07 1.58 3.19 3.1 4.39 0.186 0.07 1508 0.62 0.186
Algeciras Monzogranite 900697 73.6 0.256 14.04 1.67 0.632 0.31 3.8 4.42 0.09 0.04 0.56 1.17 47.539
Algeciras Monzogranite 900704 75.04 0.217 13.03 1.54 0.4 1.36 3.5 4.15 0.06 0 0.536 0.57 37.939
Garzon Granite 900715 72.9 0.3 14.1 1.7 0.36 1.4 4.66 3.4 0.08 0 0.41 1 36.729
Garzon Granite 900716 69.7 0.4 14.9 2.82 0.83 1.4 4.42 3.6 0.13 0.01 0.92 1.64 41.639
Teruel Latite 900698 62.94 0.707 15.33 5.32 2.43 4.644 3.267 3.354 0.206 0.104 1.83 1.48 51.95
Teruel Latite 900712 65.96 0.478 15.89 3.87 1.5 3.707 3.836 3.341 0.163 0.09 1.38 0.91 47.433
Teruel Latite 900713 66.35 0.494 15.47 3.63 1.44 2.733 4.379 3.575 0.179 0.109 1.26 1.41 48.323
Sombrerillo Quartz Monzonite 900764 67.613 0.514 16.707 2.779 0.423 2.296 3.917 5.71 0.095 0.059 1.07 0.35 25.462
Mocoa Monzogranite 900781 59.64 1 17.8 5.54 1.85 4.29 4.15 4.42 0.367 0.104 2.66 0.37 40.097
Mocoa Monzogranite 900782 55.58 1.16 17.42 7.76 3.07 6.48 4.08 2.15 0.67 0.116 3.9 1.27 43.614
*Results from Bustamante et al., 2010.

Fig. 4. Major oxides diagrams. A) AFM, fields after Irvine and Baragar (1971), B) TAS (Middlemost, 1994), C) Binary diagram, D) Peccerillo and Taylor (1976), E) Shand (1943).
Fig. 5. REE diagram and rare earths N-MORB (Sun and McDonough, 1989) for the two groups of UPM plutons.
6. U-Pb geochronology in zircon 2003).

The San Cayetano Quartz Monzonite (2) was dated using zircons
The U-Pb geochronology in zircon presented here for 28 rock from rock sample JGB-357 (n ¼ 41) and from saprolite sample JGB-
samples from the Eastern and Western plutons and 12 volcanic 356 (n ¼ 44), derived from a rock of quartz monzonitic composition
rocks from the UMV, was performed mainly in the laboratories of (Fig. 2). The zircons are euhedral, prismatic, elongated, greater than
the UNAM (29 samples) and additional dating took place in the 100 mm in size, pale brown in color and commonly exhibit in-
laboratories of the SGC (11 samples) (Table 3), (Appendix 3); clusions. The cathodoluminescence (CL) images show a concentric
cathodoluminescence images were also obtained for these zircons zoning (similar to magmatic growth patterns) and corroded edges.
(Fig. 8). The behavior of the zircons is generally concordant and exhibit a
wide range of data from 170 to more than 195 Ma. U-Pb ages ob-
tained are 195.8 ± 1.5 Ma (Sinemurian) and 173.3 ± 1.3 Ma (Toar-
6.1. Plutons from the western margin of the UMV
cian), Lower Jurassic with MSWD of 0.75 and 2.6 respectively,
interpreted as the crystallization ages, which suggests a second
The crystallization ages obtained for the Western plutons are
younger magmatic pulse for this pluton.
shown in Fig. 9. The Anchique Quartz Monzonite (1) was dated
For dating the Los Naranjos Quartz Monzonite (3), zircons from
using two (2) dates that correspond to the main body and to an
sample JGB-345 (n ¼ 24) were used; this sample corresponds to a
apophysis of the main body (Fig. 2). The zircons from samples MIA-
saprolite derived from a rock with a quartz monzonitic composition
438 (n ¼ 23) and MIA-440 (n ¼ 40) are euhedral, less than 100 mm
(Fig. 2). The zircons are euhedral, short, rounded, with a pale brown
in size, prismatic, elongated, pink to pale brown in color, exhibiting
color and less than 100 mm in size. In CL images the crystals are
concentric zoning in most grains in the cathodoluminescence im-
uniform and neither exhibit a noticeable core nor overgrowths.
ages, which is a typical characteristic of magmatic zircons (Corfu
When the ages of each zircon are integrated, a representative age
et al., 2003). The zircons exhibit a concordant behavior, with an
value of 187.9 ± 1.3 Ma with an MSWD ¼ 0 67 is obtained, early
average group of data between the 184 to 181 Ma. In the average
Jurassic (Pliensbachian). The Th/U ratio ranges from 0.34 to 0.85,
and standard deviation diagrams, the age of each zircon shows a
which is related to an igneous origin (Hoskin and Schaltegger,
low degree of dispersion indicating representative ages for the
2003).
lithological unit with an MSWD of 2.4 and 1.5 respectively. Few data
The ages for the Paez Quartz Monzodiorite (4) were obtained
are slightly discordant ages (inherited) as old as 200 Ma.
from zircons of five (5) rock samples with different compositions:
The U-Pb ages obtained for the Anchique Quartz Monzonite are
granodiorites (GR-6634, n ¼ 29 and GR-6645, n ¼ 11), quartz
183.5 ± 3 Ma (MIA-438) and 186.4 ± 1.4 Ma (MIA-440), corre-
monzodiorites (MIA-499, n ¼ 54), monzodiorites (MIA-454, n ¼ 17)
sponding to the early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) and interpreted as
and charnockites (GR-6639, n ¼ 66) (Fig. 2). The zircon crystals
the crystallization age of the rock. The Th/U ratio in the zircons vary
from these samples are colorless, anhedral, subrounded, with sizes
between 0.8 for sample MIA-438 and 1.0 for sample MIA-440,
ranging from 100 mm to 300 mm. In CL images an oscillatory zoning
which are related to an igneous origin (Hoskin and Schaltegger,
Fig. 6. Chondrite-normalized REE diagram for the two groups of UPM plutons.
Fig. 7. Geotectonic environment discrimination diagrams. A. Batchelor and Bowden, 1985. B Pearce et al., 1984 C. Diagram La/Yb vs Th/Yb (after Condie, 1989). D. Frost et al., 2001. E.
Hastie et al., 2007. F. Whalen et al., 1987).
towards the borders of the crystals is common with more obscured data shows a group at 181. 6 ± 3. 4 Ma with MSDW ¼ 2.5, inter-
and homogeneous cores; however, the radiometric ages from the preted as the crystallization age corresponding to the Lower
core and the borders do not reveal differences. Samples GR-6634 Jurassic (Toarcian). Bustamante et al. (2010) reported a U-Pb on
and MIA-499 have several zircon crystals with discordant behav- zircon age for this unit of 187. 4 ± 2. 3 Ma, similar to the ages ob-
iors, which are considered as a loss of common lead and mixing in tained in the other plutons located on the western margin of the
the system (Mezger and Krogstad, 1997). The concordant ages are UMV.
integrated in a range from 170 to 198 Ma, suggesting that the unit is
a multi-pulse batholith with magmatic crystallization ages of 6.2. Plutons from the eastern margin of the UMV
180.2 ± 1.6 Ma, 181.83 ± 0.91 Ma, 181.7 ± 3.8 Ma, 191.9 ± 1.4 Ma and
193.13 ± 1.4 Ma; likewise Leal Mejía (2011) and Bustamante et al. Fig. 10 shows the crystallization ages obtained for the Eastern
(2010) indicate U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS ages of 182.7 ± 2.7 Ma, plutons. The Algeciras Monzogranite (7) was dated with four (4)
186.0 ± 3.1 Ma, 188.4 ± 2. 8 Ma, 188.5 ± 3.3 Ma and 189.1 ± 2.9 Ma. rock samples of monzogranitic, granitic and quartz monzonitic
The Astillero Quartz Monzodiorite (5) was dated using the zir- composition, distributed throughout the unit (Fig. 2). The zircons
cons from rock sample GR-6625, which corresponds to a quartz from samples GR-6585 samples (n ¼ 46), GR-6586 (n ¼ 35), GR-
monzodiorite (Fig. 2). The zircons (n ¼ 35) are aprox. 100 mm in size, 6589 (n ¼ 33) are prismatic, with bipyramidal terminations, be-
rounded to short prismatic in shape. In CL images an oscillatory tween 150 and 300 mm in size. CL images show oscillatory zoning
zoning related to their igneous origin is revealed. The concordia and the absence of inherited cores; however, sample GR-6585
diagram shows that some zircon crystals are discordant. The inte- shows an inherited age for a zircon crystal of 1088 Ma and an in-
gration of the concordant ages from each zircon yields a crystalli- terval of ages between 196 and 180 Ma. In sample GZ-6750 (n ¼ 35),
zation age of 187 ± 3.3 Ma with MSWD ¼ 7.8 corresponding to the zircons are usually less than 200 mm in size and in the CL images,
early Jurassic (Pliensbachian), with a Th/U ratio that ranges be- some dark cores with more luminescent outer zones are observed.
tween 0.56 and 1.3 suggesting an igneous origin. The U-Pb ages obtained for this unit are 178. 6 ± 1.2 Ma (GR-
The quartz monzodiorite-derived saprolite sample MIA-482 was 6585), 171.5 ± 2. 5 Ma (GR-6589), 169.6 ± 1.2 Ma (GR-6589) and
used to date the Las Minas Monzodiorite (6 e Fig. 2); the zircons 179 ± 1.9 Ma (GZ-6750), with a MSDW < 4.1 corresponding to the
from this sample (n ¼ 23) are rounded, short prismatic, with sizes range between the Middle Jurassic and early Jurassic (Bajocian to
less than 100 mm and have a slightly brown hue. Under the CL the Toarcian). When the spatial distribution of these ages is
images concentric and “patchy” zoning patterns are observed. In analyzed, the age obtained for sample GZ-6750, located in the
the concordia diagram, the data show a slight discordancy possibly northern part of the pluton and petrographically classified as quartz
indicating high common lead isotopic proportion; however the monzonite, is older than the other ages in the center and South
Table 3
Geochronology of the UMV plutons and volcanic rocks.
Field ID Longitud Latitud Clasification Unit Age U-Pb (Ma) Inherited ages
Western plutons
MIA-438 75 080 26.76100 3 330 46.18400 Monzonite Anchique Quartz Monzonite 183.5±3
MIA-440 75 060 20.69300 3 390 47.77200 Monzonite Anchique Quartz Monzonite 186.4±1.4
JGB-357 75 100 51.43700 3 410 17.67700 Quartz Monzonite with px San Cayetano Quartz Monzonite 173.3±1.3
JGB-356 75 100 16.66500 3 390 52.89400 Quartz Monzonite with px San Cayetano Quartz Monzonite 195.8±1.5
JGB-345 75 200 38.04100 3 210 58.50500 Monzodiorite Los Naranjos Quartz Monzonite 187.9±1.3
GR-6634 75 550 35.22600 2 390 57.30500 Granodiorite Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 180.2±1.6
GR-6639 75 440 07.81200 2 370 45.61100 Tonalite Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 181.83±0.91
GR-6645 75 580 19.47000 2 150 07.84800 Granite Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 191.9±1.4
MIA-454 75 300 41.60300 2 560 37.24200 Monzodiorite Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 193.13±1.4
MIA-499 75 490 56.78500 2 320 51.60900 Quartz Monzodiorite Del Paez Quartz Monzodiorite 181.7±3.8
GR-6625 75 440 44.61800 2 200 19.44000 Monzodiorite Astillero Quartz Monzodiorite 187±3.3
MIA-482 75 510 27.02100 2 110 43.39500 Quartz Monzodiorite Las Minas Monzodiorite 181.6±3.4
Eastern plutons
GR-6585 75 190 09.10300 2 360 17.33100 Aplite in granodiorite Algeciras Monzogranite 178.6±1.2
GR-6586 75 160 49.98000 2 350 59.23900 Granodiorite Algeciras Monzogranite 171±2.5
GR-6589 75 240 58.34400 2 280 22.94600 Granite Algeciras Monzogranite 169.6±1.2
GZ-6750 75 110 48.82400 2 450 36.70100 Quartz Monzonite Algeciras Monzogranite 179±1.9
MIA-458 75 300 46.99300 2 460 25.62600 Quartz Monzonite Teruel Quartz Latite 170.50±1.10 181.1±1.70
MIA-460 75 320 25.93300 2 440 08.77800 Quartz Monzonite Teruel Quartz Latite 174.1±2.0
GR-6619 75 360 36.63200 2 100 01.28400 Granite Garzon Granite 170.8±2.4
GR-6652 76 010 25.94400 1 440 56.85900 Granite Altamira Monzogranite 171.6±1
JGB-390 75 540 31.72600 1 500 36.12100 Granite Altamira Monzogranite 172±3.9
MIA-478 75 530 44.79300 1 530 05.85500 Monzogranite Altamira Monzogranite 169.4±3.2
GZ-6780 76 510 39.28900 1 100 04.83200 Quartz Monzodiorite Sombrerillo Quartz Monzonite 173.8±2.2
MIA-512 76 170 34.19500 1 480 42.75800 Granodiorite Sombrerillo Quartz Monzonite 176.3±2.5
MIA-525 76 080 48.01400 1 540 17.46000 Monzogranite saprolite Sombrerillo Quartz Monzonite 181.5±4.0
GR-6672 76 440 12.71900 1 040 17.18600 Quartz Monzodiorite Mocoa Monzogranite 171.6±1.2
MIA-538 76 460 16.61800 1 040 08.32800 Granite saprolite Mocoa Monzogranite 181.8±1.3 939±40
MIA-543 76 400 54.75200 1 120 06.11600 Granite saprolite Mocoa Monzogranite 170.7±2.1
portion of the unit (which are classified as monzogranites), sug- zoning. The analysis of U-Pb data reveals the presence of an
gesting that the pluton represents at least two magmatic pulses. inherited crystal, with age of ca. 1000 Ma probably from the
The Th/U ratio of the zircons from rock sample GR-6585 varies metamorphic basement that is intruded by this pluton. The
between 0.73 and 1.7, between 0.32 and 1.75 for rock sample GR- remaining group of zircons has moderately scattered ranges that
6586, between 0.22 and 1.25 for rock sample GR-6589 and be- can be integrated in a representative age value of 170.8 ± 2.4 Ma
tween 0.70 and 1.67 for rock sample GZ-6750; all of these are values with MSWD ¼ 4.7, that corresponds to the Middle Jurassic. The Th/
around 1.0 which is related to an igneous origin. This observation is U ratio for the zircons range from 0.61 to 1.15 ppm, the majority of
supported by the prismatic form and the oscillatory character of the values are around 1 ppm which relates to an igneous origin; this
zircons observed in the CL images. observation is supported by the short prismatic shape of the zircons
The hypabyssal Teruel Quartz Latite (8) was dated using zircons and the concentric oscillatory zoning.
from the quartz latite-derived saprolite MIA-458 (n ¼ 33) and from The geochronologic analysis of the Altamira Monzogranite (10)
the rock sample MIA-460 (n ¼ 22), which was petrographically took into account its spatial layout, since it crops out in two strips
classified as a dacite (Fig. 2). In general the zircons exhibit prismatic with a NE-SW direction. Bustamante et al. (2010), present a U-Pb
forms, elongated, euhedral, with less than 200 mm in size. The CL zircon date of 178. 97 ± 0. 4 Ma located in the extreme North of the
images show zoning patterns related to a magmatic origin. body. In this study we analyzed rock sample MIA-478 and saprolite
The concordia diagram for rock sample MIA-458 shows sample JGB-390, located in the center of the unit, and rock sample
concordant crystals with a dispersion in the age range between 170 GR-6652 which is located in the southern portion of the unit and is
Ma and 190 Ma; these ages are grouped into two populations, the part of the second strip of the pluton (Fig. 2). The zircon crystals
first one is formed by ages between 177,7 Ma and 189.2 Ma with a have sizes between 100 and 300 mm, colorless to brown with
weighted age of 181.10 ± 1.70 Ma and a single zircon with age of prismatic forms that range from long to short; the CL images show
195.2 Ma, which represent the oldest material and were interpreted concentric zoning and absence of inherited cores. U-Pb ages ob-
as inherited zircons. The other population is formed by a younger tained in the central part of the body for are 169.4 ± 3.2 Ma MSWD
group of zircons with ages between 169.6 Ma and 171.6 Ma, 3.7 for sample MIA-478 and 172 ± 3.9 Ma MSWD of 4.8 for sample
weighted age of 170.50 ± 1. 10 Ma and MSWD ¼ 0.11 related to the JGB-390, both rocks exhibit the oldest zircons in the range of
crystallization processes of the pluton. The rock sample MIA-460 185e190 Ma. In the southern part of the pluton sample GR-6652
yielded a crystallization age of 174.1 ± 2.0 MSWD ¼ 1.9 with a yields an age of 171, 6 ± 1 with an MSWD ¼ 2.6. All the ages
range of ages from 166.22 to 180.48 Ma. In both cases the ages correspond to the Lower to medium Jurassic range (Toarcian to
correspond to the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Aalenian). The Th/U Bajocian).
ratio obtained for the saprolite sample MIA-458 varies between The difference in age reported by Bustamante et al. (2010) for
0.79 and 1.17, which is associated with an igneous origin. the northern area of the pluton and the three ages obtained in this
Bustamante et al. (2010) reported a U-Pb zircon date of 173.9 ± 1. work for the central and southern areas, indicate the existence of
6 Ma. for the Garzon Granite (9). Additionally, rock sample GR-6619 two magmatic pulses, which are registered in the inherited ages of
(monzogranite) was dated (Fig. 2). The zircons (n ¼ 24) have some of the Eastern UMV plutons (Fig. 11).
elongated prismatic shape and in CL images exhibit an oscillatory The Sombrerillo Quartz Monzonite (11) exhibits a diversity in its
Fig. 8. Cathodoluminescence images of zircons for the UMV plutons.
lithological composition. This pluton was dated using the zircons The ages obtained for the Mocoa Monzogranite indicate that the
extracted from rock samples GZ-6780 (n ¼ 37) which corresponds crystallization event occurred during the Lower to Middle Jurassic
to a quartz monzodiorite, MIA-512 (n ¼ 12) classified as granodi- period (Aalenian to Toarcian). An age of 171.6 ± 1.2 Ma MSWD ¼ 3
orite and monzogranite-derived saprolite sample MIA-525 (n ¼ 10) was obtained for sample GR-6672; zircons in this sample fall on the
(Fig. 2). In general, the zircon crystals are euhedral to subhedral, concordia line. Saprolite sample MIA-538 yielded an age of
colorless to pale brown, with a prismatic form that ranges from 181.8 ± 1.3 Ma MSWD ¼ 1.4 interpreted as the crystallization age,
short to elongated and have sizes between 50 and 200 mm (the with five (5) zircons behaving consistently with Neoproterozoic
larger crystals are seen in sample MIA-512). The CL images show inherited older ages of 939 ± 40 Ma MSWD ¼ 6.9 and one (1)
concentric zoning patterns for the crystals. In the concordia dia- discordant zircon with an age of 210.72 Ma. The zircons that
gram, the analyzed samples show a behavior that ranges from correspond to sample MIA-543 have a disperse behavior near the
concordant to slightly discordant, with ages between ca. 166 and ca. concordia line, with ages in the range of 160 Ma to 181 Ma; the age
180 Ma. Rock samples GZ-6780 and MIA-525 have inherited zircons 170.7 ± 2.1 Ma, with an MSWD ¼ 3.3 is considered as the age of
with ages of 191.11 Ma and 260.94 Ma respectively. The ages ob- crystallization. Six (6) zircons from this sample reflect inherited
tained are 173. 8 ± 2.2 MSWD ¼ 2.5 for sample GZ-6780 and 176. patterns with ages of 216.9 Ma, 551.8 Ma, 741.4 Ma, 936.8 Ma and
3 ± 2.5 with MSWD ¼ 1.3 for sample MIA-512 and 181.5 ± 4.0 1237.1 Ma. Additionally, Zapata-Henao et al. (2016) presented an
MSWD ¼ 1.5 for sample MIA-525. age of 180. 4 ± 1.6 for this unit.
Three U-Pb zircon ages were obtained for the Mocoa Mon- A summary of the reported ages for the Western and Eastern
zogranite (12). Samples GR-6672 (n ¼ 48), MIA-538 (n ¼ 31) and plutons is shown in Fig. 11; this figure demonstrates the grouping of
MIA-543 (n ¼ 33) corresponds to saprolites derived from quartz the ages according to their spatial position within the UMV. The
monzodiorite and granites, respectively (Fig. 2). The zircons vary in different groups of ages indicate at least three magmatic pulses. The
shape from euhedral, elongated prismatic forms to multifaceted, Western plutons mark a main magmatic pulse in the range between
with pale pink hue to colorless and have an average size of about 193 Ma and 186 Ma, with some ages in the interval between 182 Ma
100 mm. CL images show similar patterns of magmatic growth and 178 Ma, while the Eastern plutons indicate restricted crystal-
zoning; some zircons from sample MIA-538 show that such zoning lization ages between 173 Ma and 169 Ma, with some inherited and
is interrupted by inherited cores. crystallization ages between 182 Ma and 179 Ma.
Fig. 9. Concordia diagrams, TeraeWasserburg, mean and standard deviation for the UMV Western plutons.
present day location and distribution of the plutonic and volcanic

belts that make up the Jurassic arc. Indeed, our new mapping and
analytical data reveal that there was migration of both the plutonic
and the volcanic components of the Jurassic arc in the UMV. The
igneous bodies here studied underwent an evolution from a
western calc-alkaline to tholeiitic belt comprising mafic and in-
termediate rocks low in quartz (gabbros-monzodiorites) to an
eastern calc-alkaline belt comprising acidic rocks rich in quartz and
alkali feldspar (granites).
The bulk of the western belt corresponds to intermediate plu-
tons (quartz monzonites, quartz monzodiorites, quartz diorites),
which yielded igneous crystallization ages from 195 Ma to 186 Ma.
A second but minor pulse of magmatism in the western belt is
recorded by local, small plutons that yielded ages in the 183 Ma to
178 Ma range. The eastern plutonic belt in the UMV is younger,
having yielded crystallization ages between 173 Ma and 169 Ma. A
similar distribution was determined for the volcanic units produced
by arc magmatism (Fig. 2, Table 3). Specifically, the ages, compo-
sition, and spatial distribution of the andesite-dominated Saldan ~a
Formation coincides with the western plutons, and the ages,
composition and the distribution of the rhyolite-dominated Pitalito
Vulcanites matches that of the eastern plutons (in the sense of
Rodriguez et al., 2016d; Table 3, Fig. 2).
Overall, the Jurassic arc produced magmatic rocks in the UMV
between 195 Ma and 168 Ma (Early - Middle Jurassic). The
composition of the rocks ranges from metaluminous to per-
aluminous. Although the arc rocks were emplaced in Proterozoic
basement, the relative abscense of inherited zircon cores suggest a
low degree of crustal assimilation.
We surmise that magmatic pulses and periods of relative
magmatic quiescence were controlled by periods of extension and
compression during arc magmatism; periods of extension would
allow emplacement of plutons, whereas compressional periods
would have hindered magmatic emplacement.
If it is assumed that Jurassic arc products were originally
distributed as they are today, the migration of UMV magmatism
could be explained by subduction erosion of the accretionary prism
formed in front of the trench. This process led to migration of both
the trench and the arc (Fig. 12). Compositional changes of the arc
are interpreted as the consequence of increased partial melting of
the source rock and continental crust as the arc evolves (Chen and
Grapes, 2007). This determined the formation of small plutonic
bodies (stocks) of quartz-monzodiorite composition (western plu-
tons) that evolved into bodies of batholitic dimension of granitic
composition (eastern plutons). This increase in pluton volumes
could be the result of higher input of water into the system, which
caused a decrease in the solidus temperature, enhancing the fusion
of the source rock and the lower continental crust.
7.1. Correlations with other Jurassic units in Colombia
We propose that Jurassic rocks in the UMV correlate with rocks

of similar age that are in similar tectonic positions respect to the
regional fault systems of the northern Andes, such as in the Ser-
Fig. 10. Concordia diagrams, TeraeWasserburg, mean and standard deviation for the ranía de San Lucas or the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Further-
UMV Eastern plutons. more, we argue that there is no genetic relation between Jurassic
magmatism in the UMV and the North Ibague Batholith.
The igneous Jurassic rocks located in the UMV, Serrania de San
7. Discussion Lucas and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) blocks intrude
similar Proterozoic metamorphic basement. This basement has
Two distinct Jurassic magmatic belts including plutons and been associated with the Chibcha Terrane (Restrepo et al., 2009) or
volcanic rocks can be recognized in the UMV, a feature that had the Putumayo Orogen (Iban ~ ez-Mejía et al., 2011). A variety of rocks
been partially described by Bustamante et al. (2010). Although the cover this metamorphic basement, including Paleozoic sedimen-
current positions of Jurassic magmatic rocks in the UMV may not tary units devoid of or with greenschist facies metamorphism
corresponds to their original locus, it is useful to consider the (Granadillo Limestone, La Jagua Paleozoic, El Higado Formation and
Fig. 11. U-Pb zircon ages for the Jurassic plutons of the UMV. The blue bars indicate the different magmatic pulses.
La Batalla Limestones and Sandstones in the UMV, La Cristalina et al., 2017a,b,c). These plutons intruded metamorphic basement
Formation), blocks of the Permian arc with ages around 270 Ma (La comprising gneisses and amphibolites (Tierradentro Gneisses and
Plata Granite in the UMV, Nechi Gneiss of in the Serrania de San Amphibolites), which yielded U-Pb metamorphic ages from 160 Ma
Lucas and mylontic granitoids in the SNSM), and Upper Triassic to 156 Ma (Rodríguez et al., 2017b). Interestingly, the metamorphic
limestones like the Payande Formation in the UMV. The Jurassic unit was thought to be Precambrian (Barrero and Vesga, 1976) or
rocks in these blocks correspond to plutons constituted by mon- Triassic (Bustamante et al., 2016). This Jurassic basement unit can
zodiorites, quartz monzodiorites, monzonites, quartz monzonites, be correlated with Jurassic metamorphic rocks of the Cajamarca
granites, Type I alkali feldspar granites and volcanic units of an- complex described by Blanco-Quintero et al. (2014) and by
desites, quartz latites, dacites, rhyolites and tuffs formed in an arc Villago mez et al. (2015)
environments, with U-Pb crystallization ages within the range of Due to the significant differences in petrographic features,
195 to 160 Ma. In the three blocks there is a correlation in ages of geochemistry, geochronology, and the host wallrocks between
the plutons and the volcanic units. Jurassic rocks of the UMV and the North Ibague Batholith
The North Ibague Batholith comprises tonalite and granodiorite (Villagomez et al., 2011; Leal Mejía, 2011; Bustamante et al., 2016),
I-type plutons with metaluminous character, which were formed we propose that Jurassic magmatism in each of these areas was the
between 158 Ma and 138 Ma (Early Jurassic - Late Cretaceous) product of two different arcs. A comparison with the bulk of the
(Bustamante et al., 2016 y Rodríguez et al., 2017b). These plutons central Ibague Batholith is as yet not possible due to the scarcity of
were produced in a continental arc that migrated from west to east data.
but without significant changes in magma composition (Rodríguez
Fig. 12. Evolution model of the UMV and the NBIB arcs.
7.2. Evolution model minor stocks of predominantly monzogranitic composition. This

constitutes the third magmatic pulse. This locus of the third pulse
The petrographic, geochronologic and chemical data allow to was different from the initial magmatic pulse, a feature which was
better understand the evolution of the Jurassic arc, represented by also observed with the volcanic products of the same age (Pitalito
the plutons and volcanic rocks of the UMV. We emphasize that the volcanic rocks, Rodríguez et al., 2016d)). The arc activity subse-
model of evolution of the arc that we present here (Fig. 12) is not quently declined and finally ended with the formation of small
necessarily a final one, and that it might well be modified once stocks (Payande Stock).
more information on the SNSM, the Serrania de San Lucas and the After 168 Ma, allochthonous terranes collide with the conti-
Ibague Batholith south of the Ibague Fault are integrated in the nental margin significantly modifying the geometry of subduction
model. and interrupting the production of partial melts for ca. 10 m.y. A
According to our data in the UMV, the arc started its activity at new trench located west produces magmatism again at ca. 158 Ma,
ca. 195 Ma with magmas of gabbroic and monzodioritic composi- magmatism that is represented by the North Ibague Batholith.
tion. Volumetrically, peak magma production was between 188 Ma The distinction of the North Ibague Batholith, north of the Iba-
and 186 Ma. This we have called “magmatic pulse”, during which gue Fault, is warranted due to the recognition of Late Jurassic
quartz monzonitic to quartz monzodioritic stocks and minor metamorphic ages in the basement that it intrudes. The relation
batholiths were generated. The associated volcanism is represented between magmatic rocks and the intruded basement suggests that
by the lavas and tuffs of the Saldan ~ a Formation, which have the the emplacement of the plutons occurred at late or slightly after the
same age and similar composition to the plutons. Late Jurassic collisional metamorphic event. This is evidence for a
After this period of magmatic activity, the activity of the arc newly formed arc in a geotectonic position further west from UVM
declined. Then, between 183 Ma and 178 Ma, magmatism resumed arc, which was emplaced in a much older, Proterozoic basement
migrating eastward and with compositions between quartz mon- (Fig. 12). Although both the North Ibague and the UVM contain
zodiorites and granites. The magma volumes were apparently Jurassic magmatic rocks, this does not necessarily imply that they
smaller during this period. developed from a single arc nor that the basements had amal-
After this second period of intense magmatism, magma gener- gamated and were located in an equivalent geotectonic position
ation decreased again. A third period of intense magmatism during the whole of the Jurassic.
occurred between 173 Ma to 168 Ma, generating batholiths and The model above contrasts with the ideas of Bayona et al.
(2006), who interpret Jurassic magmatism in Colombia as having References

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Petrotectonic characteristics, geochemistry, and U-Pb geochronology of

Article in Journal of South American Earth Sciences · November 2017

Gabriel Rodríguez García M.I. Arango

Gilberto Zapata Jose Gilberto Germúdez

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Journal of South American Earth Sciences

Petrotectonic characteristics, geochemistry, and U-Pb geochronology

1. Introduction et al., 2011). The second group of models is chieﬂy based on

(1983). metamorphic terranes of the Central Cordillera. The UMV includes

G. Rodríguez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 81 (2018) 10e30

groups; the Western plutons have a quartz content in general less

Maﬁc minerals have a higher modal quantity in the Western

plutons with hornblende, biotite and clinopyroxene being common

alkaline series, arc

alkaline series, arc

present a remarkable differentiation according to their tectonic and

dykes formed by rhyolites with variations to dacites and aplitic

equigranular to inequigranular and exhibit frequent micrographic

intergrowths, while the Eastern plutons are inequigranular, with

Total-rock chemical analysis for the 72 rock samples from the

determined using X-ray ﬂuorescence, while other trace elements

and rare earths elements (REE) were determined with inductively

5.1. Major oxides

The Western plutons show a greater dispersion between the

zodiorite (4) reﬂects its lithological heterogeneity (monzogranites

and quartz monzodiorites), plotting between the two series. The

Eastern plutons show a calc-alkaline afﬁnity with SiO2

(52.93e78.03%), Na2O (2.84e4.66%), Fe2O3 (0.5e10.38%) and

lower values of MgO (0.18e6.37%); some rocks of the Sombrerillo

The K2O vs CaO proportions allow the differentiation between

ﬁed as arc calc-alkaline granitoids (ACG), with a decrease in K2O

(0.63e5.56%) and an increase in CaO (0.36e10.25%) while the

Eastern plutons are classiﬁed as high-K calc-alkaline granitoids

(KCG), with higher concentrations of K2O (1.62e5.71%) and lower

concentrations of CaO (0.24e9.28%) according to Barbarin (1999).

two rock populations in the Paez Quartz Monzodiorite, character-

izes this body as a composite pluton consisting of various magmatic

*Results from Bustamante et al., 2010.

6. U-Pb geochronology in zircon 2003).

Fig. 8. Cathodoluminescence images of zircons for the UMV plutons.

present day location and distribution of the plutonic and volcanic

7.1. Correlations with other Jurassic units in Colombia

We propose that Jurassic rocks in the UMV correlate with rocks

7.2. Evolution model minor stocks of predominantly monzogranitic composition. This

(2006), who interpret Jurassic magmatism in Colombia as having References

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