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Magnetostatics
Magnets, electric motors, and transformers are areas where problems involving magnetostatics can be found. The
"statics" implies that the time rate of change is slow, so we start with Maxwell's equations for steady cases,
xH=J
·B=0
B = µH
where B is the magnetic flux density, H is the magnetic field intensity, J is the current density, and µ is the
material's magnetic permeability.
B= xA
and
The plane case assumes that the current flows are parallel to the z-axis, so only the z component of A is present,
A = (0,0,A),J = (0,0,J)
and the equation above can be simplified to the scalar elliptic PDE
where J = J(x,y).
For the 2-D case, we can compute the magnetic flux density B as
The interface condition across subdomain borders between regions of different material properties is that H x n be
continuous. This implies the continuity of
and does not require special treatment since we are using the variational formulation of the PDE problem.
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The Dirichlet boundary condition specifies the value of the magnetostatic potential A on the boundary. The
Neumann condition specifies the value of the normal component of
on the boundary. This is equivalent to specifying the tangential value of the magnetic field H on the boundary.
Visualization of the magnetostatic potential A, the magnetic field H, and the magnetic flux density B is available.
B and H can be plotted as vector fields.
See [2] for a more detailed discussion on Maxwell's equations and magnetostatics.
Example
As an example of a problem in magnetostatics, consider determining the static magnetic field due to the stator
windings in a two-pole electric motor. The motor is considered to be long, and when end effects are neglected, a
2-D computational model suffices.
The magnetic permeability µ is 1 in the air and in the coil. In the stator and the rotor, µ is defined by
µmax = 5000, µmin = 200, and c = 0.05 are values that could represent transformer steel.
The geometry of the problem makes the magnetic vector potential A symmetric with respect to y and anti-
symmetric with respect to x, so you can limit the domain to x 0,y 0 with the Neumann boundary condition
on the x-axis and the Dirichlet boundary condition A = 0 on the y-axis. The field outside the motor is neglected
leading to the Dirichlet boundary condition
A = 0 on the exterior boundary.
The geometry is complex, involving five circular arcs and two rectangles. Using the pdetool GUI, set the x-axis
limits to [-1.5 1.5] and the y-axis limits to
[-1 1]. Set the application mode to Magnetostatics, and use a grid spacing of 0.1. The model is a union of circles
and rectangles; the reduction to the first quadrant is achieved by intersection with a square. Using the "snap-to-
grid" feature, you can draw the geometry using the mouse, or you can draw it by entering the following
commands:
pdecirc(0,0,1,'C1')
pdecirc(0,0,0.8,'C2')
pdecirc(0,0,0.6,'C3')
pdecirc(0,0,0.5,'C4')
pdecirc(0,0,0.4,'C5')
pderect([-0.2 0.2 0.2 0.9],'R1')
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pderect([-0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9],'R2')
pderect([0 1 0 1],'SQ1')
You should get a CSG model similar to the one in the plot below.
Enter the following set formula to reduce the model to the first quadrant:
(C1+C2+C3+C4+C5+R1+R2)*SQ1
In boundary mode you need to remove a number of subdomain borders. Using Shift-click, select borders and
remove them using the Remove Subdomain Border option from the Boundary menu until the geometry consists
of four subdomains: the stator, the rotor, the coil, and the air gap. In the plot below, the stator is subdomain 1, the
rotor is subdomain 2, the coil is subdomain 3, and the air gap is subdomain 4. Note that the numbering of your
subdomains may be different.
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Before moving to the PDE mode, select the boundaries along the x-axis and set the boundary condition to a
Neumann condition with g = 0 and q = 0. In the PDE mode, turn on the labels by selecting the Show Subdomain
Labels option from the PDE menu. Double-click each subdomain to define the PDE parameters:
In the coil both µ and J are 1, so the default values do not need to be changed.
In the stator and the rotor µ is nonlinear and defined by the equation above. Enter µ as
5000./(1+0.05*(ux.^2+uy.^2))+200
Initialize the mesh, and continue by opening the Solve Parameters dialog box by selecting Parameters from the
Solve menu. Since this is a nonlinear problem, the nonlinear solver must be invoked by checking the Use
nonlinear solver. If you want, you can adjust the tolerance parameter. The adaptive solver can be used together
with the nonlinear solver. Solve the PDE and plot the magnetic flux density B using arrows and the equipotential
lines of the magnetostatic potential A using a contour plot. The plot clearly shows, as expected, that the magnetic
flux is parallel to the equipotential lines of the magnetostatic potential.
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