Chapter 3-Lecture 2 PDF

Cantilever Beam supporting uniformly distributed
load as shown in fig. Draw its shear force and

bending moment diagrams
w Force/ unit length

MA x
A
x x
RA
L
R A  wL Vertically Upward
2
wL
MA  Anticlockwise direction
Mechanics of Solids 2 35
Shear force MA Mx
wx
Vx  R A  wx  0
V = -RA + wX
RA Vx
x
At x = 0 ; V = -RA = - wL
x=L ; V=0
Bending Moment
wx 2
Mx  MA  R Ax  0
2
At x = 0 ; Mx = -MA = - wL2/2
x = L ; Mx = 0
Mechanics of Solids 36
w Force/ unit length
MA
A
RA
L
0 Negative shear
wL Linear distribution
0
wL2 Hogging/
Parabolic Curve Negative BM
2
W kN
w kN/ length W = 1.5 kN
w= 1.5 kN/m
C B D
A
l (AC)= 1.5 m
l (CB)= 2.25m
l (BD)= 1.5m
SFY = 0 = RA + RB – W – w x 1.5 = 0
SMA = 0 = RB x 3.75 – W x 1.5 – w x 1.5 x 4.5 = 0
RA = 0.45 kN RB = 3.3 kN
1. Consider section x-x is taken in between
A and C (0 < x < 1.5)
Shear Force Bending Moment

Vx + RA = 0 Mx – RAx = 0
VA= - 0.45 kN At x= 0 ; MA= 0
VC= - 0.45 kN At x= 1.5m ; MC= 0.675 kNm
C and B (1.5 < x < 3.75)

Vx + RA – W = 0 Mx + W (x – 1.5) – RAx = 0
VC= 1.05 kN At x= 1.5m ; MC= 0.675 kNm
VB= 1.05 kN At x= 3.75m ; MB= - 1.6875 kNm
B and D (3.75 < x < 5.25)
Shear Force
Vx + RA + RB – W – w (x – 3.75) = 0
At x= 3.75m ; VB= - 2.25 kN
At x= 5.25m ; VD= 0
Bending Moment
Mx – RAX – RB (x – 3.75) + W (x- 1.5) + w (x – 3.75)2/ 2
At x= 3.75m ; MB= -1.6875 kNm
At x= 5.25m ; MD= 0 kNm
W kN
w kN/ length
A D
C B
1.05 kN
0 Shear Force
- 0.45 kN Diagram
- 2.25 kN
0.675 kNm
Bending Moment
0 Diagram
- 1.6875 kNm
Example 3.4
A beam is subjected to Varying distributed load.
Calculate internal forces and moments and draw
shear force and bending moment diagrams.
In given problem varying distributed load is given.
For calculating reactions at support the distributed
load has to be replaced by a single resultant force
at the location x. (Maximum intensity is w0 )
Fig.12 Example 3.4. A distributed loading is replaced
by its resultant.
The external supports RB and MB are now easily
obtained by applying the conditions of equilibrium.
It is not permissible to use the above resultant R to
calculate shear force and bending moments within
the beams.
We can, however, use general method to find the

internal forces and bending moments
(a)
(b)
(c)
At x= 0 ; V = 0
At x= L ; V = woL / 2
At x= 0 ; M = 0
At x= L ; M = - woL2 / 6
woL
Parabolic distribution 2 + ve Shear
Hogging
Cubic distribution
DIFFERENTIAL EQUILIBRIUM
RELATIONSHIPS
1. It is an alternative procedure for obtaining internal
forces and moments for the slender members
2. Instead of cutting a beam in two and applying the

equilibrium conditions to one of the segments, very
small differential element of the beam will be considered
3. The conditions of equilibrium combined with a limiting

conditions will lead us to differential equations connecting
the load, the shear force, and the bending moment
4. Integration of these relationships for particular
cases furnishes us with an alternative method for
evaluating shear forces and bending moments.
If the variation of q(x) is smooth and if Dx is very
small then R is very nearly given by q Dx and the
line of action of R will very nearly pass through the
midpoint ‘o’ of the element.
The conditions of equilibrium applied to Fig. 14c

are then
Integrating above equations with appropriate
conditions will give values of shear forces and
bending moments
Example 3.5
In Fig.15a a beam carrying a uniformly distributed load
of intensity q = - wo is supported by a pinned joint at A
and a roller support at B. We shall obtain shear-force
and bending-moment diagrams by integration of the
differential relationships (3.11) and (3.12).
RA = RB = wo L / 2
We have two boundary conditions available to find
C1 and C2.
External moments are absent at either end of the beam,
hence
M b= 0 at x = 0
M b= 0 at x = L
Inserting these boundary conditions values of C1 and
C2 yield
The shear force and bending moment are then
given by
The bending moment is maximum when the shear

force is zero.
Example 3.6
Consider the beam shown in Fig. 3.16a with simple
transverse supports at A and B and loaded with a
uniformly distributed load q = - w0 over a portion of the
length. It is desired to obtain the shear-force and
bending-moment diagrams.
Part AC
dV1 dM b1 dM b1
 wO  0 V  0   wO x  C1  0
dx dx dx
1
V1  wO x  C1 M b1  wO x 2  C1 x  C2
2
Part CB
dV2 dM b 2 dM b 2
0 V  0   C3  0
dx dx dx
V2  C3 M b 2  C3 x  C4
For 4 Constants i.e. C1, C2, C3 and C4 we need
to have 4 boundary conditions
At x = 0; MA = 0 At x = L; MB = 0
At x = a; V1 = V2 = VC and
Mb1 = Mb2 = MC
By applying these BC we get values of C1, C2,
C3 and C4 as follows
1 a 1 wO a 2
C1  wO a (  2) C3 
2 L 2 L
C2  0 1
C4  wO a 2
2
Part AC
1 1 a
1 a M b1  wO x  wO a(  2) x  0
2
V1  wO x  wO a (  2) 2 2 L
2 L
1 a 1 ( L  b) MA  0
VA  wO a(  2)   wO a
2 L 2 L
2
w a 1 2 b
VC  O M C  wO a ( )
2L 2 L
Part CB
1 wO a 2 1 1
V2   VC  VB M b2  wO a x  wO a 2
2
2 L 2L 2
1 b
Shear force will be M C  wO a 2 ( )
2 L
constant in betn C to B
MB  0
1 a
V1  wO x  wO a (  2)  0
2 L
a ( L  b)
x
2L
wO a 2 ( L  b) 2
M b max 
8 L2
Forces and Moments Transmitted by
Slender Members
SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS
 This is special mathematical tool to
handle discontinuous load functions
 Figure shows family of singularity
functions specially designed for this
purpose
fn  x   x  a
n
} = 0; if x < a
= (x – a)n; if x > a
 The function x – a0 is called unit step
starting at x = a.
 The function x – a1 is called unit ramp
starting at x = a.
02.09.2015 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Slender Members
 The first two members of the family shown in figure are
exceptional. To emphasize this, the exponent is written
below the bracket instead of above.
 The function x – a–1 is called unit concentrated load or unit
impulse function acting at x = a.
 The function x – a–2 is called unit concentrated moment or
unit doublet function acting at x = a.
 These functions are zero everywhere except at x = a where
they are infinite.
 They are, however, infinite in such a way that integration of
unit concentrated moment is unit concentrated load and
integration of unit concentrated load is unit step function.
Slender Members
 Integration law for unit step and unit ramp functions is
n1
x
xa

n
x  a dx  for n0
 n 1
 Integration law for unit concentrated load and unit

concentrated moment is
x
n 1

n
x  a dx  x  a for n0

Unit concentrated moment  xa 2

dx  x  a 1


0
Unit concentrated load xa 1
dx  x  a


Slender Members
Loading intensities represented by Singularity functions

SINGULARITY FUNCTION METHOD
f n ( x)  x  a  n
If x  a, the f n (x)  0
If x  a, the f n (x)   x  a  n
n 1
 xa 
x
 x  a  dx  n  1 n0
n
function  x  a   2
is called unit concentrated moment
function  x  a  1
is called unit concentrated load
function  x  a 0 is called unit step function
function  x  a 1 is called unit ramp function
Load intensity represented by sing. function
Solve the following example using singularity
function
a2
 M A  0  RB L  wO 2
C
a2
RB  wO
2L
a
 BM  0   R A L  wO a (
2
 b)
L2  b2
RA  wO
2L
q ( x )  q ( x )1  q ( x ) 2  q ( x ) 3  q ( x ) 4
q ( x)1  R A  x  1
q( x) 2  w0  x  0
q( x) 3  w0  x  a  0
q ( x) 4  R B  x  L  1
L2  b 2
VA   RA   wO
2L
a2
VC  wO
2L
a2
VB  wO
2L
MA  0
a 2b
M C  wO
2L
MB  0
1 a
V1  wO x  wO a (  2)  0
2 L
a ( L  b)
x
2L
wO a 2 ( L  b) 2
M b max 
8 L2
12kN
20kN Distance betn 20kN
A C D B forces is 0.6m
RA 20kN RB
l (AC)= l (CD)= l (DB)= 2m

R A  RB  12 kN
R B  6  12  4  20  0.6  0
R A  2kN
R B  10 kN
q ( x )  q ( x )1  q ( x ) 2  q ( x ) 3  q ( x ) 4
q ( x)1  R A  x  0  1  2  x  0  1
q( x) 2  M 0  x  2  2  12  x  2   2
q( x) 3  12  x  4  1
q ( x) 4  RB  x  6  1  10  x  6  1
x
V    q( x)dx
Mechanics of Solids  81
V  - [ 2  x  0  0  12  x  2  1
 12  x  4   10  x  6  ]
0 0
V for AC
VAC  - [ 2  x  0  ]  2 1  2kN
0
V for CD
VCD  - [ 2  x  0  ]  2 1  2kN
0
V for DB
VDB  - [ 2  x  0   12  x  4  ]
0 0
 2 1  12 1  10kN
x
M    Vdx

V  - [ 2  x  0  0  12  x  2  1
 12  x  4   10  x  6  0 ]
0
x
M     [2  x  0  0 12  x  2  1

 12  x  4   10  x  6  0 ]
0
M  [2  x  0   12  x  2  0
1
 12  x  4   10  x  6  ]
1 1
M for AC
M AC  2  x  0 1  2 x
MA 0 M C  4kNm
M for CD
M CD  2  x  0 1  12  x  2  0
M CD  2 x  12
M C  2  2  12  16kNm
M D  2  4  12  20 kNm
M for DB
M DB  2  x  0 1  12  x  2  0
 12  x  4 
1
M DB  2 x  12  12( x  4)
M D  2  4  12  20 kNm
M B  2  6  12  12  2  0
12kN
20kN
A C D B
RA 20kN RB
RB  P M b  Px 
PL
2
PL
MB  PL
2 M bA  
2
VA  VB   P PL
M bB 
2
0
SFD
-P
PL
2
BMD
0
PL

2
Exercise Problems
Find the values of shear force and bending
moment for the give beams. Draw the shear
force and bending moment diagrams. Use
the general method for analysis.
Ex. 1
Ex. 2
Ex. 3
Ex. 4
Ex. 5
Ex. 6
Ex. 7
Solve the Exercise problems 1- 7 using
singularity function method.
Solve the Exercise problems 2, 3, 6, and
7 using differential equilibrium
relationships. Ignore the values of point
loads and concentrated moments given in
those problems.
Note: The values of SF & BM for the problem solved by General
method and Singularity function method will be same. But values of
SF and BM of the problem solved by differential equilibrium method
will not be same as we are considering only uniform distributed loads
and neglecting the point loads and concentrated moments.

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Cantilever Beam supporting uniformly distributed

load as shown in fig. Draw its shear force and

w Force/ unit length

SMA = 0 = RB x 3.75 – W x 1.5 – w x 1.5 x 4.5 = 0

Shear Force Bending Moment

Shear Force Bending Moment

We can, however, use general method to find the

2. Instead of cutting a beam in two and applying the

3. The conditions of equilibrium combined with a limiting

The conditions of equilibrium applied to Fig. 14c

The bending moment is maximum when the shear

 Integration law for unit concentrated load and unit

Unit concentrated moment  xa 2

02.09.2015 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

02.09.2015 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

function  x  a 1 is called unit ramp function

l (AC)= l (CD)= l (DB)= 2m

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