Gordon College: Republic of The Philippines City of Olongapo

Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, East Tapinac, Olongapo City
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
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U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e S el f .
T h i s L e a r n i n g M o d u l e i s E x c l u s i v el y f o r G o r d o n C o l l eg e
I t i s n o t f o r s a l e .
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
College of Education Arts and Sciences

Program :
COURSE CODE : GEC 01
COURSE TITLE : Understanding the Self
Course Description:
The course deals with the nature of identity, as well as the factors and forces that affects
the development and maintenance of personal identity.
The directive to know oneself has inspired countless and varied ways to comply. Among
the questions that everyone has had to grapple with at one time or other is “Who am I?” at no other
period is this question asked more urgently than in adolescence – traditionally believed to be a
time of vulnerability and great possibilities. Issues of Self and Identity are among the most critical
for the young
This course is intended to facilitate the exploration of the issues and concerns regarding
self and identity to arrive at a better understanding of one’s self. It strives to meet this goal by
stressing the integration of the personal with the academic contextualizing matters discuss in the
classroom and in the everyday experiences of students – making for better learning, generating a
new appreciation for the learning process, and developing a more critical and reflective attitude
while enabling them to manage and improve their selves to attain a better quality of life.
This course is divided into three major parts. The first part seeks to understand the
constructs of the self from the various disciplinal perspectives: philosophy, sociology,
anthropology and psychology – as well as the more traditional division between east and west –
each seeking to provide answers to difficult but essential question of “What is Self” and raising,
among others, the question “is there even a constructs as the self?”
The second part explores some of the various aspects that make up the self, such as the
biological and material up to and including the more recent Digital Self. The third and final part
identifies three areas of concern for young students: learning, goal setting and managing stress. It
also provides for the more practical application of the concepts discussed in this course and enables
them the hands-on experience of developing self-help plans for self-regulated learning, goal setting
and self-care.
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Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the course, the students will be able to:
The Self from Various Perspectives
1. Discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various
disciplinal perspectives
2. Compare and Contrast how the Self has been represented across different disciplines and
perspectives
3. Examine the different influences, Factors and forces that shape the self
4. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of one’s self and
identity by developing a theory of the Self
Unpacking the Self
5. Explore the different aspects of self and identity
6. Demonstrate critical, reflective thought in integrating the various aspects of self and
identity
7. Identify the different forces and institutions that impact the development of various aspects
of self and identity
8. Examine one’s self against the different aspects of self
Managing and Caring for the Self
9. Understand the theoretical underpinnings for how to manage and care for the different
aspects of the Self
10. Acquire the hone new skills and learnings for the better managing of one’s Self and
Behavior
11. Apply these new skills to one’s self and functioning for a better quality of life
Grading Rubric
Needs
Wow! Marvelous Satisfactory
Criteria Improvement
4 3 2 1
1. Content of All task were All task were All task were All task were
Learning Tasks done with done with high done with done but needs
outstanding quality acceptable improvement
quality and quality
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exceeds
expectation
2.Completion All activities Activities were Activities were Activities were
were answered answered not answered not answered
in depth and completely. completely
complete
3. Creativity Work Work generally Work somewhat Work
exceptionally unique, detailed unique, detailed occacionally
unique, detailed and interesting. and interesting. unique, detailed
and interesting. Explores some Shows minimal and interesting.
Explores difference difference No creativity
several options and options and shown in the
difference takes many takes many activities
options and creative risks. creative risks
takes many
creative risks.
4. Critical Enhances the Some critical Respond to Does not
Thinking critical thinking thinking and questions but respond to
process reflection are does not engage questions in the
consistently demonstrated in in premise activities
through the activities reflection
reflection in the
activities
5.Submission Submitted Submitted on Submitted a day Submitted two
before the the deadline after the days or more
deadline deadline after the
deadline
Comments/s Over-all Score Rating Based
on
Transmutation
Score 20 19-18 17 16 15 14 13-12 11 10 9-8 7 below

Transmutation 99 96 93 90 87 84 81 78 75 72 71
A. Course Outline
Teaching Learning
Module Number Learning Topics and Key
Weeks and Tasks
and Title Objective Concepts
Learning
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Materials
and
Resources
1–9 UNIT 1: a. Discuss the
The Self From different
Various representation
Perspectives of the self from
various
disciplinal
1 Lesson 1: perspectives What the course Copy of Activity 1
Introduction is all about Module
Week b. Examine the Essential vs.
influences, Accidental Copy of
factors and Properties Activity
forces that Fungibility Sheet
shapes the self
2-4 Lesson 2: c. Compare Philosophy: Activity

Philosophical and Contrast Socrates, Plato, 2.1
Perspective of how the Self St. Augustine of Activity
the Self has been Hippo, Descartes, 2.2
represented Locke, Hume, Activity
across the Churchland, 2.3
different Merleau-Ponty Application
disciples and
perspectives
5-6 Lesson 3: Sociology: Self as
Sociological product of
Perspective of modern society
the Self among other Activity
constructions 3.1
Activity
Mead and Social 3.2
Self
7 Lesson 4:
Anthropological Anthropology:
Perspective of the self and
The Self person in
contemporary
anthropology Activity 4
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Application
The Self
embedded in
culture
8-9 Lesson 5
Psychological
Perspective of
the Self The Self as a
Cognitive
Construction: Activity
Me-self and I-self 5.1
Real and Ideal Activity
Self 5.2
Multiple vs. Activity
Unified Self 5.3
True Self vs. Application
False Self
Moving On
Midterms
Portfolio
10 Midterm Examination
Unit 2: a. Explore the
Unpacking the different
Self aspects of the
self and
Lesson 1: identity
The Physical The Self Copy of Activity 1
Self b. Demonstrate impacted by the Module Application
critical, body
reflective Copy of
thought in The impact of Activity
11 - 14
integrating the culture on body Sheet
various aspects image and self-
of self and esteem: the
identity importance of
beauty
c. Identify the
Lesson 2: different forces
Sexual Self and institutions Activity 2
that impact the Development of Activity
development Sex 2.1
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of various Characteristics Application

aspects of self and the human
and identity reproductive
system
d. Examine Erogenous Zone
one’s self Human Sexual
against the Response
different Basic biology of
aspects of self sexual behavior
Psychological
Lesson 3: Aspect of Sex
Economic Self/ Activity 3
Material Self Application
I shop therefore I
am, I have
therefore I am
Shaping the way
we see ourselves:
the role of
Lesson 4: consumer culture
Digital Self on our sense of Activity 4
self and identity. Application
I, Me, Myself and

my user ID online
Selective Self
presentation and
impression
management Moving On
Impact of online
interactions on
the self
Boundaries of the
Self online
Unit 3: a. Understand
Managing and the theoretical
15 - 17 Caring for the underpinnings
Self for how to
(Week 15 – 17) manage and
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care for
different
aspects of the
Lesson 1: self What happens Copy of Activity 1
Learning to be a during learning Module Application
better Student b. Acquire and Brain behavior
hone new skills changes Copy of
and learnings Metacognition Activity
for better and study Sheet
managing of strategies
one’s self and Managing your
behaviors own learning:
Self-regulated
c. Apply these Learning
new skills to
Lesson 2: one’s self and Activity 2
Setting Goals for functioning for Application
Success a better quality The importance
of life of goals
Bandura’s Self-
Efficacy
Dweck’s Mindset
Locke’s Goal
Theory
Lesson 3: Activity 3
Taking Charge Application
of one’s Health
Stressors and
responses
Sources of coping
and strength Moving
Stress and On!
Filipinos: The
Social and Finals
Cultural Portfolio
Dimensions of
stress
The need for
Self-Care and
Compassion
18 Final Examination
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UNIT 1:
The Self From
Various
Perspectives
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Table of Contents
Lesson 1: Introduction to the course … Page 10
Lesson 2.1: Philosophical perspective of the Self - Ancient Philosophy … Page 16
Lesson 2.2: Philosophical perspective of the Self: Modern Philosophy … Page 20
Lesson 2.3: Philosophical perspective of the Self: Contemporary Philosophy … Page 24
Lesson 3.1: Sociological perspective of the Self: Background … Page 30
Lesson 3.2: Sociological Perspective of the Self: Mead and the Social Self … Page 35
Lesson 4: Anthropological Perspective of the Self: Me and my Culture … Page 39
Lesson 5.1: Psychological Perspective of the Self: Background … Page 46
Lesson 5.2: Psychological Perspective of the Self: Unity of Self … Page 53
Lesson 5.3: Psychological Perspective of the Self: Self or Selves? … Page 65
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Lesson 1: Introduction to the course

Module No. 1.1
I. Introduction
Knowing oneself is critical to being an effective team member as well as being successful
in life, work, and relationships. Your personal identity influences everything you do, and it changes
and evolves over time. The purpose of this module is to help you deepen your understanding and
appreciation for who you are as a person. You will explore how you see yourself through the lenses
of personal identity, your skills and talents, roles, values, personal core, and how you meet your
psychological needs. You will also examine how you respond to the pressures of changes and
transitions in your life.
II. Learning Objectives
After studying this module, you should be able to:

1. Have an idea what the course is all about
2. Understand identity through essential and accidental properties
3. Understand how change affects identity and its persistence
III. Topics and Key Concepts
You and I are going into a journey! A brief exploration of the world (YOUR WORLD). In
an effort to figure out what gives it meaning, what makes you who you are, where did my “self”
come from and ultimately, what is the nature of reality itself. Along the way, we are going to
question every aspect of your own personal life. Why do you do what you do, why do you think
what you think and why do you feel what you feel?
Science helped us understand the biological processes to how we act, think and feel, but in
this particular journey, we are going to dwell on aspects of the human conditions that cannot be
merely explained by neurotransmitters, hormones or hereditary means. Because all those
chemicals and predispositions can raise as much questions as they can answer. For example, if all
of my experiences are just a result of physiological reactions flowing inside my brain, then are any
of my choices actually free? If I am not truly free to make my own decisions, or choose my own
actions, then how can I be held accountable for them?
Rather than looking at your world and describing what you see, we will be evaluating it.
We will try to set our assumptions aside or at least try really hard to and do our best to see your
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world as if you have never seen it before. For what it is worth we will also talk about Apples,
Batman and Evil Mad Scientists on what they can teach us about the concept of Identity.
Bingbong bought a lump of clay and named it Klay. He then proceeded to knead,
Palaisipan! molded and formed a statue, which he named Emilio. Are Klay and Emilio
Identical?
Our perception might say yes because they are composed exactly the same amount of physical
property. The lump of clay has been manipulated but still there is no part of Klay that is part of
Emilio and no part of Emilio is not Klay. If we wreck the statue and smash it into a big piece of
blob, Emilio is gone because part of what it means to be Emilio is its shape but Klay being a lump
which does not have a set shape will remain after Emilio was destroyed.
So how can Emilio and Klay be identical if one can exist while the other does not?
One way to explain and make sense of what an identity is and explain how it endures itself
over time is to make a distinction between essential and accidental properties. Essential Properties
are the core elements needed for a thing to be the thing that it is. Accidental Properties are traits
that could be taken away from an object without making it a different thing.
Think about a dog, remove its tail, clip its ears and have its mouth covered for it not to bark
you still have a dog. Those are accidental properties which are easier to distinguish but it can be
tough to find its essential properties, the things that if were absent would make the dog not a dog
anymore. The more things that are changed the harder it can be to determine its identity.
A tree can lose its leaves and still be a tree but if you cut the tree and make it into a bunch
of yellow pad papers is it still a tree? And if not, at what point did it lose its “tree-ness”? is it when
it was cut down and turned into a non-living thing? Maybe, but isn’t a dead tree still a tree? Or did
it happen when it was cut into pieces or when it was grounded into a pulp? The tree stopped being
a tree when its essential properties was lost but when exactly it happened depends on your
perspective.
Though it is amusing to think whether what a lump of clay endures over time or what makes
a tree a tree, how does all these things affect your life and why should you care? Well if object is
important to you then you would want to know if you have the same object that you think you
have. When it comes to tangible stuff, we tend to value Persistent Identity.
If you loaned a 100-peso bill from your friend to buy yourself lunch at the mall and
withdrew a 100-peso bill from the bank on your way back to pay back what you loaned from your
friend, is it identical to the money you had before lunch? If your friend broke your glasses which
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your late grandmother gave you and replaced it with the exact same brand-new one, is it the same
one?
Fungibility is the property of being interchangeable with other objects of the same kind.
Most people think that money is fungible because it is just a place-holder for the value it represents
and the value is what we really care about while the abstract idea connected behind the glasses is
personal which makes discerning the essential properties subjective. In this case, what is applicable
to object can also be applied to the Self. There are certain properties of what makes you who you
are, some that are just a figment of your Self and that there are a lot of factors which causes changes
on it over time.
In this course we are going to discuss what the Self is, what are the different components
of the Self and why it is important. We are going to accomplish that by discussing the different
perspective of the Self, explore the different aspects of the Self and identity how to properly
manage and take care of the Self.
IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources
1. PDF Copy of the Module
2. Soft copy of the Learning Task (Picture of written or printed output/ Answered Word
Document)
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V. Learning Task
Name: ______________________________________________
Course and Year: ____________________________
Schedule: _________________________________
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VI. Reference
Alata E.J et al. (2018) Understanding the Self (1st Edition). Rex Publisher
Robertson (2018) "Essential vs. Accidental Properties", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/essential-accidental
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Philosophical Perspective of the Self - Ancient Philosophy

Module 2.1:
I. Introduction
In August 10, 1519, an expedition began led by Ferdinand Magellan to circumnavigate the
world. Victoria, the ship named by Magellan, was the only ship that successfully completed the
voyage. During its journey, it endured and encountered many dangers. Storms ravaged its sails,
the floorboards gradually gave way and had to be replaced. Eventually, even the crew members
were changed due to passing away or liking the islands and stayed behind or the others were
refugees from the other ships that were wrecked or scuffled along the way. More and more part of
the ship was changed until finally it was able to complete the excursion on September 6, 1522.
Now here is the question, when the ship finally returned to Europe was it the same ship
that left? We are going to figure out the answer as we continue our own journey of exploration,
starting off with Philosophy.

1. Learn what Philosophy is
2. Gain knowledge about the Body Theory and;
3. Recognize the different Ancient Philosophers who pioneered the Theory
4. Who among the Philosophers can you say had an influence on your Philosophy in life?
Philosophy or the love of wisdom is the Academic study of the fundamental nature of
knowledge, reality and existence. It came to be understood more as a way of thinking about
questions (BIG QUESTIONS). Today, 2500 years after the ancient Greek philosophers brought it
up, philosophers still love asking question even without being able to answer them fully. One of
the fundamental questions that managed to have intrigued and stumped philosophers for so long
is about one’s Identity or one’s Self. It sounds easy to answer, I mean just look around, at yourself,
your stuff or anything that might interest you and well that’s what your identity looks like. But
philosophical approach is not just based on observations it has other much more complex questions
packed inside it.
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When a philosopher wonders what your Self is like, he/she might really be asking what’s the nature
of reality or yourself. Like what kind of being you are, is there anything immaterial about you that
will survive after you die, are you going to be the same person from birth to death, are you and the
person who was eating brunch at 2pm last Tuesday somehow connected with the person you are
today and many more. Philosophers struggled with these questions about personal identity from
the ancient times and even today trying to find the essential property that makes you “you”.
You and I are kidnapped by an evil mad scientist. He was looking to experiment on
Palaisipan! brain swapping hoping that he will be able to transfer your mental content to my
body and vice versa. After the successful procedure of brain swapping,
the mad scientist told you that you could pick whether which of us will be given 10-million-peso
cash along with a snuggly comfortable Jacket and the other will be tortured for the rest of his/her
life. Which would you choose to have the money? Your body which has my mind or my body
which has your mind? The answer lies on which you think where your identity is.
In the early years of philosophy, a popular theory about a person’s identity is the Body
Theory or The Concept of Dualism. According to Plato, every man is dualistic. A person’s self is
comprised of two Parts, The BODY which is the physical material of our self and the SOUL which
is the immaterial part our self which contains our personal identity.
Aristotle, student of Plato, added to his teacher’s theory that the SOUL has 3 more
underlying Components. The RATIONAL SOUL – governs reason and intellect, SPIRITED
SOUL – manages the person’s emotions and the APPETITIVE SOUL – which stores our base
desires such as food, drinks, sleep, sex etc. According to Aristotle, when the three components of
the soul are balanced a human person’s soul becomes Just and Virtuous. He illustrated his
definition through chariot analogy. Think of the Appetitive Soul and Spirited Soul as wild healthy
stallions tied to a chariot who are eager to run free on the tracks of the colosseum and the Rational
Soul as the rider of the chariot. As a rider, you are tasked to guide the horses to the general direction
you want them to go. Same is true for the Rational Soul, Both the Appetitive and Spirited Souls
are extremes which have different needs and wants but if the Rational Soul who has the capacity
to think and reason out will be able to satisfy them then the human person’s Soul will be able to
move congruently.
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Rational Soul
Appetitive Soul
Spirited Soul
St. Augustine of Hippo also follows the views of Plato but added Christianity to it. He
said that part of man dwells in the world and yearns to be divine while the other part is capable of
immortality. The BODY dies and stays on earth while the SOUL lives eternally in spiritual bliss
with God.
There are many ways to make a pot such as clay, ceramic or glass and it also comes with
many different sizes. A pot’s content may also vary depending on how it will be used such as
gardening, cooking, storage and many more. The pot may break or degrade over time but the
substances (yes, even when it is empty it has substance inside) and its other contents will remain
even after it is broken. Similarly, according to the ancient philosophers, our BODY is simply a
vessel for our SOUL which contains our consciousness which may have undergone different
changes over time will still remain even if the BODY cease to. So the Self that they are referring
to is not only the physical being that you can see but also the other being that coexist with it.
Based on the description of the ancient philosophers about the Self, Magellan’s ship,
Victoria, is still the same despite the changes that it endured over time because it is not only its
physical characteristic that makes Victoria “Victoria” but also every other aspect of itself that
cannot be perceived.
It may be comforting to know that there might be a part of you that will stay even after you
die but at the same time terrifying. Like many other theories it still is just a theory and nothing yet
is of certainty. Still, that is the beauty of Philosophy. Not being afraid to ponder on questions
despite not truly knowing if they will be answered. In the next module we will be diving even
deeper by hearing the thoughts of Modern Philosophy on what the Self is and whether they agree
with their predecessors.
Document)
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V. Learning Task
Name:
Course and Year:
Schedule:
Direction: Fill in the crossword puzzle with the answers to it. Match the number of the sentence
to the boxes placed across or down grid. If filled out correctly, the words will fit neatly into the
puzzle.
VI. Reference
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Philosophical perspective of the Self: Modern Philosophy

Module 2.2
I. Introduction
In the previous Module, you have learned that the ancient Philosophers acknowledged the
existence of a Soul as part of our Identity or our Self. The duality of our identity and the presence
of something we cannot sense at all is very daunting thought since our minds are sometimes reliant
to what we can perceive.
“To see is to believe” If you can’t perceive a part of you does it mean only a part of you
exist? Are you literally half the man/woman that we can see? How can you be sure that you really
even exist and that no one could ever doubt that? Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?
Whoa! Whoa! Whoa! Calm down you are being caught in a landslide. We will try to sort
this out. How? By unleashing the power of Skepticism and Empiricism.

1. Know who Descartes, Hume and Locke are and their contribution to the discovery of the self
2. Understand Skepticism, Empiricism and Memory Theory
The rise of Skepticism in the 17th Century, the period of Modern Philosophy, was found by
Rene Descartes. A Skeptic is a person who questions whether anything can be known with
certainty. Descartes realized that many of his early beliefs he used to hold were actually false. (We
have been all through this. It is part of what we call “growing up” like the inexistence of Santa,
Tooth Fairy, or that jumping on New Year’s Eve will actually make you taller.) He realized this
and asked what if more of his beliefs were actually false and that he just haven’t realized it yet.
The only way to make sure that the knowledge you hold was true is to disbelieve everything or at
least temporarily.
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Bingbong bought a basket of apple. he was worried that some of his apple are rotten
Palaisipan! since the rot could spread and ruin the other apples. How can he be sure that all of
his apples are fresh?
The only way to make sure that there are no bad apples is to dump the fruits out of the
basket and examine each one before putting them again inside the basket.
The same is true with knowledge, if you are to examine each possible belief carefully and
only accept those which there could be no doubt, then you would know that what you are believing
is true. For example, it was widely known that the world was flat in the past. They believed that
you could actually fall into the abyss once you reached the edge of the world and everyone
accepted it as the truth until it was proven that the world is not flat but in fact has a round spherical
body.
Along with the rise of skepticism, the rise of Empiricism also burst forth in the same period
led by David Hume. Empiricism promotes that one can only know what comes from the senses
and experiences. According to Hume, the self is nothing but a bundle of Impression and ideas.
Impression being the basic objects of our experiences or sensations that forms the core of our
thoughts while the ideas are copies of impression but not as real as impression. For example, when
you see a bunny you immediately know that what you see is a bunny and not a cat that is what an
impression is but when you see the bunny and thought that it is so fluffy and soft even without
being able to touch it but just by looking at it, that is what Hume called an Idea. With that in mind,
Hume disagreed with the views of the ancient philosophers about the Self since the early theory
was that the self also has a soul. In Empiricism, beliefs are formed through the use of senses. You
can neither see, hear, feel, taste or smell a soul therefore for the empiricist it is not real.
If you can sense it, it must be true right? Well… not really. Descartes pointed out that our
senses fails us all the time. Food tastes wrong when you are sick, the world shifts sideways when
you intoxicated, you rushed to a friend but realized it was not him as he turned around when you
tapped his shoulder, you thought someone called your name while in reality no one did (happens
all the time) and the list goes on. As a Skeptic himself, Descartes had caused himself to doubt
everything. Everything except that he was doubting. He knew he was doubting then he must exist.
After all, a doubt is a thought and if there is a thought then there must be a thinker having those
thoughts. Hence, he had a conclusion called “Cogito Ergo Sum” which means “I Think Therefore
I am”. You can doubt everything else but you cannot doubt that you have a mind. The Self is made
up of Cogito (the thing that thinks) and Extenza (Extension of the mind). The body is just a
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machine attached to the mind and that it’s the mind that makes the man. He brushed away the
existence of a soul but replaced it with mind. For Descartes, our identity is composed of our body
and mind.
Our friend John Locke agreed with Descartes that the most important aspect of your self
is not your body. For him, the thing that makes you “you” is the non-physical stuff which is your
mind or consciousness. He added that a person does not maintain the same mind over the course
of our entire lives. We go to sleep everyday but when we wake up, our mind remembers who we
were the day before. He was the one who posited the Memory Theory. He believed that personal
identity persists over time because you retain memories of yourself at different points and each of
those memories is connected to the one before it. For Locke, you are the person that you remember
you were because you and that person are linked through memories.
The Modern Philosophers were still believers of the concept of Dualism wherein we as an
organism are composed of two components but instead of soul, they replaced it and suggested that
our personality lies in what we call our “Mind”. In the next module, we will return to these theories
and find the issues that were that were seen by our contemporary philosophers and why you should
care about knowing about what your Self truly is.
Document)
V. Learning Task
Name:
Course and Year:
Schedule:
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Choose the word from the word bank below.
Memory Theory Cogito Skepticism Cogito Ergo Sum

Dualism Extenza David Hume
Rene Descartes John Locke Empiricism
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______________1. A belief where you question whether anything can be known with certainty
______________2. Father of Modern Philosophy
______________3. The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience.
______________4. “I think therefore I am”
______________5. the principle establishing the existence of a being from the fact of its thinking
or awareness.
______________6. The thing that thinks
______________7. Founder of the Memory Theory
______________8. This theory says, a personal identity is linked by memory.
______________9. For him, the Self is just a bundle of impression and ideas
______________10. Extension of the Mind
VI. Reference
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Philosophical perspective of the Self: Contemporary Philosophy

Module 2.3:
I. Introduction
On September 13th of 1848, an explosion caused a metal rod to be driven inside and out of
a construction worker named Phineas Gage. A metal rod almost as tall as he is pierced his skull
and did not die. The Phineas from before the accident and the Phineas who survived it did not have
anything in common personality-wise. The Phineas with no hole in his brain was a proper working
gentleman and the Phineas with the injured brain is sort of a “Jerk”. This incident provides us with
some rare, hard evidence that a part of us that’s historically known as non-physical (our
personality) is actually directly affected by what happens to us physically. Which raises the
questions where does our “mind” reside?
Let’s find that out for ourselves as we dive deeper into the wonders of Philosophy and the
Magic it brings that spices up our knowledge on the topic of knowing ourselves and our identity.

1. Know who Churchland and Merleau-Ponty are and their contribution to the discovery of the self
2. Understand Substance Dualism and Reductive Physicalism
The Modern Philosophers’ beliefs were split among the followers of Substance
Dualism/Dualism wherein we as an organism are composed of two components but instead of
soul they replaced it and suggested that our personality lies in what we call our “Mind” like
Descartes, Locke and “Soul” for the ancient philosophers while the others were believers of the
Reductive Physicalism wherein our Self and our Body are believed to be two not separate physical
or metaphysical systems.
Now, not a lot of contemporary scientist would not be surprised that the injury suffered by
Gage would cause such a radical change. That is because the dominant view among western
scientist is Reductive Physicalism wherein everything about you and me can be explained in terms
of our bodies, brains, hormones and neurotransmitters. So, if everything about your identity can
be explained by your brain it was no shock that Gage’s injury caused him to also change his
personality. The same is applied in modern psychiatry where they prescribe medicines to their
patients for Psychopharmacological treatment, change the patient’s brain chemistry will also
change the patient’s mood.
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A Neurophilosopher named Paul Churchland, also a believer of Reductive Physicalism,

claimed that the Self is the workings of the brain or what we could call as the physiological state
of the mind. He believed that the brain affects the mental as well as the emotional states of the
person and vice-versa. For example, have you ever wondered why someone that is deeply grieving
or under a lot of stress often is physically sick? Likewise, our body appear to be affected by our
minds like when you are hungry you can’t focus on what your teacher is saying at all or like having
a pure physical pleasure like having a massage can pull you out of a bad mood.
But not a lot of philosopher fall cleanly between the Physicalism Camp and the Dualism
Camp. Some of them fall into Epiphenomenalism who believes that Physical States can give rise
to Mental States but Mental States can’t affect Physical States. By this thinking, your beliefs,
desires and temperaments do exist but they have no power over anything physical about you. For
instance, you may believe that you are a work of art and should be envied by all human kind but
does not necessarily mean that it manifests in reality. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, a
phenomenologist, believes that the Self is defined through perception and generally through
experiences. He said that the Body, the Self and Experiences are intertwined – “You first need to
have a physical body and brain before you can create an Essence (the element of being) that is
you”. He also believed that the self and reality (experienced through the body by perception)
construct each other. It just means that if all of your and others’ experiences contributes to the
person that is you or what others might think that is you.
Bingbong grew up locked inside a black and white room. Inside the room, he was
Palaisipan! able to learn about colors (the light, the optics, the physics of color and how it
affects our sensory organs) but has never seen it for himself.
If he went outside and seen the colors for the first time, has he learned something new?
The way we understand our mind is through reflections which is deeply personal and
subjective. But the way we understand our brains and bodies is objective and verifiable. No amount
of reflection could lead to any claims about neurons firing neurotransmitters and no amount of
empirical research is going to give rise to what it’s like to see color through someone’s eyes. So
what do you think? Is there a mind or a separate substance that is lurking inside your body until it
dies? Can the complicated thing that is you that thinks, feels and desire could be reduced to purely
physical thing? Is it possible to know? Well that is entirely up to you.
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Now that we have learned the perspective which is rooted from the question of our
existence, let us move on to how our self is formed as a result of different factors in the society.
On our next topic we will learn about Sociology and its perspective about the Self.
Document)
V. Learning Task
Name:
Course and Year:
Schedule:
Direction:
In not less than 100 words nor more than 300 words, write an essay letting me know if you
are a believer of the concept of dualism or the concept of substance physicalism and why?
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Lesson 2 Application
Name:
Course and Year:
Schedule:
Application 1 Instructions: Match the visual representation of theory (column A)

to its theorist (Column B). Yes, the options in Column B can be used
twice. (1pt. Each)
Column A Column B
1. Self = Body + Soul A. Plato
2. Self = Body + (Mind x Memory) B. Aristotle
3. Self = Body + Soul heaven C. St. Augustine

Self = Body + Brain
4. D. Descartes
Mind
5. Self = Body + Mind E. Locke
6. Self = Impression x Ideas F. Magellan

Self = Body + Soul___________
7. G. Hume
Rational + Appetitive + Spirited
8. Self = (Body + Brain) H. Churchland
9. Self = Cogito + Extenza I. Gage
10. Self = Non-existent J. Merleau-Ponty
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Application 2 Instructions: Read all the words carefully. Find a connection between
each word and choose among the choices are different. After writing
your answer, write an explanation why your choice is different from the
others (2pts. Each)
Example: A. apple B. Banana C. Carrot D. Durian
Answer: C
Explanation: Carrot is a Vegetable while the others are fruits
1. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. St. Augustine D. Merleau-Ponty

Answer:
Explanation:
2. A. Plato B. Locke C. Descartes D. Hume

Answer:
Explanation:
3. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Descartes D. St. Augustine

Answer:
Explanation:
4. A. Hume B. Descartes C. Merleau-Ponty D. Churchland

Answer:
Explanation:
5. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. St. Augustine D. Descartes

Answer:
Explanation:
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VI. Reference
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Sociological perspective of the Self: Background

Module 3.1:
I. Introduction
Humans started out as Nomads, or having to move from one place to another primarily
because the main approach to break-bread back then was to go hunting and foraging. if all the
resources dwindled down from these activities they will move to another fresh place with more
resources. Now, we don’t necessarily need to move if we need to get our basic necessities. We
could all just pick an ideal place for us to live and choose to settle down there for good.
The changes that happened from then and now were very drastic not only from choosing
to live on a city or rural area but more importantly how the individuals developed their identity as
a person or their Self. But before that, let us first be acquainted with what Sociology is and its
background on our topic of the Self.

1. Learn the background of Sociology
2. Understand the role of Sociology in relation to the formation of our Self
Sociology is found by Auguste Comte in the 1800’s. he wanted to have a systematic

science for studying society. A way to systematically solve its needs and problems. It is the
scientific study of society and behavior. Society is a very broad topic. it covers politics, economy,
social structures etc. but what is all that have to do with me liking Disney Soundtracks over K-pop
songs? Well... a lot as it turns out. A Society is a group of people who share a culture and a territory.
Culture is in everything, from the biggest issues on politics to the simplest two-person interaction.
It is very BIG but also very small.
Sociology is found by Auguste Comte in the 1800’s. he wanted to have a systematic
science for studying society. A way to systematically solve its needs and problems. It is the
scientific study of society and behavior. Society is a very broad topic. it covers politics, economy,
social structures etc. but what is all that have to do with me liking Disney Soundtracks over K-pop
songs? Well... a lot as it turns out. A Society is a group of people who share a culture and a territory.
Culture is in everything, from the biggest issues on politics to the simplest two-person interaction.
It is very BIG but also very small.
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Bingbong is alone inside his room singing along with his favorite Disney
Palaisipan! soundtrack on the top of his lungs. It may seem that society is nowhere to be found
inside his room except that it is.
Even if you ignore the type of house he lives in, his parents or housemates whom he lives
with that may or may not be bothered while he was singing horribly. There is still the song
that he is singing and the music that goes with it. Those things along with literally every
object that he did not make himself such as the wooden statue, the old table, the plastic
chair, the we bare bears body pillow, the Disney princess posters etc. are all products of
society. he may be singing alone but he wasn’t when he was introduced to the musicals and
its songs. For that matter, his taste in music was not purely his either.
Everything that you enjoy or like can be influenced by what you are exposed to as a child,
your neighborhood, your friends or what schools you went to. Society is everywhere and gets to
everything you might not expect which includes how you perceive and develop yourself.
In the pre-modern society, they were focused on survival, family, traditions and cultures
but in the modern society we are more fixated on the individual or his/her choices. Anthony
Giddens, a British sociologist, says that the key characteristics of modernity are Industrialism,
Capitalism, Institution of Surveillance and Dynamism. To understand this better let me show
you an illustration.
The problem we faced as nomads was the scarcity of resources of one area that is why they
were forced to travel into a new next area. The solution for this was to cultivate their own resources
through farming and domesticating animals to supply their demand for food which enabled them
to settle on one place and formed a society of their own. As years go by, their community became
larger and larger which hindered their ability to provide food for everyone. They coped with it
through the use of simple machines to increase the amounts of productions (1. Industrialism –
Use of material power and machinery in production). The machines evolved from simple into
more complex engineering that also needed to be handled by more people which resulted to the
surplus of their products. They resolved this problem by commodifying their goods and also the
commodification of services (2. Capitalism – Production system involving both product
market and labor power). Along the rise of capitalism gave birth to inequality among the
members of society. The capitalists who owns businesses were given more power because of their
money and have more control over their community. Because of that, people demanded equal
distribution of power to monitor the amount of authority that an individual can have which gave
birth to the introduction of having a government. (3. Institution of Surveillance – Massive extent
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of power by institutions). All of the development that took place within the society was facilitated
by 4. Dynamism or the massive changes and progress. It presents a society full of responsibility.
Dynamism
• Problem: Low • Problem: Over • Problem:

Production Production Institution of Inequality
Industrialism Capitalism
• Solution: Simple • Solution: Surveillance • Solution:
Machines Commodification Government
Now that we know what Society is and its characteristics, let us now familiarize ourselves
with its members and how they are connected from one another. According to George Simmel, a
society is comprised with different social groups. A social group is any group comprised of two or
more individuals who are interacting with one another, sharing similar characteristics and identify
themselves as part of the group. Your race, your ethnicity, your class, and even you and your best
friend forever could be considered as a social group. The ties that connect you and your social
group is called Social Network. There are two kinds of Social Network: Organic Group and
Rational Group. Organic Group are traditional in nature and that you are part of it mainly because
your family is also part of it such as your religion. An advantage of being part of this group is that
your ties within the group can be harder to sever. Say for example, in your family. You were
extremely mad at your brother for whatever reason and told him that you don’t want him to be
your brother anymore. Will he magically stop being your brother? I don’t think so. A disadvantage
of Organic Group is that you have lesser freedom or limited. You were part of it because you chose
to and cannot just be out of it if wanted to because of tougher ties. Rational Group are considered
to be modern. They are formed through shared self-interest, goals and free will. An advantage of
being in this group is autonomy. You wanted to be part of this group that is why you joined it. You
can leave anytime you want or even have the freedom to have other members leave your group.
For example, your friends. You joined them on your own accord and leave them if you want to.
The disadvantage for this kind of group is that your social network is not that hard to break unlike
the one with your Organic Group.
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Today we have learned what Sociology is, what society is and who are the members of the
society. In the next module, we will be tackling the how and where did our Self come from and
find out if Sociology can answer some of the marvels that baffled human race for literally centuries.
Document)
V. Learning Task
ORGANIC GROUP and RATIONAL GROUP
Name:
Course and Year:
Schedule:
Direction: As part of society, surely you are a member of numerous number of group. List five
(5) each for both Rational and Organic Group that you are part of and write the Social Network
that connects you together.
RATIONAL
GROUP SOCIAL NETWORK
GROUP
1
5
ORGANIC
GROUP SOCIAL NETWORK
GROUP
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VI. Reference
Eden Joy Pastor Alata, Bernardo Nicolas Caslib Jr, Janice Patria Javier Serafica and R.A. Pilawen.
Understanding the Self (1st Edition). Rex Publisher
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Sociological Perspective of the Self: Mead and the Social Self

Module 3.2:
I. Introduction
Have you watched someone do something? Your mom cooking? your neighbor washing
his car? Let’s play streams? Make-up tutorials? “Mukbang” perhaps? Personally, I enjoy watching
people mixing cement to make plasters or watch Mr. Repair Man fix our washing machine. Why
do we do that? Because it is how we learn about other people.
We understand why they behave the way they do, what identity they claim and what role
they play in our society by forming our impression. In Sociology, the results of our observation
and interactions are the most important piece in the formation of our Self. The processes and the
duality of our identity is what we are going to try and determine in today’s module.

1. Know about Mead and his Theory of Social Self.
2. Understand the different stages of the development of social self and the two aspects of the Self.
Bingbong is very quiet when inside the classroom. He rarely raises his hand to
Palaisipan! answer questions unless he was told to and listens with intent during the discussion.
When with his friends, he is completely different.
He laughs like a maniac and is very active in their conversations. He even likes to insert mildly
inappropriate jokes whenever he has an opportunity and in a certain sense wild mannered when
with them. When with his family, he is very timid and always seemed ashamed or very passive
when with them.
Now, Is that Normal?
The answer is a resounding yes! for George Herbert Mead, a sociologist from the late
1800 and is well-known for his Theory of Social Self. According to him, a multiple personality is
in a certain sense normal. Well… as long as the shift between personality is not very sudden such
as laughing my heart out (LMHO) and bawling in the next five minutes or so without knowing
why or for no reason at all. In that case, you might want to seek professional help.
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Mead also said that the Self is a product of social interactions and internalizing views along
with one’s personal view about one’s Self. with that in mind, it means that the Self is not present
at birth, rather, it develops over time through social experiences and activities. He developed
concept that proposed different Stages of Developing the Self. these stages are (1) Language, (2)
Play and (3) Game. (LPG)
(1) Self-development and Language are intimately tied. Through shared understanding of
symbols, gestures and sound. Language gives the individual the capacity to express himself/herself
while at the same time comprehend what other people are conveying. It makes sense that Language
sets the stage in Developing your Self because if the process requires understanding then there
should be a medium of communication. I mean… how will you be able to learn from someone if
you don’t understand them? Newborns are only capable of copying: they have no ability to imagine
how others see things. They copy the actions of people with whom they regularly interact, such as
their mothers and fathers.
(2) Play is the stage where the individual role play or assume the perspective of other which
enables them to internalize some other people’s perspective. Remember “bahay-bahayan” it’s a
classic example where kids assume roles that they are familiar with. There would be a “nanay-
nanayan”, a “tatay-tatayan” and “anak-anakan”. At this stage, they will only be simulating the
Nanay or the Tatay that they know. For example, a Jeepney Driver’s son playing the Tatay might
pretend that he is driving when he says that he will go to “work”.
(3) Game is the level where the individual not only internalizes the perspective of other
people but also able to take into account social rules and adheres to it. The child no longer plays
with roles but begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. Team sports is a
great example for this because not only do you need to know what you must do but also what the
other players will do for both your team mates and opponents. In this phase, we weigh ourselves
not just on one specific role but also against the Generalized Others (a manifestation of all our
culture’s norms and expectations).
If this is how you learn how to be “you”, then is the “you” that you know just a mix bag of
echo from the people whom you know or interacted with? Well… kind of… Mead sees the person
as an active process, not just a mere reflection of society. The reason for this is that he proposed
two interactive facets of the Self, the “I” and “Me”.
The “Me” is the product of what the person has learned while interacting with others and
with the environment. It includes learned behaviors, attitudes and even expectations comprises the
“Me”. The “I” is the part of the self that is unsocialized and spontaneous. It represents the
individual’s impulses and drives. It enables him or her to express individualism and creativity. So
yeah, you are partly a product of society but because of the “I” you are also different from them
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and is capable to be the person the you want to be not just the person you should be. Being a
student means that you need to learn the subject and pass all of your requirements, but that is not
the entirety of who you are. You can be a student and at the same time and be a musician, a gamer,
a magician or any other thing you fancy to be.
Today, we have learned the stages of developing the Self, its two different aspects and
ultimately how pertinent our society is in molding our Self. Sociology’s perspective is heavily
inclined on the effects of our environment in the process of forming our self and have not talked
anything about the natural attributes of an individual. In our next topic, we will be acknowledging
the contribution of our physical predispositions in the formation of our Self through the perspective
of Anthropology.
Document)
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V. Learning Task
Name:
Course and Year:
Schedule:
VI. Reference
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Anthropological Perspective of the Self: Me and my Culture

Module 4
I. Introduction
Tarzan is the son of a British Lord and Lady who were deserted on the Atlantic coast of
Africa by Mutineers of their Ship. As an infant, his parents tragically died and was killed by a
viscous predatory animal but was luckily spared during the attack. He then became a feral child
raised in the African jungle by the great apes. He later experiences civilization only to reject it and
return to the wild as a hero that saved the animals whom he considered his family despite their
difference in appearance not to mention that they are from different species.
He walks on four limbs, he climbs trees, his primary diet are fruits and somehow knows
that he needs to cover his private area. How is it that he is a Human being yet was able to adapt
the “ape-ness” of the apes and could also embrace his humanity? Let’s find that out together
through Anthropology and its concepts about the Self.

1. Know what Anthropology is and its theorists who contributed to the discovery of the self
2. Understand how Culture affects us on how we represent ourselves.
Anthropology is the scientific study of people in the past and in the present (not the people
of the future because you can’t study people who are not yet present… get it? No? okay…), it
focuses on the understanding of the human condition on its cultural aspect. It is also concerned
with understanding how humans evolved and how they differ from one another.
Joseph Ledoux, a neuroscientist, conceptualized the Implicit and Explicit aspects of the
Self. Explicit is the aspect of the self that you are consciously aware of and Implicit which is the
aspect of the self that is not immediately available to the consciousness. Say for example, you
know that like color green and that is why you like collecting articles with that color. (Explicit)
but the emotion and physiological response that you are not aware of and associated with green
which is the personal reason why you like the color is called the Implicit. In Addition, he believes
that the self is not static. It is added to and subtracted from genetic maturation, learning, forgetting,
stress, ageing and disease for both the implicit and the explicit. The you when you were young and
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the you in the present might be different from one another not only because of external factors
such as interactions with other people but also innate factors such as perhaps growth in height or
development of brain capabilities.
Katherine Ewing, an associate professor of cultural anthropology and religion at Duke
University, claimed that the Self is just an illusion rather, just a representation. Accordingly, Self-
representation are based on selected cultural concepts of person and selected chains of personal
memories. Each self-concept is experienced as a whole and continuous with its own history and
memories that emerge in a specific context to be replaced by another. The “you”/self-
representation that ate brunch at 2pm last Tuesday was completely different to the “you” that is
reading this today. The reason is that the changes experienced by the previous you, both implicit
and explicit, are only connected by memory and although you are not aware of, say that the mere
fact that you gained 60000 calories from the ice cream you ate changed you completely. She added
that, People from different cultures have been observed to be able to rapidly project different self-
representations depending on the context of situation. So, there is a “you” when around your
parents and the “you” around your barkadas or the “you” inside the class. You are unaware of
these shifts; however, you will still experience wholeness and continuity despite the shifts. The
theory suggests that, there is no “Self” but only self-representations since every people that you
know “knows” you differently depending on how you represent yourself to them.
In Anthropology, how individuals see themselves, relate to other people and how they
relate with their environment are deeply defined by culture. Richard Shweder an American
Anthropologist said that cultural traditions and social practices regulate, express and transform the
Human Psyche (Mind). It results to less unity in the mentality of human kind than in mind, self
and emotions. He suggests that people from different societies thinks, act and feel differently and
that our so-called Self is deeply embedded in our culture. The reason for this is that we have various
Construals. Construals is the interpretation of the meaning of something which is also culture-
dependent. Raising your hand 45 degrees into the air may actually be okay to you but is very much
not welcome to be done at Germany which is illegal due to historical reasons.
Cultural Psychologists distinguished two ways on how the self is constructed, Independent
and Interdependent. Independent Construct is characterized by individualistic culture, such as
North America and Europe. It represents the self as separate, distinct and with emphasis on internal
attributes, skills and values. In the western countries, you develop yourself depending on how you
would like to shape it and you are able to prioritize yourself over the entire group. You are kicked
out of the house and free to choose whatever you want by the time that you are already 18 years
of age. You may choose to pursue college (with your own hard-earned money or loan) or not
depends on your preference unlike in the eastern countries wherein college is seen as a natural part
of life which is even seen negatively if you were not able to take a degree. For Interdependent
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Construct, it is typical of the collectivist culture in East Asia stressing the essential connection
between the individual and to other people. As part of the eastern hemisphere, you are expected to
take into consideration other people especially your family when deciding on who you want or
should be. You value the needs of your community over your needs as an individual. Here in the
Philippines, family is extremely important. Some feels the obligation to continue their Parents’
responsibility to support their family’s economic needs which is uncharacteristic in the
individualistic culture. Some even sees it as a natural thing and that it is just right to “pay-back”
your parents for raising you even if you need to compromise your own personal growth or needs
such as supporting them as well as your own family.
To show you how pertinent culture molds us on how we represent our self, we will be
joined by our friend Catherine with the “C”. Catherine Raeff, a developmental psychologist who
believes that culture can influence how you view relationships, personality traits and expressing
emotions. Culture influences how you enter and maintain (1) relationships. The way we make
“Ligaw”/ courting today is very different from before mainly because of cultural influences. Then,
you whip out your guitar with bouquet of flowers and sing in front of your nililigawan’s house
unlike now wherein text with emoji could suffice to melt their heart. Additionally, Culture
influences whether and how you value (2) personality traits as well as how you perceive
hardships or how you feel about relying on others. In Japan, honor to the family and country is
very important that they were once known for going extreme measures such as gutting their selves
or was known as “hara-kiri” once they are perceived to have brought about shame. Japan is also
known for being conservative as they value simplicity in everything that they do. In the western
countries, they you usually do things on their own with their “DIY” approach while here in the
Philippines, the concept of “Bayanihan” has been present since way before the country was
established wherein everyone will help you without having anything in return. Moreover, culture
influences how you define success and whether you value certain individual and group (3)
achievements. This can best be described by “crab mentality” a negative trait and often phrased
popular among Filipinos. The analogy in human behavior is that members of a group will attempt
to “pull down” any member who achieves success beyond others, out of envy, conspiracy or
competitive feelings. This is often attributed to workplace culture but can also be observed in other
aspects of life. Lastly, Culture influences what will affect you (4) emotionally, as well as how you
express yourself. Generally, men are expected to be tough and strong and that showing emotion
is weakness and therefore, should be avoided. Expressing emotions are often attributed to women
and that when men actually slip-up and be emotional they are regarded as being feminine which
is wrong and should not be tolerated. It is okay not to feel okay. It is better to talk about what you
feel rather than leaving it unresolved to avoid being overwhelmed. ***(Note: Keep in mind that
there are many more cases on how each aspects of human life and ultimately how we represent
our self is affected by culture and that these only some of the examples)
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Today we learned that for Anthropology, our self-representation are products of both nature
and nurture. It is not only cultivated through our environment and culture but also by our biological
predispositions. In the curious case of Tarzan, his primitive behavior and personality largely
revolved around the wild animals but his capabilities as human was still present which was evident
when met with civilization wherein he adapted as well. In our next topic, we will learn how exactly
our thoughts, feelings and behaviors develop over the years and how our cognition essentially form
our Self.

Document)
V. Learning Task
Name: ______________________________________________
Course and Year: ____________________________
Schedule: _________________________________
Marriage and Courting: Then vs. Now
Catherine Raeff expressed that culture influences how people perceive Relationships which
is evident with the difference for each culture and the changes that occurred to it over time. Make
a Table Comparing the difference for Marriage and Courting from then and now
Country Then Now
1) Philippines
2) China
3) America
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4) India
Lesson 3 and 4 Application

Name:
Course and Year:
Schedule:

twice. (2pts. Each)
Column A Column B
Self = Social Interaction + Internalization
1. A. Ewing
(Self x Others)
2. Self = “I” + “Me” B. Sociology
Self-Representation = ((Implicit (Explicit (Psychological
3. C. Mead
+ Biological + Cultural Processes))))
4. Self = Nurture D. Anthropology
5. Self = Nature + Nurture E. Raeff
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Name:
Course and Year:
Schedule:
Application 2 Instructions: The analogies below are word problems that consist
of two word-pairs. Look at the first pair and decide how the two
words relate to each other. Then select one of the words below so
the second pair of words has the same relationship. Write your
answers before the number. (2pts. Each)
1. Sets the Stage for Social-Self Development: Language

Assume the Perspective of others: ________
A. Role-Play B. Play
C. Game D. Role
2. Modernization: Giddens
Theory of Social Self: __________
A. Simmel B. Ewing
C. Mead D. Raeff
3. Inorganic Group: “Barkada”

Organic Group: __________
A. Family B. School Club
C. Fan Club D. Class
4. Lack of Supply: Industrialism

Surplus of Supply: ____________
A. Capitalism B. Institution of Surveillance
C. Dynamism D. Skepticism
5. Independent Construct: U.S.A

Interdependent Construct: ____________
A. Italy B. India
C. Australia D. Spain
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VI. Reference
Schweitzer (2018) 'Tarzan of the Apes,' An Adventure Novel with a Complicated Legacy
Retrieved from https:// https://www.thoughtco.com/tarzan-of-the-apes-study-guide-4165960
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Psychological Perspective of the Self: Background

Module 5.1:
I. Introduction
We have established that both our genetics and our environment begin to affect the
development of our Self long before we were even born and they continue to influence our Self
until the day we die, we are going to explore the developmental stages that each and every one of
us has or will go through over the course of our lives. We are going to accomplish exactly that
through Psychology. We will try to unravel the mystery of how we begin to grow into who we are.
Excluding other human minds, your mind is the most complicated piece of the universe
currently know about. The rules that govern it are mysterious and elusive. Maybe our brains are
not complex enough to understand themselves but that is not going to stop us from trying.

1. Know what Psychology and its branch, Developmental Psychology is
2. Know about John Piaget and his theories:
a. Schemas, Assimilation and Accomodation.
b. Four Stages of Cognitive Development
The word Psychology comes from the words “Logos” which means to study and “Psyche”
which means the soul. While its formal definition has evolved over the last few decades, today,
we can safely call it the science of behavior and mental processes. Biological, cognitive,
behavioral, affective, personality etc. in fact, everything that concerns human being is a concern
of Psychology. Human brain, consciousness, memory, reasoning, language to personality and
mental health and everything about human experiences – psychology will scrutinize it so that you
as a human being will understand how it is to be “you”.
There was a time in your life (all our lives) when there were simple concepts like knowing
things exist despite not seeing it were totally baffling. Like when you were a child and refuse to
let go of your mommy even when she just needs to go to the bathroom because you were afraid
that she will vanish. Of course, lots of things influence how your mind and its relationship with
the world grows over time. From the minute that you are trying to make sense of the world through
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your mouth, to the moment that you are able to know what an object does without putting it inside
your mouth.
The Study of our physical, cognitive, social and emotional changes throughout our whole
lives from prenatal to preteen to post-retirement is called Developmental Psychology. As we age,
we tend to follow a sequence of change in our behavior and appearance called Maturation.
Everyone is affected differently by their personal experiences but we all share an inherent genetic
growth tendency. We rolled over before we learned how to sit, we crawled before we stand and
we walked before we knew how to break dance. The same thing applies to our Cognitive
Development. How we learned to think, know, remember, and communicate.
One of the pioneers who talked about Cognitive Development is John Piaget, a
Developmental Psychologist. He theorized that humans go through specific stages of cognitive
development and intellectual progression. He tried to answer the question, how does knowledge
grow? He proposed that as we mature we create Schemas, mental frameworks that help interpret
information. Schemas are like concepts ranging from physical things like Dogs and Hats to abstract
ideas like friendship and betrayal. Piaget proposed that we adapt to new experiences through two
processes call Assimilation and Accommodation. When we Integrate our experiences we
interpret them in terms of our existing Schemas. If a Toddler has never seen a dog but has a schema
for cat, the child may call the cat an “arf arf” wherein he or she wants to fit it within his or her
understanding. Through more interaction with the world, our mind expands to accommodation so
soon enough that kid will be able to realize that cats are not dogs and that dogs are called dog not
“arf arf”. From there, the kid will be able to adjust (add or subtract) his or her schema and will be
able to distinguish Hello Kitty from Goofy in no time.
Piaget is aware that our knowledge develops in a much more complex steps than just
Assimilation and Accommodation. Because of that, he went on to device a Four-Stage Theory of
Cognitive Development that described how we learn in the different phases of our lives.
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It is during the sensorimotor stage (ages 0 to 2 years old) that children go through a period
of dramatic growth and learning. As kids interact with their environment, they are continually
making new discoveries about how the world works through their senses and actions such as
touching, grabbing, dropping, looking, hearing and putting things in their mouth. (from what I
have observed of having been able to take care of numerous babies, it was mostly putting things
on their mouth) Try tossing yourself with a blanket in front of the baby and they will think that
you have magically disappeared. Piaget believed that developing object permanence or object
constancy, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, was
an important element at this point of development. Knowing that an object exists despite the lack
of visual stimuli is a Major achievement of this stage. Moreover, by learning that objects are
separate and distinct entities and that they have an existence of their own outside of individual
perception, children are then able to begin to attach names and words to objects.
The foundations of language development may have been laid during the previous stage,
but it is the emergence of language that is one of the major hallmarks of the Preoperational Stage
of Development (ages 2 to 7). At this stage, they often struggle with understanding the idea of
constancy or conservation. For example, a researcher might take a lump of clay, divide it into
two equal pieces, and then give a child the choice between two pieces of clay to play with. One
piece of clay is rolled into a compact ball while the other is smashed into a flat pancake shape.
Since the flat shape looks larger, the preoperational child will likely choose that piece even though
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the two pieces are exactly the same size. One thing also about this stage is that it’s all about
yourself. it is marked as the stage of Egocentrism which drives most of what the kid thinks and
say. Kids have a hard time imagining other people’s point of view so much so that when we were
a child if you asked me if I had a brother I would respond “yep, his name is Bingbong” but if you
asked if Bingbong has a brother I would not think so or mostly I would not care because why
should I know that.
The third stage is called the Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7 to 11 years old) . While
children are still very concrete and literal in their thinking at this point in development, they
become much more adept at using logic. The egocentrism of the previous stage begins to disappear
as kids become better at thinking about how other people might view a situation. Kids in the
concrete operational stage also begin to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that
not everyone else necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions.
The last stage is called the Formal Operational Stage (Ages 11 Years and above). Since
you guys are already in college, I hope we are all already on this stage and ceased to be Egocentric.
The final stage of Piaget's theory involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive
reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas. At this point, people become capable of seeing
multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world around them.
The ability to thinking about abstract ideas and situations is the key hallmark of the Formal
Operational Stage. The ability to systematically plan for the future and reason about hypothetical
situations are also critical abilities that emerge during this stage.
It is important to note that Piaget did not view children's intellectual development as a
quantitative process; that is, kids do not just add more information and knowledge to their existing
knowledge as they get older. Instead, Piaget suggested that there is a qualitative change in how
children think as they gradually process through these four stages. A child at age 7 doesn't just
have more information about the world than he did at age 2; there is a fundamental change in how
he thinks about the world.
One of the most important elements to remember of Piaget's theory is that it takes the view
that creating knowledge and intelligence is an inherently active process. Piaget's theory of
cognitive development helped add to our understanding of children's intellectual growth. It also
stressed that we were not merely passive recipients of knowledge. Instead, we are constantly
investigating and experimenting as we build our understanding of how the world works. As our
brain and mind develops, so too are our social and moral behavior, or how we were raised and
cared for can have a profound impact on our personality later on in our life which is something we
are going to tap on our next module.
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Document)
3. Download the Activity Sheet and send your Output at your Designated Google Classroom
Link
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V. Learning Task
Name: ______________________________________________
Course and Year: ____________________________
Schedule: _________________________________
Matchy Match Matching Type
Match the words from Column A to the descriptions from Column B
Column A Column B
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VI. Reference
Kendra Cherry, “The 4 Stages of Cognitive Development” (March 31, 2020) Verywellmind. URL:
https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457
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Psychological Perspective of the Self: Unity of Self

Module 5.2
I. Introduction
In this module, we are going to consider developmental changes in the Self, learn about its
emergence and what affects them. Despite undergoing a great deal of growth from childhood to
adulthood, most people perceive a stable self that endures and unifies their various experiences.
For centuries, philosophers, theologians, and psychologists have wondered whether there is some
aspect of self that accounts for this perceived unity of psychological life. Is there a difference on
how a person see himself/herself as he/she grows older and older?

1. Know the effects of developmental changes to our Self
2. Understand the concepts of the different Psychology theorist and their contribution to the
understanding of our identity
If you’ve ever held a newborn, you may have found yourself wondering what the infant is
thinking and feeling. Is she aware of her surroundings? Can she recognize her caretakers? Does he
or she, as William James (1890) suggested, experience the world as “one, blooming, buzzing
confusion,” or does she detect coherence and regularities? Many prominent psychologists have
sought answers to these questions, but no one can yet say for sure what it’s like to be an infant.
One thing is clear, however: From the moment we are born, we embark on a lifelong journey of
self-awareness and self-understanding.
Psychologist, author and professor, Dr. Susan Harter, detailed the emergence of self-
concept and asserted that the broad development changes observed across early childhood, later
childhood and adolescence could be interpreted through Piagetian Framework. According to
Harter, a sense of self-worth is both a cognitive and social construction. To demonstrate how it is
a cognitive construction, she explains how perceptions of the self-change over time. Language and
cognitive processes develop with age and thus the way that children describe and evaluate
themselves changes, she developed the 4 Stages of Self-Development.
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The First Stage of Self-development is Early Childhood (ages 2-6 years old). Gender and
age appear to be the first characteristics applied to the self. By age two, most children correctly
identify themselves as a boy or a girl, although they may not be fully aware that gender is constant
until several years later. At this stage, the child describes the self in terms of concrete, observable
characteristics such as attributes (I’m Pretty, Strong, Ugly, Flamboyant), Material Possession (I
have lots of toys/ I have a gaming chair equipped with hydraulics and led rimmed wheels) and
preferences (I like candies/ I don’t like spicy chicken wings).
Several changes in self-descriptions occur during Middle to Later Childhood (ages 7 to
11 years old), the second stage, is described as the stage where the self is defined with trait-like
constructs (smart, honest, friendly, shy, squeamish) that would require the type of hierarchal
organizational skills characteristic of logical thought development. Children at this age also
become more adept at taking the perspective of the generalized other (in the manner specified by
Mead) and to see themselves from other people’s point of view. Moreover, social comparison
processes also become more influential at this stage of life. Children compare themselves with
others and draw inferences about themselves on the basis of what these comparisons show.
(Bingbong has trouble solving math problems, so I must be smart)
Adolescence (ages 12 to 18 years old), the third stage, brings another shift in self-
understanding. Adolescents define themselves in abstract qualities that emphasize their perceived
emotions and psychological characteristics. For example, an adolescent might be inclined to say
he is moody or insecure. These assessments reflect a more sophisticated, analytical approach to
self-definition, one that emphasizes private qualities not necessarily known to others as it reflects
the person’s affective, cognitive and behavioral dispositions. (Despite being seen as perfect; I am
really just an average kind of carefree guy with spurts of genius sometimes.)
Lastly, Emerging Adults (ages 18 years old and above), which is marked for having the
characteristic of having a vision of a “possible self” it is the “age of possibilities”. I hope all of us
reading this module is already at this stage where we try to wonder if what we are doing right now
will contribute to the development of the person that we want to be. At this stage, we begin to
characterize our self not merely of who we are today but also who we want to be. [Tip: The next
time you are asked by your teacher to introduce yourself in front of the class, make it so that you
are at this level. Instead of “Hi! My name is Bingbong and I am a boy who likes to play Mobile
Legends all day as much as possible”, you can add “I train hard as much as I can because someday,
I would like to be a professional e-sports player which is my dream and to break bread for my
family with something that I actually enjoy” that way you will seem and sound so much more like
a young adult.
Despite undergoing a great deal of growth from childhood to adulthood, most people
perceive a stable self that endures and unifies their various experiences. For centuries,
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philosophers, theologians, and psychologists have wondered whether there is some aspect of self
that accounts for this perceived unity of psychological life. The next couple of section of this
module is a variety of opinions on the matter, ranging from the historical to the modern.
William James, The Father of American Psychology, developed a theory of self-
consciousness in his work, Principles of Psychology, which was published in 1890. Accordingly,
the self has two elements: the “I” and “Me”. the “I” refers to our awareness that we are a distinct
and unified entity, continuous over time, and capable of willful action. The “ME” refers to our
more specific ideas about what we are like. These ideas include beliefs about our physical
appearance, social roles and relationships, tastes, habits, values, and personality characteristics. To
illustrate, imagine that you are facing a mirror and got sucker punched hard in the face. The person
that you are looking at is the “Me” (Me has cracked lips and his big nose is bleeding) despite being
punched the “Me” or the “The Man in the Mirror” did not feel anything. Unlike the “I” or “The
Man facing the Mirror” experienced the punch and is hurting. The “Me” is something like an object
of an experience that you can describe while the “I” is the subject of the experience which is aware
of its actions.
Among the founders of Humanistic Psychology, a Psychological perspective which
highlights the individual’s innate drive toward self-actualization, is Carl Rogers. He coined the
term actualizing tendency which refers to a person’s basic instinct to succeed at his or her highest
possible capacity. Accordingly, all behaviors are motivated by self-actualizing tendencies which
drives you to reach your full potential. The Self is a product of the changes in the environment and
the person’s reaction to it. If a person has a positive perception of the environment it will yield a
Positive Self-Concept and vice versa.
Self/Self-Concept = Changes in the Environment + Person’s reaction
Positive perception of the environment = Positive Self-Concept (vis-à-vis)
Rogers further divided the Self into two categories which are the ideal self and the Real
Self. The Ideal Self is the person you would like your Self to be or what you perceive as the best
version of you. It could be influenced by the (1) notion influenced by your parents, (2) what you
admire from others, (3) What society sees as acceptable and (4) What you think is in your best
interest. The Real Self is the person you actually are. It is how you behave right at the moment of
the situation. It is who you are in reality – how you think, feel or act at the present. For me, my
Ideal Self would be a sharp-nosed doctor with a glorious wavy long hair. While in reality, due to
my Filipino descent I am quite the opposite. Rogers emphasized that achieving consistency
between the ideal self and real self is imperative. The Alignment of both ideal and real self which
is called Congruence will give an individual a greater sense of self-worth and healthy, productive
life. This makes a lot of sense as the huge difference of both would cause a lot of frustration and
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could lead to maladjustment or the inability to react successfully and satisfactorily to the demands
of the environment.
Despite the confusing names brought about by both James and Rogers (I-Self, Me-Self,
Ideal Self, Real Self) which seemed like from the same family with the same surnames, I enjoyed
their topics especially Rogers’ actualizing tendency. Idyllic as it may be, it gives us the idea that
all people strives to be the person that they could be. Your current behavior, feeling and thoughts
may be caused by your unconscious drive to be the best version of your Self. For instance, you
continue to educate yourself even though you feel overwhelmed by the number of schoolwork
piling up, because you know that your hardship will come into fruition when you finish your
academic responsibilities and apply your learnings on your desired field. I hoped you enjoyed the
discussion your selves.
Document)
V. Learning Task
Name: ______________________________________________
Course and Year: ____________________________
Schedule: _________________________________
My Self across all Stages
Dr. Susan Harter explained how an individual changes their perception about their self as
observer through different ages. She developed her theories using the Piagetian Framework. This
time, let us try to find out how we perceived our self over time through the Harterian Framework.
In not more than 2 paragraphs, write a brief essay on how you described your Self Across
the Stages of Self-Development. (Early Childhood, Middle to Later Childhood, Adolescence and
Emerging Adult.
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VI. Reference
Karen Schweitzer, 'Tarzan of the Apes,' An Adventure Novel with a Complicated Legacy
(November 01, 2018). ThoughtCo. URL: https:// https://www.thoughtco.com/tarzan-of-the-apes-
study-guide-4165960
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Psychological Perspective of the Self: Self or Selves?

Module 5.3:
I. Introduction
What is the self? And, more specifically, is there just one ‘self’ in each person or do we
really consist of many different selves? When faced with this question, most people respond
initially that there is just one “self” and that is the ‘me’ who is reading this! My hope for this rather
lengthy module is that it will give you a clearer sense of why this is such a complex question.

1. Understand the viewpoints of Binary and Unitary Self
2. Know Gordon Allport, Eric Berne, Winnicott and their contributions in understanding our
identity
The other day, Bingbong, a Psychologist, received a call from a particular

Palaisipan! psychological organization inviting him to be part of their online presentation. The
caller, a fellow Psychologist who interacted with him numerous times prior the
event, said to him, “we need someone in charge of the opening remarks like you
who is lively and socially engaging.”
Later, when he told his brother about the way the organizer characterized him, he laughed and said
he thought that shouldn’t be that psychologists could read people because he thinks the organizer
obviously failed there. Bingbong’s brother, who knows him fairly well, was basing his comment
on the fact that in many social situations, Bingbong tends to be fairly reserved, hesitant of making
“small talks”, and more likely to be in a corner rather than the center of attention.
So, which is the real “Bingbong”? enthusiastic or meek? William James (1890) told us that
a man has many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him and carry an image of
him in their head. Over two decades later, Roy Baumeister (2010) told us that the concept of self
loses its meaning if a person has multiple selves. The essence of the self involves integration of
diverse experiences into a unity. In short, unity is one of the defining features of self-hood and
identity. These two quotes capture competing perspectives on one of the most longstanding puzzles
of human psychology. Let’s start with a basic common-sense response and say that there is a single
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self. This position can initially be justified by the basic observation that we inhabit one body. My
body can be conceived of as an object and like most “normal sized” objects, it exists in one location
in space and time and in that sense it is singular. But deeper reflection reveals that we are not
usually talking about the physical body when we are talking about the self. As we have discussed
thoroughly in our past modules, the Self resides in the dimension of the mental, social and cultural
which cannot really reducible to the physical and biological only. The human experience is always
that of unity, an experience is experienced by “you” a single distinct entity in a situation.
The notion of having multiple self may be rooted on Gordon Allport’s Theory of
Personality Trait. Traits are essential characteristics that shapes who you are in any given day.
Allport recognizes that some traits are more closely tied to the Proprium (one’s self) than others.
Central traits are the building blocks of your personality. When you describe someone, you are
likely to use words that refer to these central traits: smart, dumb, wild, shy, sneaky, dopey,
grumpy.... He noted that most people have somewhere between five and ten of these. There are
also Secondary traits, ones that aren’t quite so obvious, or so general, or so consistent.
Preferences, attitudes, situational traits are all secondary. For example, “he gets angry when you
try to tickle him,” “she has some very unusual sexual preferences,” and “you can’t take him to
restaurants.” But then there are Cardinal traits. These are the traits that some people have which
practically define their life. Someone who spends their life seeking fame, or fortune is such a
person. Often we use specific historical people to name these cardinal traits: Scrooge (greed),
Joan of Arc (heroic self-sacrifice), Mother Teresa (religious service), Marquis de Sade (sadism),
Machiavelli (political ruthlessness), and so on. Relatively few people develop a cardinal trait. If
they do, it tends to be late in life.
People may know us differently due to the traits that we display which depends on
situations. But that does not mean that the “you” that they know is very much different to the “you”
that you know. That is because you are aware that you are projecting the person that they are
describing as you and all of your experiences are unified under one consciousness. The Concept
of the Unity of Consciousness posits that we are conscious not only of single experience but of a
great many experiences at the time.
The same is true of actions; I can do and be conscious of doing a number of actions at the
same time. But why is it that people behave differently depending to the person that they are
interacting with? According to Eric Berne, Father of the Transactional Analysis Model, every
person’s personality has three parts called ego states and that people communicate to one another
assuming roles of any of these ego states.
Ego States:
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(1) Parent – ingrained voice of authority, absorbed conditioning, learning and attitudes
when we were young. (Taught)
(2) Child – our internal reaction and feelings to external events. (Feel)
(3) Adult – our ability to think and determine actions for ourselves (Thought)
Berne’s starting-point was that when two people encounter each other, one of them will speak to
the other. This he called the Transaction Stimulus. The reaction from the other person he called
the Transaction Response. The person sending the Stimulus is called the Agent. The person who
responds is called the Respondent. Transactional Analysis became the method of examining the
transaction wherein: 'I do something to you, and you do something back'. When we communicate
we are doing so from one of our own alter ego states, our Parent, Adult or Child. Our feelings at
the time determine which one we use, and at any time something can trigger a shift from one state
to another. When we respond, we are also doing this from one of the three states, and it is in the
analysis of these stimuli and responses that the essence of Transactional Analysis lies.
As established by the aforementioned theories, despite the difference on how other people
and us ourselves describe the Self, we experience all of those feeling, actions and thoughts all at
the same time. Hence, for Psychology there is only one Self. Greg Henrique proposed that the
Self, despite being a unit, has three related but separable domains.
Domains:
(1) Experiential Self – Theatre of Consciousness, first to experience its beingness, closely
tied to memory
(2) Private Self – The narrator or interpreter, tries to make sense of the experience
(3) Public Self/ Persona – The image you Project to the public. Interacts with the world
and influences how others see you.
When we speak of domain, we talk about an area. Henrique proposed that our Self has different
area that is being controlled by us. Our Self is like a shipping company that has different
departments but is owned by one supreme ruler. In analogy, the experiential self is like the receiver
of shipments. It is the domain that involves having to receive a stimulus such as our eyes for visual,
nose for nasal, ears for hearing etc. the Private Self is like the inspection area that interprets what
the stimulus are and what they are for. The Public Self is like the delivery department that executes
what the Private Self made sense of what it received from the Experiential Self.
D.W Winnicott, British Psychoanalyst, says that the Self is simply the person that is Me.
He suggested that there is a “Self” inside of our Self. The healthy core of a person’s Self is hidden
from the outside world, uninfluenced by the harsh realities of its external environment. He called
our inner Self as “True Self” and the outer layer that protects it is the “False Self”. The False Self
is built to defend the core from these realities and prevent it from any changes. It is a product of
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early experience which is deeply rooted of how we were raised (Parenting, Environment, Culture,
etc.) It is a mask or a persona, a defense to protect the true self from a world felt to be unsafe. The
True Self is the inner part of the self that is based on spontaneous authentic experience, the inner
core of the self that encases the person that you truly are (both positive and negative). False Self
can be both helpful and destructive at the same time if not raised properly. A Healthy False Self
can still function both as an individual and in a society. It feels connected with the True Self
making it compliant without being guilty abandoning the True Self. Having an Unhealthy False
Self means that you may seem happy and comfortable in your environment but actually feels
forced to fit in and constantly needing to adjust your behavior to adapt to the social situation. Say
for Example, I am Gay, but my father is a retired marine, a “man’s man” tough and explodes with
overflowing testosterone. Moreover, my mother is a very religious person who follows the
teachings of the bible which includes that having relationship with the same sex could be
sacrilegious. In the anticipation that I would not be accepted as his son if I express who I really
am, I develop a False Self of a prim and proper straight boy to appease my parents’ expectations.
If I am able to do my functions (as a student, employee, brother etc.) then I have developed a
Healthy False Self because I am still able to fulfill my purpose despite hiding who I truly am. But
if I hindered myself from engaging on activities that I actually enjoy, pretending someone who I
am not and feels like being trapped which makes me unable to bring about my full potential, then
I have developed an Unhealthy False Self.
In sum, there are many forces that influence and shape our sense of self such that in
retrospect is it no surprise that we all experience a multiplicity of self-states though in reality we
are one unitary conscious individual. In fact, with so many forces, it is almost a miracle that we
have a sense of continuity at all! Many people, however, struggle to form a stable, healthy control
system over the “multiplicity” of the self that emerge as a function of shifting moods, biorhythms,
roles situations, and relationships, and so on. Instead, they experience themselves as a collection
of competing, incoherent parts, which can create much conflict, functional impairment, and
distress. It is why we are talking about the Self in order to avoid these things and properly recognize
what and who the Self is.
Document)
61 | P a g e
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GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
V. Learning Task
Name: ______________________________________________
Course and Year: ____________________________
Schedule: _________________________________
True Self and False Self
Winnicott expressed that individuals have true self, the self that we truly are, and false
self, the self that serves as protection to our true self if it senses that the environment turns out to
be a danger to our true self. Using a picture of a mask, write the characteristics of your false self
that you have developed over the years on its front side and the characteristics of your true self
on its back side.
62 | P a g e
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GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Name:
Course and Year:
Schedule:

twice. (2pts. Each)
Column A Column B
1. Self = (Real Self x Ideal Self) A. James
2. Self = (I-Self x Me-Self) B. Winnicott
3. Self = (True Self x False Self) C. Berne

Personality________
4. D. Allport
Ego States (parent + child + adult)
5. Self = Propium E. Henrique
6. Self = (Experiential Self x Private Self x Public Self) F. Rogers
63 | P a g e
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GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Application 2 Instructions: Read all the words carefully. Find a connection between
each word and choose among the choices are different. After writing
your answer, write an explanation why your choice is different from the
others (2pts. Each)
Example: A. apple B. Banana C. Carrot D. Durian
Answer: C
Explanation: Carrot is a Vegetable while the others are fruits
1. A. Physical Changes B. Cognitive Changes C. Social Changes D. Climate Changes

Answer
Explanation
2. A. Schemas B. Assimilation C. Accommodation D. Actualizing Tendency

Answer:
Explanation
3. A. 11 years and above B. Egocentric C. Systematical D. Reason out

Answer:
Explanation:
4. A. Feelings B. Thoughts C. Behavior D. Interaction

Answer:
Explanation:
5. A. Central Trait B. Secondary Trait C. Tertiary Trait D. Cardinal Traits

Answer:
Explanation:
6. A. Wants B. Desires C. Knowledge D. Feelings

Answer:
Explanation:
64 | P a g e
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Moving On!
Reflection Paper for Unit 1
Socrates famously said, “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

And while this dictum is certainly true, self-reflection is not necessarily an easy thing to practice.
We live in an incredibly fast-paced world. Our mobile phones are constantly buzzing, social media
is infinitely calling, and Netflix always has something new to binge on.
Taking the time for reflection is a bit of a lost art. Most of us, unfortunately, are living unexamined
lives. This shouldn’t be the case!
1. Of all the theories (Philosophy, Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology) that you have
learned from Unit 1 of our Module, which of them do you personally find the most helpful?
And which of them did you find least helpful/ most confusing? Explain your answer briefly
and cite an example to demonstrate your point further.
Answer the question on a google form that will be provided on your Google Classroom Link if
resources are available. If not, answer the question on a yellow pad paper and send a photograph
of it on the Google Classroom Link.
***RUBRIC:
Content (25pts.) – the presence of ideas are developed through facts, examples, anecdotes,
details, opinions, statistics, explanation, reason and/or explanations
Organization (15pts) – the order is developed and sustained within and across paragraphs using
transitional devices and including introduction and conclusion
Focus (10pts) – The single controlling point made with an awareness of task about a specific
topic
65 | P a g e
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Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
VI. Reference
66 | P a g e

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Course Learning Outcomes:

Score 20 19-18 17 16 15 14 13-12 11 10 9-8 7 below

2-4 Lesson 2: c. Compare Philosophy: Activity

of various Characteristics Application

I, Me, Myself and

Lesson 1: Introduction to the course … Page 10

Lesson 2.1: Philosophical perspective of the Self - Ancient Philosophy … Page 16

Lesson 2.2: Philosophical perspective of the Self: Modern Philosophy … Page 20

Lesson 2.3: Philosophical perspective of the Self: Contemporary Philosophy … Page 24

Lesson 3.1: Sociological perspective of the Self: Background … Page 30

Lesson 4: Anthropological Perspective of the Self: Me and my Culture … Page 39

Lesson 5.1: Psychological Perspective of the Self: Background … Page 46

Lesson 5.2: Psychological Perspective of the Self: Unity of Self … Page 53

Lesson 5.3: Psychological Perspective of the Self: Self or Selves? … Page 65

Lesson 1: Introduction to the course

After studying this module, you should be able to:

Philosophical Perspective of the Self - Ancient Philosophy

After studying this module, you should be able to:

Philosophical perspective of the Self: Modern Philosophy

After studying this module, you should be able to:

Memory Theory Cogito Skepticism Cogito Ergo Sum

Philosophical perspective of the Self: Contemporary Philosophy

After studying this module, you should be able to:

A Neurophilosopher named Paul Churchland, also a believer of Reductive Physicalism,

Application 1 Instructions: Match the visual representation of theory (column A)

2. Self = Body + (Mind x Memory) B. Aristotle

3. Self = Body + Soul heaven C. St. Augustine

6. Self = Impression x Ideas F. Magellan

9. Self = Cogito + Extenza I. Gage

10. Self = Non-existent J. Merleau-Ponty

1. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. St. Augustine D. Merleau-Ponty

2. A. Plato B. Locke C. Descartes D. Hume

3. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Descartes D. St. Augustine

4. A. Hume B. Descartes C. Merleau-Ponty D. Churchland

5. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. St. Augustine D. Descartes

Sociological perspective of the Self: Background

After studying this module, you should be able to:

Sociology is found by Auguste Comte in the 1800’s. he wanted to have a systematic

• Problem: Low • Problem: Over • Problem:

Sociological Perspective of the Self: Mead and the Social Self

After studying this module, you should be able to:

Anthropological Perspective of the Self: Me and my Culture

After studying this module, you should be able to:

III. Topics and Key Concepts

IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

Lesson 3 and 4 Application

Application 1 Instructions: Match the visual representation of theory (column A)

5. Self = Nature + Nurture E. Raeff

1. Sets the Stage for Social-Self Development: Language

3. Inorganic Group: “Barkada”

4. Lack of Supply: Industrialism

5. Independent Construct: U.S.A

Psychological Perspective of the Self: Background

After studying this module, you should be able to:

IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

Matchy Match Matching Type

Match the words from Column A to the descriptions from Column B

Psychological Perspective of the Self: Unity of Self

After studying this module, you should be able to:

III. Topics and Key Concepts