Pengolahan Sinyal ECG

Menggunakan Matlab
Achmad Rizal
Biomedical Signal Processing & Instrumentation RG
(BioSPIN RG)
School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

About Me
• Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN, School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom
University
• Bachelor  ITB  2000
Institut Teknologi Bojong Soang , telecomm engineering
• Master  MIT  2006
Mbandung Institut of Technology, biomedical engineering
• Ph.D  New York  2019
• New York Kartohadiningrat 
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology,
Universitas Gadjah Mada
• Major : biomedical signal processing, biomedical image processing,
telemedicine, medical instrumentation

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019
Dasar Teori EKG

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

The ECG (1)

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

The ECG (1)

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

The ECG (1)
Electrocardiography
1. Standard clinical ECG (12 leads)
2. VCG (3 orthogonal leads)
3. Monitoring ECG (1 or 2 leads)

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Modern ECG

Figures above show how the

earliest ECGs were recorded by
Einthoven at 1900.
Vats of salt water provided the
electrical connection to the body.
The string galvanometer served as
the measurement instrument for
recording the ECG. Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019
Electrocardiograph

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Holter Monitor

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Frontal Plane Bipolar Leads EinthovenTriangle

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Wilson’s Central Terminal

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Transversal Lead

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

 12 Leads ECG
Recording

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Pengolahan Sinyal ECG
Electrocardiography
1. Standard clinical ECG (12 leads)
2. VCG (3 orthogonal leads)
3. Monitoring ECG (1 or 2 leads)

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Domain Pengolahan Sinyal ECG
• Noise reduction  filtering, interference removal
• Event/sinyal detection  P detection, RR detection
• Heart rate calculation  HRV
• Feature extraction

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

 Sinyal Domain pada Pengolahan Sinyal ECG
• Time domain
• Frequency domain
• T-F domain
• Wavelet domain

Kunci dari pengolahan sinyal digital adalah Frekuensi sampling

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Plot Sinyal ECG
clc; close all; clear all;
[filename path]=uigetfile('*.mat','Buka file ecg_data'); % data bentuk *.mat
fullname=[path filename];
ecgdat=load(fullname);
x=ecgdat.s;
fs=250
t=(0:1:length(ecgdat)-1)/fs;

%normalisasi
x=x-mean(x);
x=x/max(abs(x));

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Plot Sinyal ECG
frecg=fft(x);
z=0:1:length(x)-1;
zbaru=z/length(x);
frek=zbaru*fs;

freq_s = fft(x);

subplot(1,2,2);
plot(frek,abs(freq_s));
xlim([0 fs/2])
xlabel('Frekuensi (Hz)','fontsize',14);
ylabel('Magnitudo (mV)','fontsize',14);
title('Spektrum Sinyal NSR ','fontsize',14);

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Plot Sinyal ECG

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Filtering Sinyal ECG
Example 1:
% For data sampled at 250 Hz, design a lowpass filter with less than
% 3 dB of ripple in the passband defined from 0 to 30 Hz and at least
% 60 dB of ripple in the stopband defined from 50 Hz to the Nyquist
% frequency (250 Hz):

Wp = 30/250; Ws = 50/250;
Rp = 3; Rs = 60;
[n,Wp] = cheb1ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs) % Gives minimum order of filter
[b,a] = cheby1(n,Rp,Wp); % Chebyshev Type I filter
freqz(b,a,512,250); % Plots the frequency response

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Filtering Sinyal ECG
• Example 2
• Notch filter 50 Hz

w = 50/(fs/2);
bw = w;
[num,den] = iirnotch (w,bw);
filteringdata = filter (num,den,x); % x = ecg signal
freqz(num, den,512,250);

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

HRV calculation
• Proses
Baseline Thresholding
Filtering wander for RR RR calculation
removal calculation

• Contoh kasus

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

HRV calculation

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

HRV calculation

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

HRV calculation

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

HRV calculation

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Klasifikasi sinyal ECG
• Diagram block

Ekstraksi
normalisasi klasifikasi
ciri

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Ekstraksi ciri Sinyal ECG
• Ciri statistic : max, min, mean, variance, entropy, skewness, kurtosis

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

 Ekstraksi ciri Sinyal ECG
Hjorth Descriptor (Hjorth 1973)
First order signal variation
Second order signal variation

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Ekstraksi ciri Sinyal ECG
Time domain feature 𝑁

• Zero-crossing 𝑍𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑥 × 𝑥𝑛+1 ∩ 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛+1 ≥ 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑

𝑛=1
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑠𝑔𝑛 =
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
• Root mean square
𝑁
1
𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑥𝑛 2
𝑁
𝑛=1

• Log detector 1 𝑁
𝐿𝑂𝐺 = 𝒆𝑵 𝑛=1 log 𝑥𝑛

• Mean Absolute value (MAV) 1

𝑁

𝑀𝐴𝑉 = 𝑥𝑛
𝑁
𝑛=1
Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019
Ekstraksi ciri Sinyal ECG
Time domain feature 𝑁

• Waveform length (Wave) 𝑊𝐿 = 𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛

𝑛=1

• Standard deviation (STD)

𝑁
1
𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 𝑥𝑛 2 𝑆𝑇𝐷 = 𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑁−1
𝑛=1

• Slope-sign change (SSC)

𝑁

𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛−1 × 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛+1 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑

𝑓(𝑥) =
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑛=1

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Ekstraksi Ciri Sinyal ECG
• Ciri pada domain frekuensi
• Langkah pertama 
tranformasi fourier
• Langkah kedua 
ekstraksi ciri

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Ekstraksi Ciri Sinyal ECG
Ekstraksi ciri pada domain frekuensi
• Peak frequency
• Quantile frequency
• Mean frequency
• Median frequency
• Maximum to Minimum Drop in Power Density Ratio
• Signal to noise ratio
• Power Spectrum deformation
• Signal to Motion artifact ratio
etc

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Ekstraksi ciri Sinyal ECG pada T-F domain
• Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT)

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Ekstraksi ciri Sinyal ECG pada T-F domain
• Pendekatan seperti pada citra: analisis tekstur GLCM, GLDM dll
• Perhitungan frekuensi atau karakteristik tertentu dari spectrogram:
nilai tertinggi, f/fmax, variogram dll

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Analisis Wavelet pada sinyal ECG
• Discrete wavelet transform

Original Signal

HPF 2 D1
Level 1
A1 D1 x(t )
HPF 2 D2
Level 2 A2 D2
L
LPF 2 A1

Level 3 A3 D3 LPF 2 A2

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Analisis Wavelet pada sinyal ECG
• Wavelet Packet Decomposition

H 2 DS
H 2
x(t ) L 2 AD

H 2 DA
L 2
L 2 AA

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019

Beberapa referensi
• https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?user=w1uMqF4AAAAJ&hl=en
• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Achmad_Rizal4/research
• https://www.mendeley.com/profiles/achmad-rizal10/publications/

Achmad Rizal, BioSPIN Telkom University 2019