San Francisco De Sales School

School Year 2020-2021

Introduction to the Philosophy

of the Human Person

Quarter 1- Module 1
Doing Philosophy

Ms. Raiza S. Cabrera

Teacher
 OVERVIEW

Hello dear learners! Welcome to this module on Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person. This module will help you understand the meaning and process of doing
philosophy of the human person as an embodied being in the world and the environment as a
means towards a holistic understanding of life. It contains activities that will help you reflects on
a concrete experience in a philosophical way and demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy
and evaluate opinion. The module is self – instructional and allows you to learn in your own
space, at your own pace. So, relax and enjoy learning.

The primary goal of this module is to help learners engaged in some simple activities to
have necessary skills and understanding and reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical
way.

At the end of this module, you will be able to reflect on your daily experiences from a
holistic point of view and acquires critical and analytical thinking skills so that you can apply
this critical and analytical thinking skills to the affairs of your daily life and should be able to
demonstrate a capacity for a critical and analytical reflection from the perspective of a holistic
and profound vision of life.

To achieve the objectives of this module, it is necessary to have completed the module
for you to fully understand the activities and discussions.

Specifically, this module consists of the following lessons:

 Lesson 1 – The Definition, Branches, and Importance of Philosophy
 Lesson 2 – Distinction of Holistic from Partial Perspective
 Lesson 3 – Recognize Human Activities that Emanated from Deliberate Reflection
 Lesson 4 – Realize the Value of Doing Philosophy in Obtaining a Broad Perspective on
Life
 LESSON 1
The Definition, Branches, and Importance of Philosophy

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

After going through this module, you are expected to understand the meaning and
process of doing philosophy, to:
1. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view
2. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life.
3. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective.

WHAT’S NEW?
Activity: Magkamukha Pero Di Magkatulad
Read and compare the statements below and state your observation. Answer the following
questions. Write your answer on your notebook.

Statement 1: Do you like to eat apples?

Statement 2: How do you like to eat apples?

Questions:
1. Are the statements having the same or related contents? Why?
2. Why do you think they are constructed differently?
3. Which question requires an explanation? Why?
4. What skills are developed in answering questions that require explanation?
5. Are questions important in seeking for truth? Why?

WHAT I KNOW?
Activity: Magtanong ay Di Biro
Look at the picture below. You are required to create 4 questions based or related to the picture.
Two (2) questions will start with “how” and two (2) will begin with “why” statements only.
Questions:
1. Explain your experience in making questions that starts with “how” and “why”
statements?
2. Why do we need to ask questions that require explanation?
3. When do we ask questions that requires explanation? Why?
4. How is knowledge possible through inquiry?
5. Do we need to ask question with a yes or no answers? Explain.

WHAT IS IN?
Activity: Describe Me, Please!
Write your answers on your notebook about the statements below:
1. What three (3) characteristics that you want to change?
2. What three (3) characteristics that you want to acquire?
3. What three (3) characteristics that you admire from others?

Questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. What difficulty did you experience in giving the required answers for all the
statements?
3. How does the process of questioning help you identify the needed answers?
4. Which question you found difficult to answer? Why?
5. How is previous knowledge can be bridged to what you learned today as far as
doing philosophy is concerned?

WHAT IS IT?
The term Philosophy came from two Greek words philo and sophia which means “to
love” and “wisdom”, respectively. Simply put, Philosophy means the love of reasoning making
wisdom as its primary goal. Technically, Philosophy is defined as the science that by natural
light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things.

To understand further the meaning of Philosophy, the following salient features of it must
be taken into consideration:

Philosophy is a science.
It is called as such because it is systematic and follows certain steps or procedures. In
short, it is an organized body of knowledge same as any other sciences.
It employs Natural Light of Reason.
This means that philosophical investigation does not use any laboratory instrument,
investigative tools nor supernatural approach. Philosophers use their natural thinking
capacity or use the so-called unaided reason.

Philosophy is Inclined to Study All Things.

Other sciences concern themselves with a particular object of investigation such as:
anthropology which deals with human beings in relation with the society; sociology
focuses on society, its forms, structures and functions; botany concentrates its attention
on plants; Philosophy may deal with human beings, society and plants among others. It is
this character that Philosophy is considered multidimensional or holistic.

Philosophy employs First Cause or Highest Principle.

Note that principle means a reason (or an explanation) from which something proceeds in
any manner whatsoever.

The fourth characteristic of Philosophy mentioned above is composed of the following:

A. Principle of Identity.
In simple terms, this principle means “everything is what it is”. What is not is not and
what is is. For example, a seed is a seed and will no longer be seed when it appears like
not a seed.

B. Principle of Non-Contradiction.
This principle states that it is an impossibility for a thing to be and not to be at the same
time at the same respect. For example, a seedling is different from a seed. If we say that a
seedling is a seed, then that seedling is a seed. They can never be both.

C. Principle of Excluded Middle.

This principle explains that everything must be “either be or not be” or “either is or is
not”. There is no middle ground thus the term “excluded middle”. For example, anger is
different from happiness. There is no such thing as mixture of anger and happiness.

D. Principle of Sufficient Reason.

This principle states that there is sufficient reason for the being and existence of
everything. Conversely, nothing exists without any reason at all. For example, to say that
something is unexplainable already gives a reason for it being unexplainable.

CATEGORIES OF QUESTIONS
1. Non-philosophical questions
- Questions which lead to factual answers
- Questions that are answerable by yes or no
Ex: “Where do you live?” requires a fact which is already known to the person asked. “I
live in Manila.”
2. Philosophical questions
- Questions which start with “how” and “why”
 - Questions that will lead to investigate, to explain, to determine, and to describe what
reality are.
Ex: “How do you like to eat apple?” This question can lead us to truth that could be
attain through explanation, to description, to identification and comparison.

We could entail the philosophy requires a question that would lead us to understanding,
identifying, describing the object being investigated. If you want to get a philosophical thought
you must create a philosophical question.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
A. Theoretical Branches
1. Epistemology
The sources and origins of knowledge and truth is important so this discipline that
discusses about the truth and knowledge obtained through senses, those formed in the
mind and those related to feelings.
2. Metaphysics
This pertains to the endeavor to know the existence of something beyond the physical
aspect or attribute of that something. This may render explanation about death,
purpose of man’s life, etc. Meta means beyond physical.
3. Theodicy
Questions about God and Spirits are some of the concerns that this branch is trying to
explain. This pertains to the questions and study about existence of God and His
nature.
4. Ontology
This is a branch of philosophy that deals with the study of the essence of reality.

B. Practical Branches
1. Ethics
The questions of right and wrong, morality and immorality belong to this discipline.
It is concerned about human conduct.
2. Aesthetics
This philosophy discusses about one’s perception and experience of beauty. This may
answer the questions on the standard or criteria or judgment of the aesthetic aspect of
a reality.
3. Axiology
It deals with the study of values and reasons including the science of morality which
is ethics.
 4. Logic
It talks about the principles underlying correct thinking. It is the study of the methods
and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.

WHAT’S MORE?
Activity: Saan Ka-Belong
You need to examine each quotation. Write PB if the message falls under one of the
philosophies of Practical Branch and TB id it is under one of the philosophies in Theoretical
Branch.
1. “God is never late, but on time.”
2. “Knowledge has a beginning but no end.”
3. “Beauty is not in the face; beauty is a light in the heart.”

WHAT I CAN DO?

Activity: Dugtungan Tayo
Complete the statements below based on your understanding of the various concepts in
philosophy as applied in real-life situations. State the branch of philosophy that is applied.
1. I believe in God because ………. (branch of philosophy)
2. I know there is heaven because ………. (branch of philosophy)
3. Killing someone is immoral because ………. (branch of philosophy)
4. We should act rightfully because ………. (branch of philosophy)
5. The values I learned from home are ………. (branch of philosophy)
6. I know that beauty ………. (branch of philosophy)

7. We must always use “po” and “opo” because ………. (branch of philosophy)
8. I know the field is wet because ………. (branch of philosophy)
9. We should preserve the beauty of our environment because ………. (branch of
philosophy)
10. True knowledge comes from experience because ………. (branch of philosophy)

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

Philosophy comes from the Greek words, “philo” which means love and “sophia”
which means wisdom. Thus, philosophy is literary defined as, “love of wisdom.
Only man can and needs to philosophize because of his uncertainties, which
manifest themselves as doubts. Therefore, we may say that philosophy begins and
ends with man.
 Since philosophy is a discipline that studies different facet of human existence in
search for truth, it is classified into two groups, such as, theoretical, and practical
branches. There are some philosophical disciplines that maintain their status as
merely theories and give emphasis on the exercise of the mind in reasoning and
explaining basic truth without concrete and empirical bases. Others are visibly
applied in day to day living hence, the term practical is applied to these branches of
philosophy.
To sum up, theoretical branches of philosophy are epistemology, metaphysics,
theodicy, and ontology. While practical branches are as follows: ethics, aesthetics,
axiology, and logic.

WHAT I CAN DO?

Activity: Reflection
Write a 5-paragraph personal insights about the given topic below.

“What Am I?”
 LESSON 2
DISTINCTION OF HOLISTIC FROM A PARTIAL PERSPECTIVE

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

Lesson 2 discusses the concepts of holistic and partial views of realities. The
importance of looking at reality in a more comprehensive way since the whole is greater
than the sum of its parts.

Objectives:
At the end of this module, students are expected to:
1. Demonstrate knowledge about holistic and a partial point of view.
2. Identify the importance of apart from the whole and vice versa.
3. Perform philosophical reflection to facilitate better understanding of the universal
and ideas.
4. Develop the skill of reflecting on a specific reality to better understand its essence in
general.

WHAT’S NEW?
Activity: Dugtungan Tayo
Direction: You need to study the relationship of figures from one another in each line, then
guess what comes next. Choose the letter of your answer from the choices opposite each
line.

A B C

Questions:
1. What is your basis in choosing the next figure?
2. Do you rely on your intuition in making a choice?
3. Do you consider the pattern and order of figures?
4. Would it be helpful to ask the opinion of others about the answer?
5. Did you find it difficult to make a choice?
WHAT I KNOW?
Activity: Penge ng Pizza
You need to draw a pizza including the toppings and the ingredients according to your
taste preference. Present your output and tell something about it.

Questions:
1. What is your favorite topping for a pizza?
2. Why do you like such topping?
3. When divided into portion, do you think each part of the pizza tastes the same?
4. How do you know that the ingredients are equally distributed in all parts of the
pizza?
5. Do you believe that the whole is not equal to the sum of each part?

WHAT’S IN?
Activity: Sabi nga Nila
Based on your background of the topic, determine if the statements are correct (write C) or
incorrect (write I). state your reason why the statement is incorrect.
_____1. A slice of pizza tastes salty, then the whole pizza tastes salty too.
_____2. The whole basketball court is covered, then each corner is shaded.
_____3. Several students participate actively, then the whole class is tagged as participative
during discussions.
_____4. The basketball team wins because every player has prepared for the game.
_____5. A store in Divisoria sells masks in a lower price, then all the stores there sell masks
in a lower price too.

WHAT IS IT?
Holistic thinking refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in
systems. A holistic perspective requires an individual to have an open mindset and ability
to get the general sense or impression regarding a situation.
Partial thinking focuses on specific aspects of a situation. The partial view is an
important component of analytical thinking, as an individual focuses on certain areas or
aspects of a problem to understand it.
In philosophy, point of view describes the perception of an event or phenomenon
and how exactly it is viewed. Point of view often is shaped by an individual's beliefs or
experiences. Though partial thinking is useful, philosophy utilizes holistic thinking in
making sense of problems and issues related to the human experience.
In Aristotle’s metaphysics, the whole is more than the sum of its parts. What do you
think is the reason why people are called human? Is it because they have hands? They have
feet, they have nose, they have eyes. Or is it because they could think? They have the ability
to reason or they have the ability to love? Or is it because all of these faculties and parts are
in human or constitute an organism called humans. A human person cannot be called if he
or she is only a hand or a foot, he or she is only a nose. He cannot be called human if he is
just thinking, you don’t see a walking brain at all. So, losing a part of a human also cannot
be the reason why a human being is not called a complete human being. Just like saying
that a piece of pizza tastes salty then we cannot conclude that the whole pizza could be
salty. However, if I say that the whole pizza is salty even the smallest part of the pizza is
salty. This is the concept of holism. The idea that all the properties of a given system cannot
be determined or explained by its component parts alone, but a system as a whole
determine in an important way how the parts behave. The relatedness of realities makes
people wonder about many things including truth and knowledge just like the hands are
related to the body and in fact there are parts of it, but they are not the body. That is how is
truth obtained. How is an objective truth possible? What is a universal and holistic truth in
connection to a subjective and particular truth?

Aristotle
- Born in 384 BC, in the town of Stageira, Macedonia
- His father was in a position to the royal court Philip of Macedonia
- He enrolled in Plato’s Academy, Plato was the professor of Aristotle
- Became a professor in the Academy until Plato died
- Married the niece of a local king
- Returned to Macedonia to become tutor to the heir to the throne who later
became Alexander the Great
- Therefore, Plato was the professor of Aristotle and Aristotle became the
professor of Alexander the Great
- He founded the school in Athens, called, De Laissero
- Made use of analogies to prove that the concept that the whole is more than the
sum of its part was correct
- He mentioned that “which is greater: the plant parts forming a whole bouquet,
or the disassembled bouquet laid out in rows as parts? The parts are the same,
the mass is the same, but one is a bouquet, the other one is not.”
- He further explained that clearly the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
WHAT’S MORE?
Activity: Isang Pirasong Kaalaman
You are required to write down a one-paragraph poem that describes a particular part of
your body. Do not mention the name of the body part instead share your poem and let
them guess what body part you are referring to.

Questions:
1. Why did you choose that part of your body?
2. How important is the part your referred to?
3. Do you think you can live without the said part?
4. Is the part equal to the sum of all parts of your body? Explain.
5. What is your realization about the significance of holistic perspective of your body?

WHAT I CAN DO?

Activity: Pa-Share Naman
Share your holistic point of view of the following items based on your experiences with
them.
HUMAN BEING

FAMILY

MARKET PLACE

SCHOOL

CHURCH

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

Concept of holism is the idea that all the properties of a given system cannot be
determined or explained by its component parts alone, but the system as a whole
determined in an important way how the parts behave.

Aristotle’s metaphysics states that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. This
was explained by Miosim in 2016 when he said that, “clearly, the whole is greater than the
sum of its parts, because as part of the whole, nerve cells, flower petals, and so on can do
things that they can’t do alone. Actually, as parts, nerve cells can’t do much of anything.”
 Whatever is known true universally is likewise considered true in specific
situations. If “All Filipinos are Asian” and Allen is a Filipino.” Therefore, “Allen is an Asian.”
This sample presumes the difference between a holistic perspective from a partial point of
view.

UNIVERSAL (TRUTH) If the family is known for UNIVERSAL (?)

their generosity, then, each
member contributes an
amount of kindness.

If a single member of the

family steals, we cannot
conclude that it is a family
of thieves.

PARTICULAR (TRUE) PARTICULAR (TRUE)

WHAT I CAN DO?

Write a 5-paragraph personal insights about the given topic below.

“My body parts are not equal to what I am.”

 LESSON 3
RECOGNIZE HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT EMANATED FROM DELIBERATE REFLECTION

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

Objectives:
At the end of this module, students are expected to:
1. Utilize the process of deliberate reflection based on one’s own experiences
2. Demonstrate ability to form sound judgment based on reflective decision-making
3. Identify the importance of deliberate reflection in finding objective truth
4. Perform philosophical reflection to facilitate better life choices
5. Develop reflective and critical thinking skills and abilities

WHAT’S NEW?
Activity: Sayang na Sayang Lang
Direction: You are required to write 3 decisions in the past that you have regretted. They
should be related to the following concepts:
A. Studies
B. Faith
C. Relationship with friend or family

Questions:
1. Why do you regret the decisions you have made?
2. If given the chance, will you choose to change your decisions?
3. What lesson did you learn from the process?
4. How did you correct or modify your wrong decision?
5. Do you usually ask someone to assist you in making a decision? Why?
WHAT I KNOW?
Activity: Mag Senti Tayo
Direction: You are tasked to think of a happy memory during your childhood while a soft
inspirational music is played.

Questions:
1. What is the important memory that you have thought of?
2. Who are the persons and what are the things or places involved?
3. If given a chance, would you go back and experience again the same event?
4. Is it important that once in a while we try to reminisce our past?
5. What can we get from reflecting on your past?

WHAT’S IN?
Activity: Nagsasalitang Anino
Direction: Think and create a shadow using your hands or other parts of the body. Put
appropriate and improvised sound effects on your output while presenting it.

Questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. What is the story behind the shadow?
3. How do you relate your experiences with the shadow you created?
4. Is the process of reflection important to life? How? Why?
5. How is the process of reflection improve your life?

WHAT IS IT?
Socrates’ Unexamined Life is Not Worth Living
In the article, “Philosophical Reflection Essay,” states that one of the major things
that distinguish man from other animals is his ability to ruminate or reflect. To be fully
conscious which means be fully aware and thoughtful. In a world where different belief
systems are flying around, man needs to test all things and hold on to that which is certain.

Reflection is an important activity that man should consider to be able to see the
deeper meaning of his life, his actions, and his decisions. The word “consciousness” does
not only pertain to what is happening “now” but to an in-depth awareness of the past that
helps shapes a more meaningful “now.” “Reflection is deliberate and structures thinking
about choices. It is an integral step to improving our practice.” (Sanders, 2018)
 The word consciousness does not only pertain to what is happening now but an in-
depth awareness of the past that helps shape a more meaningful. Reflection is also a
process of remembering. It is abstracting something good. Reflection can be achieved when
one is free to connect ideas and be able to produce new ones. The process of reflection
facilitates knowledge and innovation when done deliberately. An action is morale if it is not
controlled.
Philosophy is a reflective activity. Seeing the ultimate reason of philosophizing such
as searching for the ultimate causes of reality. The process of reflection heeds the similar
way in order to find meaning of man’s every action. Reflective activity is equal to
philosophizing.

Self-reflection should take the further backward steps of inspecting. These

assumptions and beliefs for internal coherence and consistency. By positioning questions
on how and why, they hold on various beliefs. The true meaning of which will be attained
to the student’s own life and to the society they belong.

WHAT’S MORE?
Activity: Larawang Kupas
Direction: Get a picture of each member of your family. Paste then on the tree tagged as
“My Family.” Give each member a comprehensive description including your experiences
with them.

My Family

WHAT I CAN DO?

Activity: Papalaki at Papaliit
Direction: Arrange the items according to the following orders.
A. From general to particular description/knowledge
Ex: Human, lady, Alice
1. Mt. Mayon, Volcano, Natural wonder
2. Camote, vegetable, root crop
3. Flower, Sampaguita, National Flower
4. Math teacher, teacher, Ms. Cipres
5. Herbal fruit, fruit, mangosteen
6. Tricycle, vehicle, three-wheeled vehicle
7. Corona virus, virus, microorganism
8. President, Government official, Duterte
9. Pacific Ocean, body of water, ocean
10. College student, Kevin, student

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

Reflection is an important activity that man should consider to be able to see the
deeper meaning of his life, his actions, and his decisions. The word, “consciousness”
does not only pertain to what is happening “now” but to an in-depth awareness of
the past that helps shape a more meaningful “now.” “Reflection is deliberate and
structured thinking about choices. It is an integral step to improve our practice.”
(Sanders. 2018)

Philosophy is a Reflective Activity

Seeing the ultimate reasons of philosophizing such as searching for the ultimate
causes of realities, the process of reflection heeds the similar way in order to find
meanings of man’s every action. Goldberg, (2018), knows that philosophy is a
reflective activity that invites students to make explicit their fundamental
assumptions and beliefs.

WHAT CAN I ACHIEVE?

Reflection: Write a 5-paragraph personal insight for the topic below:

“The Importance of Looking Back to Guide Me to What I Will Become.”

 LESSON 4
REALIZE THE VALUE OF DOING PHILOSOPHY
IN OBTAINING A BROAD PERSPECTIVE ON LIFE

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

Objectives:
At the end of this module, students are expected to:
1. Demonstrate understanding of the need for pleasure
2. Acknowledge that sacrifices is necessary to life
3. Differentiate the concepts of stoicism and hedonism
4. Perform philosophical reflection based on personal experiences to see the objective
point of view of reality
5. Determine how freedom is used in making rightful decisions

WHAT’S NEW
Activity: Ikaw ang Kabuuan Ko
Direction: You are tasked to complete the following sentences in order to create a
particular concept. Let other students guess what the concept is.

Example: Thought to guess: “Love”

A. Incomplete sentences Answer

1. This feeling………. This feeling makes me feel wonderful.
2. Sometimes I ………. Sometimes I am hurt because of it.
3. I am ………. I am blessed to feel this way.

B. Complete the sentences

1. I can ……….
 2. But I am not ……….
3. So, I ……….
What is the thought/concept? __________

C. Complete the sentences

1. I don’t forget ……….
2. It is very ……….
3. It makes me ……….
What is the thought/concept? __________
D. Complete the sentences
1. I learn to ……….
2. This is my dream ……….
3. Now I am good ……….
What is the thought/concept? __________

Questions:
1. How do you know if someone is not telling the whole truth?
2. Were you able to know the whole truth at one glance?
3. What are the ways to find out the whole truth?
4. How do you see the broad perspective of life?
5. How do you find happiness?

WHAT I KNOW?
Activity: “E, Kasi Bata”
Direction: You are required to think of a particular belief and the reasons for believing on
it.
Questions:
1. Do you find this belief helpful to you? How?
2. Is there as instance that you set aside your belief because you have found the truth?
Explain.
3. Did you find experiences change your perspective on your belief? How?
4. How do you correct your misconception because you find your belief to be
unreasonable?
5. Are you willing to accept other’s belief? Why?

WHAT’S IN?
Activity: Meron o Waley
Direction: You have to tell whether the statement is MERON (True) or WALEY (False).
Explain your answer if you choose WALEY.

1. A person can be infected by COVID through mosquitoes.

2. Handwashing technique is a good defense against Covid only.
3. COVID means Corona Virus Disease.
4. One of the symptoms of COVID is fever.
5. It is advised to take off your mask when talking in a crowded place.

Questions:
1. Does your background of the topic help you in making a choice?
2. How do you know about your knowledge of COVID?
3. How do you improve this knowledge for safety reasons?
4. Is your background of particular reality assist you to know the truth?
5. Do you believe that what you know is only part of the whole truth?

WHAT IS IT?
What is the purpose of philosophizing? Perhaps the questions remain the top
concerns of people who love to know the many facades of human existence. Maybe others
just wish to understand the essence of things and their reality or relationship to other
realities on how one understand a particular truth which will leads him to the discovery of
the whole truth just as life is not at all full of glory. But this reality is part of man’s existence
to be able to be called human life. Each happening and every struggle of man is what makes
his life more meaningful since they are the ingredients that make the dish more delicious
and complete.

HEDOISM
Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind,
and the only thing that is good for an individual. Hedonists, therefore, strive to maximize
their total pleasure (the net of any pleasure less any pain or suffering). They believe that
pleasure is the only good in life, and pain is the only evil, and our life's goal should be to
maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
The term "hedonism" is derived from the Greek "hedone" meaning simply
"pleasure". In common language, Hedonism has come to mean devotion to pleasure as a
way of life, especially to the pleasures of the senses.
 Some people see life in a perspective that gives significance to pleasure. They
believe life is too short. These are those people who believe that a body is composed of
matter even the soul.
Man has nothing to worry about when he dies because like his body, his soul may
likewise disintegrate too. Fear of final judgment is an uncommon concept in this
philosophy.

EPICURUS
- Born is Samos, Athens
- Founded a school of philosophy called Atomistic Materialism which was
influenced by Atomism of Democritus

Atomism states that the universe is composed of matter in the form of atoms in
motion in empty space. All physical bodies including human beings are the result of a
combination of atoms.

STOICISM
Views life which is not only a place where pleasure should reign at all time. But
beyond these sacrifices play an important aspect to make it more valuable. In the context of
Christianity, there are people who believe that human beings are composed of body and
soul. People who believe in this theory believes that when we die there is a final judgment.
It is better that sacrifices be part of the tradition or custom so that our soul is clean and
pure or have a cleansing of the soul. But this is not the final destination. The final
destination occurs after we die. That is the time you will be judged according to how you
live your life on earth. Sacrifice is very important in this philosophy.

EPICTETUS
- Most influential of all stoic philosophers
- Born in Hieropolis or Asia Minor about the middle of the 1 st century A.D.

Essentially, then, Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a

means of overcoming destructive emotions, in order to develop clear judgment and inner
calm and the ultimate goal of freedom from suffering.

WHAT’S MORE?
Activity: Parehas Tayo
Direction: You are tasked to create two sentences using the pair of words and share them
to the class.
1. Pain and glory
2. Success and failure
3. Joy and sadness
4. Right and wrong
5. Inner self and external self

WHAT I CAN DO?

Activity: Baligtaran
Direction: You need to choose the correct question for the given answer. Write the letter
that corresponds to your answer.
1. A belief that external factors have great influence on how man decides and acts.
a. What is philosophy?
b. What is Stocism?
c. How do you explain the concept of hedoism?
d. What is philosophizing?

2. Man has nothing to worry about when he dies because like his body, his soul may
likewise disintegrate too.
a. Which explains Stoicism?
b. Which concept speaks about hedoism?
c. How can you explain the idea of philosophizing?
d. How man considers life?

3. Epicurus
a. Who believe that man can be enslaved on the outside, “externally” (have one’s
body in chains) and free “internally” (be at peace with oneself in aloofness from
all pleasure and pain?
b. Who argues that, most people recognize that Stoicism excels in two areas of life
more than any other school of philosophy.
c. Who theories that the universe is composed of matter (in the form of Atoms) in
motion in empty space?
d. Who believes to the theory which is called “atomistic materialism?”
 4. Sacrifices play an important aspect to make life more valuable.
a. Which statement talks of stoicism?
b. Which philosophy pertains to man’s search for pleasure?
c. Which notion speaks of hedoism?
d. Which explains the idea of “atomic materialism?”

5. We have control over our thoughts and our will, but we do not have control over
external fortune.
a. Which statement speaks of Epictetus Stoic view of man?
b. What is dualism of mind (soul and body)?
c. Which statement talks of epicurianism?
d. Which notion speaks of hedoism?
e. How is the notion of hedoism work?

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind,
and the only thing that is good for an individual. They believe that pleasure is the
only good in life, and pain is the only evil, and our life's goal should be to maximize
pleasure and minimize pain.
Stoicism views life as not only a place where pleasure should reign at all time. But
man should also take sacrifices which plays an important aspect to make life more
valuable. In the context of Christianity, there are people who believe that human
beings are composed of body and soul.
Epicurus of philosophy Atomistic materialism was influenced by Democritus’
Atomism which states that the universe is composed of matter in the form of atoms
in motion in empty space.
Epictetus was the most influential of all stoic philosophers.

WHAT I CAN DO?

Reflection: Write a 5-paragraph personal insight for the topic below:

“What is pleasurable to my body is either good or harmful to my soul.”

Congratulations! You have completed your journey in this module. You did a great job!
It’s now time to go on to the next adventure…Good luck!