I-Internet

What is Internet?

The Internet is essentially a global network of computing resources.

You can think about the Internet as a physical collection of routers and
circuits as a set of shared resources or even as an attitude about
interconnecting and intercommunication. Some common definitions
given in the past include:

• A network of networks based on the TCP/IP communications

protocol.
• A community of people who use and develop those networks.
• A community of people who use and develop those networks.

Internet Based Services:

Some of the basic services available to Internet users are:

• Email: A fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with

other Internet users around the world.
• Telnet: Allows a user to log into a remote computer as though it
were a local system.
• FTP: Allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that can
be stored on a computer from one Internet-connected computer
to another.
• Usenetnews: A distributed bulletin board that offers a
combination news and discussion service on thousands of topics.
• World Wide Web (WWW): A hypertext interface to Internet
information resources.

What is WWW?

This stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World
Wide Web is : all the resources and users on the Internet that are
using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor

Tim Berners-Lee helped found, the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C):

The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible

information, an embodiment of human knowledge.

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging
information between computers on the Internet, tying them together
into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.

What is HTTP?

This stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol being
used to transfer hypertext documents thats makes the World World
Wide possible.

A standard web address such as http://www.yahoo.com/ is called a

URL and here the prefix http indicates its protocol

What is URL?

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify

addresses on the World Wide Web. A URL is the fundamental network
identification for any resource connected to the web (e.g., hypertext
pages, images, and sound files).

A URL will have the following format:

protocol://hostname/other_information

The protocol specifies how information from the link is transferred. The
protocol used for web resources is HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Other protocols compatible with most web browsers include FTP,
telnet, newsgroups, and Gopher.

The protocol is followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the domain
name. The domain name is the computer on which the resource is
located.

Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after

the domain name. The directory names are separated by single
forward slashes.

What is Website?

Currently you are on our website http://www.tutorialspoint.com which

is a collection of various pages written in HTML markup language. This
is a location on the web where people can find tutorials on latest
technologies. Similar way there are millions of websites available on
the web.

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

Each page available on the Website is called a web page and first page
of any web site is called home page for that site.

What is Web Server?

Every Web site sits on a computer known as a Web server. This server
is always connected to the internet. Every Web server that is
connected to the Internet is given a unique address made up of a
series of four numbers between 0 and 256 separated by periods.for
example, 68.178.157.132 ro 68.122.35.127.

When you register a Web address, also known as a domain name,

such as tutorialspoint.com you have to specify the IP address of the
Web server that will host the site.

We will see different type of Web servers in a separate chapter.

What is Web Browser?

Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web
you need a web browsers, such as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft
Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.

Currently you must be using any sort of Web browser while you are
naviating through my site tutorialspoint.com. On the Web, when you
navigate through pages of information this is commonly known as
browsing or surfing.

We will see different type of Web browsers in a separate chapter.

What is SMTP Server?

This stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Server. This server takes
care of delivering emails from one server to another server. When you
send an email to an email address, it is delivered to its recipient by a
SMTP Server.

What is ISP?

This stands for Internet Service Provider. They are the companies who
provide you service in terms of internet connection to connect to the
internet.

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

You will buy space on a Web Server from any Internet Service
Provider. This space will be used to host your Web site.

What is HTML?

This stands for HyperText Markup Language. This is the language in

which we write web pages for any Website. Even the page you are
reading right now is written in HTML.

This is a subset of Standard Generalized Mark-Up Language (SGML) for

electronic publishing, the specific standard used for the World Wide
Web.

What is Hyperlink?

A hyperlink or simply a link is a selectable element in an electronic

document that serves as an access point to other electronic resources.
Typically, you click the hyperlink to access the linked resource.
Familiar hyperlinks include buttons, icons, image maps, and clickable
text links.

What is W3C?

This stands for World Wide Web Consortium which is an international

consortium of companies involved with the Internet and the Web.

The W3C was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the original architect of the World
Wide Web. The organization's purpose is to develop open standards so that the Web
evolves in a single direction rather than being splintered among competing factions. The
W3C is the chief standards Anonymous FTP (Anonymous File Transfer Protocol)
The procedure of connecting to a remote computer, as an anonymous or
guest user, in order to transfer public files back to your local computer.
(See also: FTP and Protocols)
supports mail, mailing lists, and file transfer. Now merging with CSNET
and running the RSCS protocol over TCP/IP protocol (BITNET II), the
network will be called Computer Research and Education Network
(CREN).
Browser
A program which sends requests for information across the Internet and
displays the information when it is received. See also Web client program.
Client
A computer that has access to services over a computer network. The
computer providing the services is a server.
DNS (Domain Name System)

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

 The Internet naming scheme which consists of a hierarchical sequence of
names, from the most specific to the most general (left to right), separated
by dots, for example strong>uoft02.utoledo.edu, baddog.sp.utoledo.edu,
or nic.ddn.mil. (See also: IP address)
Downloading
The electronic transfer of information from one computer to another. On
the Internet, downloading is most generally from a remote host computer
(of unknown type or size) to your local microcomputer.
E-Mail (electronic mail)
A system that enables the exchange of messages between network users
or groups of network users.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
This is the acronym for Frequently Asked Questions. FAQs are a common
feature on the Internet. As the name indicates, they are files of answers to
commonly asked questions. Read FAQs before wasting electrons asking
obvious questions. Saves you from receiving flames.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

The File Transfer Protocol allows a user to transfer files electronically from
remote computers back to the user's computer. Part of the
TCP/IP/TELNET software suite.
Home Page
A hypertext document which is intended as the primary starting point for
exploring the World Wide Web. The content of a particular home page
depends upon its author and its intended use.
Host Computer
In the context of networks, a computer that directly provides service to a
user. In contrast to a network server, which provides services to a user
through an intermediary host computer.
http (hypertext teleprocessing protocol)
The method used to access an information resource (document) on the
World Wide Web which was created using HTML.
Hyperlink
A text or image link to addional information resources. Usually activated
by clicking the mouse pointer on the text or image itself.
Hypertext
Text on an HTML document which has been organized to provide links
between other elements of the same document or other documents on the
World Wide Web. Selecting a hypertext link (usually by clicking the mouse
pointer on the text itself) will summon up additional information.
Links
These are the hypertext connections between Web pages. This is a
synonym for hotlinks or hyperlinks.
Search Engine

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

 This term refers to a program that helps users find information in text-
oriented databases.
Shareware
Computer software (usually for the microcomputer), distributed through
public domain channels (you can give away copies), for which the author
of the software expects to receive compensation (if you use it, you are
expected to send in some money).
A portion of the TCP/IP suite of software protocols that handles terminals.
Among other functions, it allows a user to log in to a remote computer
from the user's local computer.

Webmaster
This term is often used to refer to the person in charge of administrating a
World Wide Web site.
Web Browser
A program which uses a graphical approach to finding and displaying the
information on the Internet.
World Wide Web (WWW)
A hypertext-based, distributed information system in which users may
create, edit, and browse hypertext documents. Also called W3 or simply
"the Web."

Web - How it works?

On the simplest level, the Web physically consists of following
components:

• Your personal computer - This is the PC at which you sit to

see the web.
• A Web browser - A software installed on your PC which helps
you to browse the Web.
• An internet connection - This is provided by an ISP and
connects you to the internet to reach to any Web site.
• A Web server - This is the computer on which a web site is
hosted.
• Routers & Switches - They are the combination of software
and hardware who take your request and pass to appropriate
Web server.

The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the

client and the remote computers that store electronic files are the
servers.

Here's how web works:

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

When you enter something like http://www.google.com, the request
goes to one of many special computers on the Internet known as
Domain Name Servers (DNS). All these requests are routed through
various routers and switches. The domain name servers keep tables of
machine names and their IP addresses, so when you type in
http://www.google.com, it gets translated into a number, which
identifies the computers that serve the Google Web site to you.

When you want to view any page on the Web, you must initiate the
activity by requesting a page using your browser. The browser asks a
domain name server to translate the domain name you requested into
an IP address. The browser then sends a request to that server for the
page you want, using a standard called Hypertext Transfer Protocol or
HTTP.

The server should constantly be connected to the Internet.ready to

serve pages to visitors. When it receives a request, it looks for the
requested document and returns it to the Web browser. When a
request is made, the server usually logs the client's IP address, the
document requested, and the date and time it was requested. This
information varies server to server.

An average Web page actually requires the Web browser to request

more than one file from the Web server and not just the HTML /
XHTML page, but also any images, style sheets, and other resources
used in the web page. Each of these files including the main page
needs a URL to identify each item. Then each item is sent by the Web
server to the Web browser and Web browser collects all this
information and displays them in the form of Web page.

In short:

We have seen how a Web client - server interaction happens. We can

summaries these steps as follows:

• A user enters a URL into a browser (for example,

http://www.google.com). This request is passed to a domain
name server.
• The domain name server returns an IP address for the server
that hosts the Web site (for example, 68.178.157.132).
• The browser requests the page from the Web server using the IP
address specified by the domain name server.
• The Web server returns the page to the IP address specified by
the browser requesting the page. The page may also contain

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

 links to other files on the same server, such as images, which
the browser will also request.
• The browser collects all the information and displays to your
computer in the form of Web page.

II-Website Planning

When you decide to have a website for your business or personal

interest there are a number of things you have to consider before
you start actually building your website.
For the typical web sites, the basic aspects of design are:

The content: The substance and information on the site should be

relevant to the site and should target the area of the public that
the website is concerned with.
The usability: the site should be user-friendly, with the interface and
navigation simple and reliable.

The appearance: the graphics and text should include a single style
that flows throughout, to show consistency. The style should be
professional, appealing and relevant.
The structure: of the web site as a whole.

Website planning has various steps:

Purpose of Website

Why are your building this site?

The first step of website planning should be deciding on the purpose
of the website.

Determine what it is that you wish to accomplish with the website.

Taking the time to clearly define the purpose of the website will affect
how successfully you reach the goals you set for the project.

Determine Target Audience

What is your target audience?

Ask yourself, "Who is going to be looking at my site?"

Now ask, "What technologies will your visitors have?"

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

When planning a website you need to assess what the target audience
will be, what technologies their systems will have and what their
computer experience before you can decide on your website
technologies.
Determing your target audience during the website planning stage
will give you a wealth of information that can be used as the
website is further developed. This information can be used when
deciding on which website technologies to incorporate, the type of
website features you need and what the target audience is looking
for.

Website Technical Considerations

Ask yourself, "What technologies do I need?"
The website technologies you will require will depend on the type of
website you are building and what type of audience you have
decided to target and accommodate.
Have your list of website technologies required ready before you move
to the next step, securing hosting.

Website Hosting Costs

Website hosting costs influenced by website planning.

Your hosting costs are influenced by all of the above. When planning
a website be sure that the web host has room to grow with your
site.
Are there features included with a slightly more expensive hosting
package that you will need in the future?

Website Budget
Ask yourself, "What is my budget?"

When planning a website, budget can be a determining factor as to

what features the website will have.
Seriously assessing what you can do yourself and what you need help
with will affect the website budget

Website Structure
The structure of your site is composed of the different sections of
your website and navigation within those sections. It is the
framework that shapes your site and defines your navigation

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

 scheme. If you develop a sound website structure everything else
will fall into place.

Basic website structure

As the diagram below shows a website is composed of three main

areas: The homepage, the main sections and the subsections

The structure of a website is like the skeleton or nervous system

in the human body. Every joint or synapse is connected together
into a network of mechanical or electrical links, which in turn
makes us who and what we are.

So should a website be connected through a network of links into

something that provides form and function to your site. The
website basic layout shown below is a simplified example of such
a network.

Example Layout of a Basic Website

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

Navigation and website structure
The key to the success of your website's structure is the ease with
which your visitors can navigate the site. A general rule of thumb
is that it should take no more than three clicks for a visitor to find
what they are looking for.

In the example above there are three tiers of content which can be
accessed in two clicks. From the homepage to the main sections
(click 1) and then to the subsections (click 2) is a simple and
intuitive path.
If necessary you can add a third tier of data but more than that will
not only begin to confuse your visitors but also impedes the deep
access of search engine spiders.

III-HTML

What is an HTML File?

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

• An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags
• The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page
• An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension
• An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor

HTML Tags

• HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements

• HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >
• The surrounding characters are called angle brackets
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end
tag
• The text between the start and end tags is the element content
• HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as
<B>

Basic HTML Tags

The most important tags in HTML are tags that define headings,
paragraphs and line breaks.

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

The best way to learn HTML is to work with examples. We have
created a very nice HTML editor for you. With this editor, you
can edit the HTML source code if you like, and click on a test
button to view the result.

Headings

Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the
largest heading. <h6> defines the smallest heading.

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
<h4>This is a heading</h4>
<h5>This is a heading</h5>
<h6>This is a heading</h6>

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a

heading.

Paragraphs

Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a

paragraph.

Line Breaks

The <br> tag is used when you want to end a line, but don't want to
start a new paragraph. The <br> tag forces a line break wherever you
place it.

<p>This <br> is a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag. It has no closing tag.

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

When you write HTML text, you can never be sure how the text is
displayed in another browser. Some people have large computer

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

displays, some have small. The text will be reformatted every time the
user resizes his window. Never try to format the text in your editor by
adding empty lines and spaces to the text.

HTML will truncate the spaces in your text. Any number of spaces
counts as one. Some extra information: In HTML a new line counts as
one space.

Using empty paragraphs <p> to insert blank lines is a bad habit. Use
the <br> tag instead. (But don't use the <br> tag to create lists. Wait
until you have learned about HTML lists.)

You might have noticed that paragraphs can be written without the
closing tag </p>. Don't rely on it. The next version of HTML will not
allow you to skip ANY closing tags.

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after some
elements, like before and after a paragraph, and before and after a
heading.

We use a horizontal rule (the <hr> tag), to separate the sections in

our tutorials.

Here are some of the more common tags and what they mean

Basic Formatting Tags

- <b>bold</b>
- <strong>strong</strong> (usually bold)
- <u>underlined</ul>
- <i>italics</i>
- <em>emphasis</em> (usually italics)
- <strike>strike through</strike>
- <center>This centers text on the page</center>
- <tt>teletype text</tt> (typewriter text)
- <blockquotes>blockquotes</blockquotes> (how this looks will
depend on your CSS template but it usually indents your paragraph)

Links

- Basic Link <a href=”url”>link title</a> (where ‘url’ is the page you
want to link to and ‘link title’ is the word/s that you want the link to
say.
- Email Link <a href=”mailto:EMAIL”></a> (where ‘EMAIL’ is the
email address you want to be a link).

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

Heading Tags (vary according to CSS)

- <h1>An important heading</h1>

- <h2>A slightly less important heading</h2>
- <h3>A less important heading again</h3>
- <h6>The smallest heading</h6>

Image Tags

- Basic Image tag – <img src=”url”> (where url = the url of the
image you want to show)
- Image with sizing <img src=”url” width=”200″ height=”150″>
- Align image left – <img src=”name” align=left> (substitute ‘left’

Unordered Lists (usually bullet point type lists)

<ul>
<li>the first list item</li>
<li>the second list item</li>
<li>the third list item</li>
</ul>

Ordered Lists (usually numbered lists)

<ol>
<li>the first list item</li>
<li>the second list item</li>
<li>the third list item</li>
</ol>

HTML Tables

Tables are defined with the <table> tag.

A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is
divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). td stands for "table data,"
and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain text,
links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Table Example
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Tables and the Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed

without borders. Sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time,
we want the borders to show.

To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

HTML Table Headers

Header information in a table are defined with the <th> tag.

The text in a th element will be bold and centered.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples

<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Header 1 Header 2
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

You can refer www.w3schools.com for further notes and examples