Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Describe and explain the hazards associated with earthquakes;
2. Identify and give examples of possible geologic hazards
associated with earthquakes;
3. Identify and classify the different types of hydrometeorological
hazards.
4. Evaluate their community for potential hazards induced by
extreme atmospheric and hydrologic conditions.
Natural Hazards
 Hazard
Any phenomenon that has the potential to
cause disruption or damage to humans and
their environment. Or an event or
occurrence that has the potential for
causing injury to life, property and
environment.
Disaster Risk Reduction Manual
 Natural Hazards?
1.A natural disaster (physical event)
◦ Volcanic eruption
◦ Earthquake
◦ Landslide
2.Human activity
◦ Ex: coastal settlement of populations
 Preparedness

Activities and measures taken in advance to

ensure effective response to the impact
of hazards, including the issuance of timely and
effective early warnings and the temporary
evacuation of people and property from
threatened locations.
Disaster Risk Reduction Manual
 Terms to Know

Hazard - a threat (natural or

human) that has the potential to
cause loss of life, injury, socio-
economic disruption or
environmental degradation.
 Terms to Know
Disaster - a major hazard that
causes widespread disruption with
significant demographic,
economic and environmental loss.
The affected community needs
outside help.
 Vulnerability
 Vulnerability = susceptibility to injury or attack

 Human vulnerability leads to financial, structural, and human

losses.

 Natural hazards only occur in inhabited areas

 A natural disaster in an uninhabited area has little tangible impact on
people

 Natural hazards are increasing because of…

 Population growth (more people)
 Urbanization (lots of people in small spaces)
 Alteration of the natural environment (manmade islands)
 Terms to Know

Risk - the probability of a hazard

event causing harmful
consequences.

Expected losses, death injury etc.

Geologic Processes and
Hazards
Earthquakes
Earthquake
The vibration of the Earth
produced by rapid release of
energy in any directions
through the seismic waves.
Why and where earthquakes
and occur?
 Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur along the
boundaries of the tectonic plates of
the earth’s crust.

When these plates come in contact

with each other, the pressure builds
up and an earthquake occurs.
What type of hazards can you
think of associated with an
earthquake?
 Earthquake Hazards
Ground shaking
Liquefaction
Landslides
Fire

Ground Rupture

Tsunami
Earthquake Hazards

Ground
shaking
- The destructive effects of
earthquakes
 Earthquake Hazards
- The deformation
on the ground that
marks the
intersection of the
fault plane with the
Ground Rupture Earth’s surface.
 Earthquake - A process where particles of
Hazards loosely consolidated and
Liquefaction water-saturated deposits of
fine sand are rearranged into
more compact site.
- The loss in volume and
underlying support results in
subsidence of the ground on
top and the sinking of any
structures above it.
Landslides
Caused by tremors surface
in which soil does not
maintain its stability.
Fire
Fire

The burning of combustible

materials due to explosive of
LPG tanks, electrical wirings
damaged and even falling of
electrical post and explosions
as well.
Damage to man-made structures
Damage to man-made structures, such as roads,
bridges, dams and buildings from ground motion
depends on the type of construction:

"Earthquakes don't kill people, buildings do". This quote is

from Seismologists who believe that human construction
and buildings crashing down during earthquakes are the
cause of most deaths.
 Volcanic
Eruptions
 Hawaii

What type of hazards can you think of

associated with a volcanic eruption?
 Volcanic Hazards
Pyroclastic flows

Ashfall

Lahars
Lava flow
 Hydrometeorological
Phenomena and Hazards
Tropical Cyclones
Monsoons
Floods

- land areas which are not

normally covered by water.
- Usually caused by a temporary
rise of the overflowing of a river,
stream or other water course.
Factors contribute to flooding
rainfall intensity- caused by slow-moving
1.

thunderstorm or heavy rain

2. duration – slow or fast rising, develop over a
period hours or days.
Floods Ways to controlled effectively
1. increasing the flow capacity of a river by
cleaning the channel of debris
2. construction of dikes
3. sandbagging
Damaging effects
1. loss of lives and property
2. damage infrastructure
3. loss of crops
4. communication and transportation cut offs
Tornadoes
 Marine and Coastal
Processes and their Effects
 Assignment
Research about the following topics:
a. Theory of special creation
b. Cosmozoic theory
c. Theory of spontaneous generation or ‘Abiogenesis’
d. Biogenesis Theory
e. Oparin’s Theory
f. Coacervation Theory
g. J.B.S Haldane’s Hypothesis
h. Urey-Miller hypothesis
i. Fossils (evidence of past life, significance and important fossils)
j. Geologic time scale (emergence of life forms)