DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DOMESTIC

FRESH WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

A RESEARCH PROJECT

BY
ESU, NDIFREKE OKON
MAN/13/HND/ME/90

UKO, FRIDAY FRIDAY

MAN/13/HND/ME/57

ANTAI, RICHARD EDET

MAN/13/HND/ME/30

SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF MARINE ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF MARINE ENGINEERING
MARITIME ACADEMY OF NIGERIA
ORON-AKWA IBOM STATE
NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
(HND) IN MARINE ENGINEERING

JULY 2015
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that cadet Esu Ndifreke Okon, Cadet Uko Friday Friday
and Cadet Antai Richard Edet carried out thorough research, and all the
materials and contents in this project are no doubt their work.

This research work has been reached, tested and approved according to the
department requirement.

Dr. Engr. Anthony Anayo Ishiodu Engr. Olaleye Olukayode

Head of department Project supervisor
Marine Engineering

Sign:……………………………………. Sign:…………………………………….

Date:…………………………………… Date:……………………………………
 DEDICATION

This project work, the design and construction of fresh water distribution
system is dedicated to our Lord and savior Jesus Christ for His love,
protection, strength, wisdom and understanding to carry out the research
and construction of this project.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to God almighty for His love, grace, and mercy upon our
lives, the two hectic years of regimental activities in Maritime Academy of
Nigeria, Oron. There was no serious incident that could bring our
programme to a premature end; we all gives thanks to God for a successful
completion of our programme (Higher National Diploma) and the research
and construction of this project.

We also acknowledge and appreciate the love and attention we all received
from our parent (sponsors) and our loved ones who in one way or the other
contributed spiritually, morally and financially to the success of this project
work and throughout our Higher National Diploma programme in Maritime
Academy of Nigeria, Oron.

Our sincere gratitude goes to our Head Of Department, Engr. (Dr). Anthony
Anayo Ishiodu, our lecturers, Mr. E. E. Williams, Engr. Olaleye Olukayode
(sir K), Engr. (Dr). I. C. Ezeala, Mr. Andem, Mr. O.O. Omotosho and Mr.
Dunya, for their moral supports and guidance during the course of our
study in the Academy.

Our special thanks goes to our colleagues, cadet Walter Emmanuel, Paul
Owowo, Emmanuel Paul Asukwo, Akpan Daniel O, Solomon Akpan, Nduonyi
Clement, Anthony Eyoh, Ephraim Okon, Anthony Obon, Effiong Emmanuel
and other cadets and staffs of Maritime Academy of Nigeria Oron, Akwa
Ibom state.

Finally, we want to express our gratitude to our project supervisor Engr.

Olaleye Olukayode for his constant concern, patient, guidance and
invaluable suggestion throughout the preparation of the project.

It is our prayer that God will bless and reward you all in Jesus Name Amen.
 ABSTRACT

In common engineering practice domestic fresh water distribution systems

are design using only heuristic criteria to determining the optimal
configuration and network parameters that can meet required flow and
pressure rate are the result of hydraulic and cost-benefit analyses where the
probability of system failure and other reliability statistics are very rarely
included in such analyses. Unlike other technical system characteristics
rigorously determined and critically analyzed, the probability of failure in
water resources systems relies on examining the possibility of meeting
demands under some predefined “worst case” scenarios. As a result of such
practice, certain system elements are over design, but reliability of the
entire system is usually inadequate. Water distribution system are ordinary
designed to adequately satisfy the water requirements for a combination of
domestic, commercial, industrial and fire fighting purpose. The performance
of a distribution system can be judged on the basis of the pressure available
in the system for a specific rate of flow. The distribution system consists of a
network of pipes with appurtenances, for transporting water for the
purification plant (service tank) to the consumers tap. It also includes the
design and operation of storage, service or balancing reservoir.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
I. Title page - - - - - -
II. Certification - - - - - -
III. Dedication - - - - - -
IV. Acknowledgement - - - - - -
V. Abstract - - - - - -
VI. Table of content - - - - - -
VII. Symbol - - - - - -

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction - - - - - -
1.2 Background - - - - - -
1.3 Statement of problem - - - - -
1.4 Aim of study - - - - - -
1.5 Objectives of the study - - - - -
1.6 Significance of the study - - - - -
1.7 Scope of the study - - - - -
1.8 Definition of terms - - - - -

CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Review of the related design and construction -
2.2 Method of domestic fresh water distribution system-
2.3 System of fresh water supply - - - -
2.4 Types of pipelines connection - - - -

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Selection of materials - - - - -
3.1.1 Pipe materials - - - - -
3.1.2 Tank materials - - - - -
3.1.3 Stand materials - - - - -
3.1.4 Pump casting - - - - -
3.1.5 Valve materials - - - - -
3.1.6 Pump shaft and key material - - -
3.2 Design Theory - - - - - -
3.3 Design parameters- - - - - -
3.4 Fabrication technique - - - - -
3.5 Principle of operation - - - -
3.6 Precautions taken when designing - - -
3.7 Maintenance procedures- - - - -
3.8 Testing and safety of component parts - -
3.9 Fluid flow analysis - - - - - -
3.10 Calculation involved in the design and construction

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Expected results - - - - - -
4.2 Tables - - - - - - -

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary - - - - - - -
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - -
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - -
5.4 References - - - - - - -
SYMBOL
A = Pipe Cross section Area (m2)
a = Velocity of sound (m/s)
Cp = Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ/ (kg K))
Cv = Specific heat capacity at constant Volume (kJ/ (kg K))
Ɛ = Pipe roughness (m)
Ɛ mm = Pipe roughness (mm)
D = diameter (m)
f = friction factor
fT = friction factor (flow in zone of complete turbulence).
h = Specific Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
k = Thermal conductivity (W/ (m K))
r = radius of pipe bend (m)
K = f (L/D)
L = Pipe length (m)
P = Absolute Pressure N / m2
Pr = Prantl Number = c p. mu / k (Dimensionless)
Q = Volume flow Rate (m3 /s)
q = Heat input per unit mass (kJ /kg)
R = Gas constant = R 0 / M (kJ / (kg.k)
Re = Reynolds’s Number = v.pD/µ
t = Temperature (C)
T = Absolute temperature (K)
u = Specific Internal Energy (kJ/kg)
v = Fluid Velocity (m/s)
w = Work output per unit mass (kJ/kg)
p = Density (kg /m3)
µ = Fluid Viscosity = (Ns/m2 = Pa s)
z = Elevation (m)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION

A water distribution system is a network of pumps, pipelines, storage

tanks, and other appurtenances. It must deliver adequate quantities of
water at pressure sufficient for operating plumbing fixtures and the
firefighting equipment, yet it must not deliver water at pressures high
enough to increase the occurrence of leaks and pipeline breaks. Pressure-
regulating valves may be installed to reduce pressure levels in low-lying
service areas. More than half the cost of a municipal water supply system is
for the distribution network.
A typical “domestic fresh water distribution system” is usually made
up of some essential parts and for any supply and distribution to be done
successfully, the following facilities must be available, and these includes
the source of water supply, storage facilities, transmission facilities,
treatment facilities, storage or water tower (tank stand), and the
distribution facilities. All these facilities would and cannot be complete
without some little components such as the fittings, valves, tanks, pipes,
pump etc., in a domestic fresh water distribution system to be used.
(Laurel, 2008, www.britannica.com).
Ijeoma 2008 described pump as a device included in a piping
arrangement for the purpose of raising the energy of fluid, resulting to an
increase in its pressure and the speed of the fluid, which include the
positive displacement and the Roto-dynamic pumps. The choice of a pump
depends on the depth of the well and the amount of water required.
Consumers willingness to get its water relies completely on gravity as the
drawing force to bring water from its source (storage). However, some
forms of pumping will be required. Pumps are required to deliver water
from its source in such that water must be lifted to distribute reservoirs and
elevated tank. The type of pump to be used depends on the point at which
the storage tank is placed from the service tank and the amount of water
required to be pumped. Pumps are manufactured for high lift and low lift,
but there are many types each within category depending on the discharge
on the amount of energy required to overcome the pressure at the
discharge end of the system when it is higher than at the suction end.
The most preferred pump is used in the water distribution and supply is
the centrifugal pump. Due to the small space occupying, the space and the
case with which they can be coupled to an electric motor without the need
for reducing gearing. Centrifugal pump is either arranged vertically or
horizontally and they are designed in sizes having capacities from less than
one (1) tonnes/hr up to approximate 5000 tonnes/hr or more.
Transmission mains connecting the source of supply to the distribution
system must be large enough to supply at least the maximum daily
demand. If the distribution system does not include storage, supply mains
must also be adequate to deliver maximum hourly demands. Both
transmission and distribution mains are usually designed by using the
Hazen-Williams formula (Wagner et al, 2008).
Fresh water distribution (supply) system utilizing potential energy
(gravity) for delivery. The typical layout of a gravity-fed water system
includes a water source, transmission main, reservoir and distribution
system. Every component between the water source and the reservoir will
be discussed in this project, which focuses on everything related to the
transmission main. This includes pipeline route survey, water resource
planning, and pipeline design and pipeline construction.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the view of Katty (2009) he imagine trying to live your life without
running water. Of all municipal services, a potable water supply is perhaps
the most vital. All people depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing,
carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs. The earliest settled
communities were virtually always located near a water source. Further,
the evolution of public water supply systems is tied directly to the growth
of cities. And if a surface water source was not available, settlers dug
shallow wells to supply water to community residents.

Various means of conveying water has been device by man which are
mainly through the ground water surface water procedures. Water is a
scarce resource hence it is necessary to use it intelligently. This is a good
idea but experience has shown that dirty water eats up the system
pipelines and valves etc. very fast as compared to freshwater.

Turner (2004) in his view analyzed that “Domestic Fresh Water

Distribution System” is a system of piping arrangement which serves the
purpose of conveying fresh water from area of abundance to an area of
shortage. This system when designed and installed can serve various
aspects of life. Before civilization came into play, there were other means of
conveying water from one place of availability to another (place to be
supplied to) but these methods used then were much stressful, time
consuming and mainly capital consuming. They also required enough
strength and effort, methods used then includes the canals, aqueducts
reservoirs, water-well, etc.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

 Water supply systems consist of raw water collection and storage
facilities, transmission facilities to convey the untreated water supply to
treatment plants, treatments plants, finished water storage, and water
distribution system. A typical water delivery infrastructure contains a vast
array of pipes, pumps, valves, and other appurtenances that defy easy
analysis. The flow through water distribution systems are governed by
complex, nonlinear, non-convex, and discontinuous hydraulic equations.
The solution of a pipe network hydraulic problem, presenting single set of
constraints, is still a complex problem. The need to realistically model
fittings, valves, pumps, storage tanks, spatial and temporal variations of
water demand, and variations in water quality was the driving force behind
the development of water distribution network solvers.
Green (2008) presents the Darcy-Weisbach equation, and the Hazen-
Williams and manning empirical equations for computation of friction head
losses in pressure pipes, and a comprehensive and comparative review of
Hardy Cross, Newton-Raphson, and linear theory methods for analyzing
flow in pipe networks. Friction head-loss computations represent the most
significant element in the determination of distribution of flow in pipe
networks. The Hazen-Williams equation is used most often by design
engineers in the United States. The combined conservation of flow and
energy equations are the basis of modeling and simulating water
distribution systems. The conservation of energy equations applied to each
independent loop of the water distribution system constitute a system of
non-linear equations. Pumps, valves, and multiple demand patterns can
result in multiple discontinuities.
1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY

To design and construct a typical domestic fresh water distribution

system.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To achieve the above stated aim, the following objectives are
considered.
I. To analyze the head loss in the pipe.
II. To determine the tank capacity.
III. To determine the volume of flow through the pipe.
IV. To determine the pressure of liquid in the tank.
V. To determine the flow rate through the pipe.
VI. To determine if the flow is turbulent or laminar.
VII. To show the relationship between the flow rate and head loss in the
system.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 This project the “Domestic Fresh Water Distribution System” is the most
common type/source of water supply as we have come to a more civilized
era. Thus it reduces the stress, energy and time, involved in the absence of
such facilities as fresh water is inevitable. However, this study is thoroughly
concentrated with the operation, supply and maintenance of a typical fresh
water distribution (supply) system. (Brown 2009).

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 This project is limited to the design and construction of domestic fresh
water distribution system that will convey and store water within the
academy community and its environs. (Flick et al 2004). The general
structure of the optimization models for water distribution systems
minimize capital investment and energy costs can be stated as follows
subject to:

I. Conservation of flow and energy equations.

II. Head Bounds

III. Design Constraints

IV. General Constraints

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Domestic Water system: This is a system (i.e piped system) for the
purpose of conveying portable water supply from the supplier to the
end user.

 Pressure: This is the force per unit area.

 Plumbing: It is the system of pipe that supplies water to a building.

 Viscosity: Is the property of a fluid which is related to its ability to flow

or that determine the amount of its resistance to a shearing force.

 Fluid: Is a substance which is capable of flowing and which conforms to

the shape of the containing vessels.

 Reynolds’ Number: Is the ratio of the inertia forces to the viscous

forces.

 Pressure Head: It represents the height of a column of homogeneous of

pressure.

 Suction Head: Is the vertical height through which liquid has to be lifted
or the vertical height from the liquid level in the tank to the center of
the pump neglecting function.

 Laminar Flow: A flow situation in which motion occurs as a movement

of one layer of fluid on another.

 Turbulent Flow: A flow situation in which the fluid particles move in

random manner.

 Friction Head: It is a term that explains the resistance to the flow

encountered by the liquid through a system due to physical contact
with the surface of pipes, valves, and fittings.

 Total Static Head: Is the distance in meters, from the surface of the
suction source to the surface of the surface of the discharge tank (or to
 the main point of free discharge).

 Capacity: Is the actual volume of the fluid delivered. It is usually stated

in terms of cubic meter per stroke or gallon per minute when
discharging at a given speed.

 Force: Is completely defined when its direction , magnitude and point of

application are specified. The S.I unit for force is Newton.

 Vacuums: Is a space devoid of matter and in which the pressure is zero.

 Efficiency: Is the ratio of useful work performed by prime mover to the

energy expanded in producing it.

 Power: Is the rate at which work is done. The S.I unit of measuring
power is the horse power (hp) equivalent to 450watts, which is defined
as 2300 foot pound per minute.

 Cycle: Refers to the pump run time. A cycle starts when the pump starts
and cycle is completed when the pump stops.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

In the study carried out by Jain et al (2005), they maintained that

domestic fresh water distribution system are ordinarily designed to
adequately satisfy the water requirements for a combination of domestic,
commercial, industrial and fire fighting purposes. The performance of a
distribution system can be judged on the basis of the pressure available in
the system for a specific rate of flow. The distribution system consists of a
network of pipes with the appurtenances for transferring and transporting
water from the purification plant to the consumer’s tap. It also includes the
design and operation of storage, service or balancing reservoirs.
In the view of Ricky (2009), he explained that domestic fresh water
distribution systems used which comprises of a fresh water for washing and
drinking purposes and the salt water, used for sanitary purposes, with a
gravity tank and pressurized tank, where the water is pumped to from the
tank after purification for the purpose of distribution to the areas where
there are required. Sometimes, they are fitted with calorifier for heating
water. Dr. J Cowler, gave the components contained or makes up the
“Domestic Water System” such as pump, pressure tank and the connecting
pipe work. He also gave the factors to be considered when making a choice
of material for use in the pipe work and the system itself. Water
Distribution System explained out the modern day fresh water distribution
system is like. In his diagram, there is fresh water as well as sanitary water
supply system. He explained that there are two set of pumps and two
separate storage tanks supplying water to the system.
In a research carried out by Belgrade (2007) recently indicate that
water resource field began to apply intelligent search procedures, including
genetic algorithms, Tabu search, and simulated annealing to a variety of
problems. These heuristic provide a more robust framework for
optimization, because the analyst is not restricted. To formulating the
problem with well behaved equations. Results of applying these techniques
to the water network problem have been very encouraging. However, the
software for performing intelligent searches was not commercially
available. Thus, the engineering designer faced the daunting task of writing
his/her own software or hiring someone to do it for him/her. Reliability is
critical for engineering design, and therefore engineers are generally
reluctant to use non-commercially available software. This paper shows
how hydraulic analysis and commercial optimizers can be integrated via a
spreadsheet. Since most engineers have at least some experience with
spreadsheet applications, the propose method yields models that are easy
to understand and verify. The New York City water supply tunnel problem,
which has been studied for over 25years, is use to demonstrate the value of
this approach.
Harold (2007) analysed that the supply of service tank is where the
fresh water to be distributed to the various points is stored. The storage is
the important part in this project, because for a fresh water to be
distributed to various points, it must be stored under high pressure. This
tank must carry high pressure however; the thickness must be high in order
to provide adequate strength. Valves are flow control devices. It is a
mechanical device used to regulate or control the flow or pressure of fluids
on piping system at internals which is done by either opening or closing the
valve. The valves which are commonly used in piping systems include the
gates, globe and various check valves and the plug clock, and also the
butterfly valve. But the check valves are used when it is necessary to
guarantee that fluid flows in only one direction through a pipe. In a well
piping system such as the domestic water distribution system, a check valve
at the inlet prevents water draining from the system when the pump is not
operating. The check valve is also known as the non-return valve.
Graw-Hill (2000) analysed that the plug clocks like gate valves permit
flow of liquid. They often are used as the shut-off valves in fuel systems and
as controls for regulating the flow of gas. The gate valve, which is generally
used as a shut-off valve, typically consists of a disk with a wedge-shaped
cross section that can be raised and lowered at a right and to the direction
of flow liquids. In globe valves, the liquid or fluid follows a winding path. A
typical globe valve is closed by moving a disk against the flow of fluid until it
contacts the round valve seat, blocking the flow. It is opened by moving the
disk away from the seat (Analytical Equation of State of Hydrophore, 2002)
Pressure switches are installed on the pressure tank. They regulate rise
and fall of pressure in the tank. Whenever the pressure of air falls inside the
tank, the pressure switch is activated at some selected low pressure value
and then gives signal to the pump to which it is connected to pump water.
As the tank fills with water and the air pressure rises, another pressure
switch is set at some higher value steps to the pump. The pressure switch is
connected to the pump through a motor starter. The butterfly valve is a
circular disk which rotates in a flow passage, operated by a lever. Butterfly
valves are formed in carburetors and in hot air heating systems. The safety
valves are valves that open when pressure within the flow systems exceeds
a maximum in order to relief the system of excess pressure, for the sake of
this design, the gate is used for the piping system.

2.2 METHODS OF DOMESTIC FRESH WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

 In the study carried out by Jain (2010), he describes various method of
fresh water distribution system which according to him depends upon the
topography of the area and maintained that the following methods may be
adopted;
I. Gravity System: In the gravity system, the source of water supply is so
located with respect to the area of distribution that water is available
with sufficient pressure at various points of the area. However, if the
purification units are located on a hill, and the source of water supply is
also located behind the hill, and the source of water supply is also
located behind the hill, pumping may be required to convey water from
the raw water source to the purification work. The purified water then
flows entirely under gravity. Thus, this is the most reliable and
economical domestic fresh water distribution system.
II. Pumping System: In this system, water is pumped directly into the
distribution system to achieve the required pressure. Generally, double
pumping is required, first top pump raw water from the source to the
treatment works and then to pump purified water direct into the
distribution mains. The pumps have to be run at varying speeds
according to the variations in the consumption. In case off the power
failure, the entire water distribution system of the locality is disturbed.

III. Combined Gravity and Pumping System: This is the most common
domestic fresh water distribution system adopted in the most of the
cases. Generally, the water purification works are located almost at the
same level as the area of distribution-specifically when the source of
raw water supply is a river or a reservoir formed behind a dam. In order
to obtain sufficient distribution pressure, filtered water is pumped into
clear water reservoir located either on a higher ground or elevated on a
tower.

2.3 SYSTEMS OF FRESH WATER SUPPLY

 Domestic fresh water distribution system to the consumers can be
achieved by
i. Continuous System: In the continuous system, water is available to the
consumers for all the 24hours of the day. No doubt, this is described as
the best system since water is available as and when it is needed but
this leads to the wasteful use of water. In this system, water is not
stagnant in the pipe at any instant, and hence fresh water is always
available.

ii. Intermittent System: In this system, water is supplied to the consumers

only during some fixed hours of the day- say two (2) to four (4) hours in
the morning and two (2) to four (4) hours in the evening. This is the
most common system adopted. The method of distribution is adopt
either sufficient pressure is not available or when sufficient quantity is
not available.

2.4 PIPES AND TYPES OF PIPELINE CONNECTIONS

 Hwang (2006), in his view analyse pipe network connection, he further
suggested that in fluid dynamics, Pipe Network Analysis is the analysis of
the fluid flow through a hydraulic network, containing several or many
interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and
pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common
problem in hydraulic design. In order to direct water to many individuals in
a municipal water supply, many times the water is routed through a water
supply network. A major part of this network may consist of interconnected
pipes. This network creates a special class of problems in hydraulic design
typically referred to as pipe network analysis. The modern solution for this
is to use specialized software in order to automatically solve the problems.
However, the problems can also be addressed with sampler methods like a
spreadsheet equipped with a solver, or a modern graphing calculator.
Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight pipe
or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other
purposes. Such as regulating or measuring fluid flow. The term plumbing is
generally used to describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in
ordinary domestic or commercial environments, whereas piping is often
used to describe high-performance (e.g high pressure, high flow, high
temperature, hazardous materials) conveyance of fluids in specialized
applications. The term tubing is sometimes used to for lighter-weight
piping, especially types that are flexible enough to be supplied in coiled
form. Fittings (especially uncommon types) require money, time, materials,
and tools to install, so they are a non-trivial part of piping and plumbing
systems. Valves technically fittings, but are usually discussed separately.
These are hollow cylindrical tubes which are mainly used for them to
various tanks and to the locations where they are required. There are
various types of pipes used in the industry today ranging from the cast iron
pipe, steel pipe, aluminum pipe, reinforced concrete pipe, asbestos-
comment pipe, vitrified-clay pipe and the plastic pipe. But since we are
dealing with the domestic water supply distribution system, water after its
treatment contains some chemical which can react with the pipe for its
strength and durability, aluminum pipe for its light weight and resistance to
inside and outside pressure and to corrosion, plastic pipes for its flexibility,
resistant to corrosion when in contacts with high corrosion materials are all
used or can be used for the domestic water distribution system.
 There are two (2) major types of pipeline connection in domestic fresh
water distribution system, which are;
I. Series Connection: In this types of pipe connection different diameter
(sizes) of pipes are connected end to end to form a pipeline. The flow rate is
the same through the pipeline. Moreover, the overall functional head loss is
equal due to the loss, due to friction along the pipe.

A Pipe1 Pipe2 B

L1 L2

Fig 2.1 A diagram of a Series connection

ii. Parallel Connection: in the case of the parallel pipe connection, the fluid
has a number of alternatives to flow. The overall flow rate is the sum of the
flow rate, through the different alternative pipes. The total frictional head
loss is also the sum of that for the pipes involved. (Raw-son, 2002)

A L1 B

L2

fig 2.2 A diagram of a Parallel connection

 CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND DESIGN METHOD
3.1 SELECTION OF MATERIALS:
The choice of material used as an engineering component is a major aspect
which must be put into consideration and it depends upon the condition(s)
under which it will be employed. Some of the factors considered when
choosing the right type of material to be used for an engineering component
are stated below.
Therefore the condition for choice of material could be simple or complex,
hence the following listed materials were chosen for the project.
i. 1.5mm mild steel plate for storage and service tank.
ii. 37.5mm mild steel angle bar for stand construction.
iii. Gauge 12 mild steel electrodes.
iv. 19mm diameter polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVC-pipe) for water
flow.
v. 19mm diameter water tap (SS)
vi. 19mm diameter elbow
vii. 19mm diameter ball value (PVC)
viii. 19mm diameter union connector (PVC)
ix. Gloss paint
x. 19mm diameter galvanized socket
xi. Water purifier
xii. Adhesive tangit gum
xiii. 50mm diameter socket/plug (galvanized)
xiv. 14”bolt/nuts and washers
xv. 0.5 horse power electric motor
xvi. 13amp socket

3.1.1 Pipe materials : the selection of a particular pipe material is based on its
suitability for a particular job and location, its cost and availability; pressure of
the liquid flowing through it; temperature of the surrounding; chemical
properties of the conveyed fluid and the environmental factors. The pipe
material which can be used for the design and construction of a domestic fresh
water distribution system include:
i. Cast-iron pipes
ii. Steel (galvanized) pipes
iii. Wrought iron or malleable iron pipe
iv. Copper and brass pipes
v. Aluminum pipes
vi. Lead pipes
 vii. Rubber pipes
viii. polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVC-pipe)

Cast –iron and steel pipe can be used for the distribution of water in a
domestic fresh water distribution system but for the purpose of this design and
construction, due to the availability and financial constraint, the polyvinyl
chloride pipe (PVC-pipe) was used which is also suitable for the purpose of the
following:
Light weight
Easy workability (ie it is easy to install)
High resistance to corrosion, abrasion
Low thermal and electrical insulation
Good strength and rigidity
Good resistance to effect of most chemicals
Low fabrication cost
Good dimension stability, etc.

3.1.2 Tank materials: The materials used for the design and construction of the
tanks of this project is steel plate. The steel plate in this case could be mild
steel, medium carbon steel plate. The different types of steel plate basically
are classified based on the amount of carbon they contain. When the carbon
content exceeds 1.5% the material changes from being steel to iron. Steel can
be classified based on their carbon content as follows:
i. Between 0.15% and 0.3% carbon (mild steel)
ii. between 0.3% and 0.8% carbon (medium carbon steel)
iii. From 0.8% to1.5% carbon (high carbon steel).
For the purpose of this design and construction, mild steel plate is
considered suitable for the design and construction of a domestic fresh water
distribution system both for the storage tank and the service tank for the
following reasons:
I. It’s malleability
II. It’s tensile strength which ranges between 430 to 495MN/m 2
III. It’s ductility
IV. It’s machinability
V. It is easy to weld, forged into a new shape

3.1.3: Stand materials: The material used for the design and construction of
the domestic fresh water distribution system stand is mild steel angle bar but
the cast iron pipe would have been the best for the construction because of
the strength.
3.1.4 Pump casting: The material used for the pump casting is cast iron. Cast
iron is used because of its low cost, good mach inability and moderate
mechanical properties, availability in the market. It can also be heat treated to
improve its mechanical properties.

3.1.5 Valve material: domestic fresh water distribution system required not
only a pipe but it also many fittings and valves which add considerably to their
functionality as soon as cost. Therefore the valve material selected to be used
in this project can be the stainless steel type which consist of 18% chromium,
8% nickel, and 0.12% carbon, tensile strength of 460MN/m 2 fatigue limit of
260MN/m2, 30% elongation and 1700 brunell hardness numeral. The gun metal
type of 88% copper, 10% silicon and 20% zinc, ultimate strength of 295MN/m 2,
16% elongation, 18.6KN/mm2 modulus of elasticity and 850 brunell hardness
numeral with good casting properties can also be used for the valve material
but for the sake of availability and cost, steel is used for this project design and
construction.

3.1.6. Pump shaft and key material: the pump shaft is made of carbon steel,
whose carbon content is from 0.3 to 0.5% this steel can be toughened by heat
treatment (ie. Heating to red heat and quenching rapidly by cooling in water)
from 830oC to 8600oC. the steel has yield strength of about 500MN/m 2 tensile
strength of about 700MN/m2, 20% elongation, impact strength of about 55 –
200 brunell hardness numeral.
3.2 DESIGN THEORY:

For any engineering design, the major aim of the designer is to design a
system or machine device that will meet a particular need or solve a particular
problem. To achieve this aim, the designer has to conduct some
iteration/evaluation processes until the desired result is obtained. The process
often times produces some certain number of alternative solutions leaving the
designer with the task or challenge of deciding the best among the several
possible solutions.
The concept of engineering design as a universal constituent of engineering
practice is the process of applying the various techniques and specific
principles for the purpose of defining a system in sufficient detail to enhance
its realization. The design analysis of this system will strictly be based on the
design analysis of domestic fresh water distribution system (ie. The storage
tank and the service tank) which are the major components of the system that
required design. Also it will state the sequence of construction starting from
the paper work down to the fabrication process involve in the design and
construction of domestic fresh water distribution system.
The first stage of this design analysis of this project was the production of
rough sketch of the system which gave the ideology of how the “domestic
fresh water distribution system” would look like. On getting the rough sketch,
various modifications were made in order to obtain the preliminary full size
drawing as well as the final drawing with dimension so as to give a better
pictorial impression of the overall dimensions and the design information. The
next stage of the design was the procurement of the material which led to the
fabrication of the components which includes the storage tank, services tank,
stand, pump casing, and piping systems. The final stage was the construction
of the domestic fresh water distribution system.
3.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS:

The parameter of the various parts of this design and construction is one
aspect which must not be neglected for the purpose of calculations and since
this design is a model, it can also be used for reference purposes. Therefore
the domestic fresh water distribution system is designed with the following
parts, their figures and dimension.
Storage Tank (Tank 1):
Length = 60cm
Breadth = 60cm
Height = 60cm
Thickness of plate = 0.015cm
Storage Tank (Tank 2):
Length = 50cm
Breadth = 50cm
Height = 50cm
Thickness of plate = 0.015cm
Stand (angle bar) x4
Height = 150cm
Thickness of the bar = 0.375cm
Pipe from the storage tank to the pump
Diameter = 19mm
Height = 100cm
Pipe from the pump to the service tank
Diameter = 19mm
Height = 64cm
Pipe from the service tank to the consumers lines using gravity
Diameter = 19mm
Height = 120cm
Valve, union connector, water tap, ball valve and elbow:
Diameter = 19mm
3.4 FABRICATION TECHNIQUES:
This is mainly the processes and procedures involved in the stages of
construction. It is the permanent joining of member structures and machine
parts that have been existing as separate small units. The mechanical process is
different from that of assembly units in functions and operation. Some
methods of joining parts together are used throughout the industries to form
either a complete product or assembly. The methods used depend on the
application of the product and whether the parts have to be dismantled for
maintenance or replacement during service. Methods used to fabricate parts
of this project are described below.

3.4.1. Marking out: The parts as stated in the design parameters of this
project are marked out with full regard, giving their measurement in millimeter
(mm), centimeter (cm) and meter (m). The marked out parts are then cut into
their individual shape and size with adequate safety measures observed. The
making out process helps the designer get the exact sizes of the mechanical
parts to be used for the design. Tool used for the making out process are
scribers, pencil and try square.

3.4.2. Fabrication of tank: The tanks where made up of steel plates. The plates
after being marked out and cut to the required size then welded together to
form a rectangular and square tanks.

3.4.3. Fabrication of the stand: The stand was designed and constructed using
angle bars throughout. The angle bar after being marked out and cut to the
required sized are then welded together to form a stand.

3.4.4. Welding: this is the most economical method of joining tension

members and used for permanent joints which do not heed to be dismantled
to be joined knowing to well that any attempt to do so will result in the
damage of the joints or parts. It is one major aspects of this design and
construction process in which without it, the design and construction of the
domestic fresh water distribution system would not be a success because the
materials to be joined together to make up the project would be lying-in-
waste without any form or shape. There are various ways of welding joint
which are the Corner Joint, Butt Joint, T-Joint, Tap Joint, but for the sake of this
project, Tap Joint and Corner Joint are mainly used for welding. The type of
welding used for this design and construction is the Arc welding. The welding
activities were done with 30 gauge electrodes and some angle bars used for
the stand. Also the tanks were constructed bby welding the cut plates
together.

3.4.5. General Machined Used: In the fabrication of this project, the following
workshop tools and machines were used. There are as follows:

i. Hack saw
ii. Grounding machines
iii. Drilling machine
iv. Welding machine
v. Wire brush
vi. Scriber
vii. Pipe vice
viii. Rule or tape
ix. Try square
x. Centre punch
xi. Chisel
xii. Hammer
xiii. Screw driver
xiv. Files
3.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
In the domestic fresh water distribution system water from the storage
tank is pumped to the service tank by a continuously operating centrifugal
pump. These pumps are usually located near the storage tank and frequently
in engineering space. In the domestic fresh water distribution system, the
gravity cannot be employed as the force to transfer the water to consumers.
The principle of operation of the domestic fresh water distribution system
can be explained from described below;

Supply/sea water
(Source)

Storage Tank

Pump

Service Tank

Purifier

Channels of distribution
Consumer’s line
Fig 3.3: Principle Of Operation

3.6 PRECAUTIONS TAKEN WHEN DESIGNING

In engineering profession, “SAFETY FIRST” is always the watchword especially
in the processing of designs in the workshop which will have to be done with
using mechanical tools, machineries, moving metals form one place to
another. Therefore in order to prevent accidents, extra carefulness must hold
both during and after operations. These carefulness/precautions include the
following rules which must be followed or obeyed.

3.6.1 Welding Safety Precautions

Accidents frequently occur in welding operations, and in many instances, they
result in serious injuries to the welder or other personnel working in the
immediate area. What many welders fail to realize is that accident often occurs
not because of lack of protective equipment but because of carelessness.
Proper eyes protection is of the utmost importance not only to welding
operators but for other personnel in the vicinity of the welding operation. Eyes
protection is necessary because of the hazard posed by stray flashes, reflected
glare, flying sparks and globules of molten metal.

3.6.2 General Safety Precautions

Accident in the workshop claims too far many victims and approximately 7% of
the workman’s part; hence the need for care cannot be over-emphasized. The
point discussed below is intended to warn off some dangers a workman is
likely to meet in the workshop.

I. Knowing workshop rules and regulations and comply with them

II. The machineries should take enough rest before resuming duty
III. The machineries operator should report any mechanical failure
IV. The machinery should obtain adequate permission from his/her supervisor
before any operation is carried out.
V. Workshop should always be kept clean
VI. Install guards all over exposed rotating parts
VII. Knowing warning signs and safety colors
VIII. Suitable protective clothing must be worn
IX. Use correct tools for a particular purpose
X. Unattended machineries should be switched off
XI. Goggles should be worn when grinding
XII. Do not monkey around in the workshop
XIII. Do not smoke or take alcohol in the workshop
XIV. Do not raise false alarm to distract others
3.7 MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE
 The maintenance procedure of the domestic water supply system is as
important as the building itself. If the system is not properly maintained, it can
lead to damage of the system and this can affect the living in the building.
Therefore, for this reason it is important that adequate maintenance is always
carried out on the system which starts from the design stage and in
construction such as the losses which may occur at the fittings also when
fabricating the parts, he should ensure that they are properly welded
especially the plates for the tanks in order to avoid or prevent leakages from
the system. Also the pipe fittings and couplings should also be connected
properly, so that it can perform its functions for which it is meant for. The
tanks can also be painted against corrosion, erosion and abrasion effect caused
by the flow medium. Also, during operation, care should be taken to ensure
that the right valves are open and close in order to avoid damage of the pump
caused by pressure built up in the system and over stressing the pump.
Another maintenance procedure that must adhered to or put into
consideration is the cleaning process of the pipeline. Various cleaning
measures are undertaken to reduce corrosion that often occur in the pipeline,
especially when it has to do with metallic piping system. This includes
maintaining a negative electrical charge throughout the pipe ( Cathodic
Protection); lining the interior with paints and coatings of plastic and rubber
fiberglass, asphalt, and felt wrappings; the injection of corrosion inhibiting
chemicals into the tank, and periodic cleaning. Pipelines are also cleared by
passing devices called “pigs” through them.

A pig may be simply a ball of the same size as the pipes diameter which
scrapes the pipes interior clean as its propelled along by the following tanks.
This can also be done using a complex scrubbing machine inserted through a
special opening. Before putting any pipeline system into operation, it is also
usual to pass a “Go Devil” through its entire length, pushed through the
pipeline by air or water. A Go Devil consist of a short rod which circular steel
plates attached at both ends, the front plate being made just a little smaller in
diameter than the inside of the pipe. When passed through the whole line, it
clears the pipe of any obstructions and demonstrate that the pipe has been
laid without damage. Also pressurized air can be used for cleaning pipelines.

3.8 TESTING AND SAFETY OF COMPONENTS PARTS

 This has to do with the inspection of the component parts during and after
the design process in order to ensure that they conform to the design
specification, with great accuracy which includes the strength, weight, stress,
fatigue resistance, impact loading, corrosion resistance etc. With respect to
this, the testing of the component parts will be referred to as parts testing
inspections, which includes the following;
I. After the erection of the system, the entire system is cleaned by
Flushing with water or water mixed with chemical cleaning agent.
II. Leaks can be tested also by filling the system with water or during
the flushing process, this can be detected and if any, they can be
Re-welded or filled with water and then retested.
The following testing and safety of component parts can be duly considered;
I. TENSILE TEST: This test is carried out to determine the strength
Ductility of the materials.
II. HARDNESS: This test is carried out to determine basically the
Resistance of the materials to wear.
III. IMPACT TEST: This test is useful for determining differences in
materials due to heat treatment, working and casting that would not
be otherwise indicated by the tensile test.
IV. FATIGUE TEST: Fatigue may be defined as the failure of material
Due to repeatedly applied strength of the part when subjected to
Variations of repeated loading.

3.9 FLUID FLOW ANALYSIS:

 The fluid flow analysis can be determined from the result obtain on the
Reynolds’s number of the fluid from various points in the design. Such as:
i. From the suction storage tank to the pump
ii. From the pump to the service tank
iii. From the service tank to various distribution point/outlet for
consumption purpose
This analysis will not focus on the motion of each particle but
generally the state of motion of the fluid in the system at various
points. The diameter of the pipe used in the design and construction
of the system affects the fluid flow since the diameter of the pipe
determines if the flow of the fluid will be laminar or turbulent. . For
the fluid in a pipe or tube, the Reynolds’s number is generally defined
as:
l VD cd
Re = μ
=V
Where, d = the hydraulic diameter
l = the density of water
c= the velocity of the fluid
V = the kinematic viscosity of the fluid
As the fluid enters the pipe from the storage tank, there is a loss of
head at the entrance (hL). Consequently, there is a drop in the energy
gradient line at a point. Therefore, from Bernoulli’s equation
H = HL + hf + V2/2g
If the entrance to the pipe is flush with water tank,
LV 2
hL=
2g
LV 2 V2
Thus, H= 2g
+ hf +
2g
fLV 2
Substituting the values of hf = d 2 g
2
fL
Therefore, H = 2Vg hf + d
Where, f=frictional loss equivalent to 0.04
g= acceleration due to gravity which is equal to 9.812m/s 2
L= length of pipe
D= diameter of the pipe
There are some losses due to the shock in the pipe. These losses
occur whenever there is sudden change in the area of flow. The
expression for the loss of head due to sudden enlargement is given
by Borda-Carnot equation:
hl = ¿ ¿
 Where V1 and V2 are the velocities on the two sides of the section at
which sudden enlargement occurs. Other losses that can occur in the
pipe arrangement are:
i. Loss of head due to sudden contraction
ii. Loss of head at the entry
iii. Loss of head at the exist
iv. Loss of head at the bends
v. Loss of head due to obstruction
vi. Loss of head due to friction.

For steady flow, laminar flow,

Shear stress γ =−μ dv - - - - (i)
But γ =¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ N/m -
2
- - - (ii)
Equating equation (i) and (ii)
−μdv
dr =¿ ¿ ¿

Since, ¿ ¿ ¿ is not a function of r

v r
−∫ dr −¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ∫ r dr
vc o

And - (V - Vc) = ¿¿¿

V = Vc - ¿ ¿ ¿ - - - (iii)
But loss head in L (m) is hL = ¿ ¿ ¿
l ghLr
But, γ =¿ ¿ ¿ = 2 L
l ghL r 2
Hence, V = Vc -
4 μL
But since the velocity of the boundary is zero, when r=ro in eqn (iii), V=0
We have, Vc = ¿ ¿ ¿
P 1−¿ P
= (r ¿¿ 2−r 2) ¿ ¿
2
- - - (iv)
4 μL o
For laminar flow, the average velocity is half the maximum velocity Vc in
P 1−¿ P 8 μLV av 32 μLV
¿2
= loss head = 2 =
lg l g ro l gd 2
Apply for laminar flow of all fluids in all pipes and conduits. The loss head in
Darcy form is
64 LV 2 LV 2
ℜ d 2g =F
d2g
Frictional factor, F
V LV 2 64 LV 2
Loss head = 64 =¿ ℜ d 2g
Vd d 2 g
For laminar flow in pipe of all fluids, the value of F is given as
64
F = ℜ
But, blaisius suggested that Frictional flow for turbulent flow in a smooth (PVC)
pipe, the Reynolds number between 3000 and 10000, the frictional factor is
given by
0.316
F =
ℜ0.25
3.9.1 Loss Head at the entrance of the pipe: Loss Head at the entrance of the
pipe depends on the condition at the pipe inlet. If the entrance to the pipe is
well round with a ball mouth, the loss of head is given by:
KV 2
hL =
2g
Where K=0.04, g=9.812m/s-2, V= velocity of the fluid
3.9.2. Loss of head at Exist: When fluids flow around a bend or an elbow in a
pipe, it has to overcome additional resistance. The loss of head depends upon
the ratio of the radius of curvature (R) of the bend to the diameter (D) of the
pipe. (i.e R/D).

3.9.3 Loss of head in pipe fittings: The coefficient (K) depends upon the size,
shape and type of fittings and also the various types of valves ranges from 0.2
to 2.4

3.10 CALCULATIONS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION:

3.10.1 TANK CAPACITY

Storage Tank (Tank 1):
Length (L) = 60cm
Breadth (B)= 60cm
Height (H) = 60cm
Thickness of plate = 0.15cm
Volume (V) = L x B x H = 60 x 60 x 60 = 216000cm 3
But 1000cm3 = 1 litre
216000
Therefore, = 1000 = 216litre
Service Tank (Tank 2):
Length (L) = 50cm
Breadth (B) = 50cm
Height (H) = 50cm
Thickness of plate 0.15cm
Volume (V) = L × B × H =50 × 50 × 50= 125000cm3
But 1000cm3 = 1litre
125000
Therefore. =125litres .
1000

3.10.2 AREA OF PIPES USED AND THE VOLUME OF FLUID FLOW THROUGH
THE PIPES
3.10.2.1 Area pipe from charge tank to the pump (A1)
πd 2
A 1=
4
Where, d = diameter of the pipe = 3\4” = 19mm = 0.019m
π=3.142
π ×(0.019)2 3.142×(0.019)2
A1 = =
4 4
A1 = 0.000284m2 = 0.284mm
This is the area of the pipes used throughout the design and construction since
all pipes used are all the same diameter.
3.10.2.2 Volume of fluid that will flow through the pipe from the storage
tank to the pump (V1)
Volume (V1) = Area of the pipe (A1) m2
This is the area the pipes used throughout the design and construction since all
pipes used are all came diameter.
3.10.2..2 Volume of fluid that will flow through the pipe from the storage
tank to the pipe pump (V1)
Volume V1 = Area of the pipe (A1) m2 x length of the pipe (L) cm
V1 = 0.0002844 x 25
V1 = 0.0071cm3
3.10.2.3 Volume of fluid that will flow through the pipe from the pump to
the Service tank (V2)
Volume V2 = Area of the pipe (A1) m2 x length of the pipe (L) cm
V2 = 0.000284 x 115.5
V2 = 0.0328cm3
3.10.2.4 Volume of fluid will flow through the pipe from the Service tank to
the consumer (s) line (V3)
Volume V3 = Area of the Pipe (A1) m2 x length of the pipe (L) cm
V3 = 0.000284 x 133
V3 = 0.3777cm3
3.10.3 PRESSURE OF LIQUID IN THE TANKS
Force exerted by the liquid (F)
Pressure of liquid (P) = Areaof tank (A )
Force exerted by the liquid (F)= weight of the liquid(W) × acceleration due
gravity
F=W×g
But, Weight of the liquid (W)
= height of liquid (H) x area of the liquid (A) x density of the liquid (L)
NOTE: Height of the liquid (H) = height of tank (m)
Area of the liquid (A) = area of the tank (m2)
Density of the liquid (L) = density of the fresh water = 1000kgm -3
Gravity due to acceleration (g) = 9.81ms-3
Where, W = H x A x l fresh water
F = H x A x l fresh water x g
H x A x l fresh water
P=
A
P = H x L fresh water x g
3.10.3.1 Then, the pressure exerted on the storage tank (P1)
P1 = H x l fresh water X g
= 0.6 x 1000 x 9.81
= 5886 Nm2
But, 1 bar = 105 Nm-2
Therefore, the pressure on the storage tank
5886
100000 = 0.05886bar

Pressure on the storage tanks= 0.05886bar (hydrostatic pressure)

Actual pressure on the storage tanks = 0.0588bar + Atmospheric pressure
= 0.05886 + 10
= 10.05886 bar
3.10.3.2 Then, the pressure exerted on the service tank (P2)
P2 = H x l fresh water x g
= 0.5 x 1000 x 9.81
= 4905Nm-2
Therefore, the pressure on the storage tank
4905
P2 = 100000
= 0.04905bar
Pressure on the storage tanks = 0.04905bar (hydrostatic pressure)
Actual pressure on the storage tanks = 0.04905 bar + atmospheric pressure
= 0.05886+10
= 10.04905bar
3.10.4 FLOW RATE THROUGH THE PIPES
3.10.4.1 Flow rate fresh storage tank to pump:
If it takes a minutes for the fluid in the storage tank to flow out, then
Volume of service tank (V ¿¿ st)m
Q1 = ¿¿ ¿
But Vst 216000 cm3 = 0.125m3
0.125 m3
Q2 = = 0.002083m3/sec
60 sec
3.10.4.3 Flow rate from the service tank to the consumer(s) line (Q 3) using
Gravitational force:
Since the water from the service tank to the consumers’ line used gravity,
therefore the gravitational force can be assumed to store as potential energy
given by: Potential Energy = Force x Vertical distance raised = mgZ
Where, Z=Vertical distance,
Potential energy per unit mass = gZ J/kg unit mass
Therefore,
m = height of the tank x density of water x volume of water from the tank
= 1000 kg/m3 x 0.0377m
= 1000 x 0.03777 = 37.77kg
But, potential energy = mgZ
Where, m = 37.77kg; g = 0.81m/s2 ; Z = Vertical distance = 133cm = 13.3m
Q3 = 37.77 x 9.81 x 13.3
4927.0
= 1000000 = 0.00493m3/sec

3.10.5 Determination of velocity at various sections;

flow rate(Q)
Velocity (C) = Area of flow( A)
Since the area of the pipe used in the construction are equal, then
πd 2
A1 =
4
Where, d = diameter of the pipe = 3/4” = 19mm = 0.019m
π = 3.142
π x (0.019)2 3.142 x (0.019)2
A1 =
4
= 4
= 0.000284m2
3.10.5.1 Velocity from storage tank to the pump (C1)
Q1 0.0036 m3 /sec
C1 = A = 0.000284 m2 = 12.676m/s
1

3.10.5.2 Velocity from the pump to the service tank (C2)

 Q2 0.002083 m3 / sec
C2 = A = 0.000284 m 2
= 0.733m/s.
1

3.10.5.3 Velocity from the service tank to the consumer(s) line (C 3) using
gravitational force:
Q3 0.00493 m3 / sec
C3 = A = 0.000284 m 2
= 17.359m/s
1

3.10.6 REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR DIFFERENT FLOWS:

For the fluid flow in the pipe or tube, the Reynolds’s number (Re) is given
as
Follow:
l vd cd
Re = μ
= V
Where, d = the hydraulic diameter (m2) = 0.019m
l = the density of flowing fluid (m2/s)
C = the velocity of the fluid (m/s)
V = the kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s)
Let the temperature of the water be assumed to be 10 oC which means that at
10oC, the density (l ) of the water is 1000kg/m3
μ
Where, V = l
Take μ = 1.311 x 10-3 at 100C
1.311 x 10−3
Therefore, V = = 1.311 x 10-6m/s2
1000

3.10.6.1 Reynolds’s number from storage tank to the pump (Re1)

c1 d 12.676 x 0.019
Re1 =
V
= 1.311 x 10−6
= 183710.145
Since the Reynolds’s number that flow from the storage tank to the pump is
greater than 2000, then it is Turbulent Flow.
3.10.6.2 Reynolds’s number from pump to service tank (Re2)
c2 d 0.733 x 0.019
Re2 =
V
= 1.311 x 10−6
= 10623.88
Since Reynolds’s number that flow from pump to service tank is greater than
2000, then it is Turbulent Flow.
3.10.6.3 Reynolds’s number from service tank to the consumers’ line
(Re3) using gravitational force
c3 d 17.359 x 0.019
Re3 =
V
= 1.311 x 10−6
= 251579.71
Since the Reynolds’s number that flow from the service tank to the consumers’
line using gravitational force is greater than 2000, then it is Turbulent Flow.
3.10.7 FRICTIONAL FACTOR OF THE FLOWING FLUID USING TURBULENT
EQUATION
0.316
F =
ℜ0.25
3.10.7.1 Frictional factor of fluid flow from storage tank to pump
0.316
F1 =
183710.1450.25
= 0.01526
3.10.7.2 Frictional factor of fluid flow pump to service tank
0.316
F2 = = 0.03113
10623.1880.25
3.10.7.3 Frictional factor of fluid flow from service tank to consumers’ line
0.316
F3 = = 0.01411
251579.710.25

3.10.8 HEAD LOSSES EQUATION

When water flows in a pipe, it experiences some resistance to its motion, due
to which it’s velocity and ultimately the head of water available is reduced.
This loss of head is classified as follows;
(i) Major head loss
(ii) Minor head loss
3.10.8.1 Head loss from the storage tank to the pump (hf1)
fLV 2
Hf1 =
d 2g
Where, f = frictional loss equivalent to 0.04
g = acceleration due to gravity which is equal to 9.81m/s -2
L = length of pipe from storage to the pump = 25cm
d = diameter of the pipe = 0.019m
V = the kinematics viscosity of the fluid 1.311x10 -6(m2/s)
0.04 x 25 x (1.311 x 10−6)2
Therefore, head loss hf1 = = 4.61x10-12
0.019 x 2 x 9.81
3.10.8.2 Head loss from the pump to the service tank (hf2)
fLV 2
Hf2 =
d 2g
L = length of the pipe from the pump to the service tank = 115.5cm
0.04 x 115.5 x (1.311 x 10−6 )2
Therefore, head loss hf2 = = 2.13 x 10-11
0.019 x 2 x 9.81
3.10.8.3 Head loss from service tank to the consumers’ line (hf 3)
fLV 2
Hf3 =
d 2g

L = length of the pipe from the pump to the service tank = 133cm
 0.04 x 133 x (1.311 x 10−6)2
Therefore head loss hf3 = = 2.45x10-11
0.019 x 2 x 9.81

3.10.9 HEAD LOSSES THROUGH THE PIPE FITTINGS, BENDING, VARIOUS AND
SUDDEN CONTRACTION
Example: valves, junctions can be analyzed using the hazen Williams’s formula
is given as:
kV 2
Hlar =
2g
Then K is the fitting loss coefficient and can be obtain from table 3
Where, K = 0.25, g = 9.8m/s2
3.10.9.1 Head loss through pipe fittings between storage tank and pump:
kV 2
Hlar1 =
2g
Where V1 = 0.0071cm3
0.25 x 0.00712
= = 6.423 x 10-7
2 x 9.81
3.10.9.2 Head loss through pipe fittings between pumps and service tank:
kV 2
Hlar2 =
2g
Where, V2 = 0.0328cm3
0.25 x 0.03282
= = 1.3 x 10-5
2 x 9.81
3.10.9.3 Head loss through pipe fittings between service tank and the
consumers’ line:
kV 2
Hlar3 =
2g
Where, V2 = 0.03777cm3
0.25 x 0.037772
= = 1.817 x 10-5
2 x 9.81
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 EXPECTED RESULTS
In any engineering design, the designer/ engineer expects to achieve a
targeted aim/purpose for this design work. At the end of this project, it is
expected that the following result be achieved.
(i) A considerable pressure head developed in service tank to lift the
fresh water to the highest points.
(ii) An automated domestic fresh water distribution system, service tank
to provide uninterrupted water supply and distribution to consumers.
(iii) Maximum level of water supply and distribution.
 4.2 TABLE 1: FRICTIONAL AND REYNOLDS’S NUMBER

Reynolds’s number Velocity Friction factor

l VD (C) m/s 0.316
Re = μ F=
ℜ0.25

18.1 x 104 12.676 0.01526

1.2 x 104 0.733 0.03113
25.3 x 104 17.359 0.01411

GRAPH OF FRICTION FACTOR AGAINST REYNOLDS’S NUMBER

TABLE 2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FLOW RATE AND THE HEAD
LOSSES IN THE SYSTEM
FLOW RATE VOLUME HEAD
3 3
(Q) m /s (V) m LOSSES (m)
0.00360 0.0071 4.6 x 10-12
0.00208 0.0328 2.13 x 10-11
0.00493 0.0378 2.45 x 10-11

A GRAPH OF FLOW RATE AGAINST HEAD LOSSES

 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 SUMMARY
In designing a domestic fresh water distribution system, there were
some losses experienced in the pump and piping system which can go long way
in affecting the quality of water distribute to the consumers’ of
accommodation incase may be. As a result of these, fitting losses should e
fitted tightly in order to prevent the leakages.
I. The Reynolds’s number (Re) used in the calculations indicates the flow
rate, for a given size of pipe and viscosity of fluid, at which the ratio of
average speed to the maximum speed through the pipe approaches a
constant. For a lower value of Reynolds’s number the ratio changes
rapidly so as to be of little use. The higher the Reynolds’s number the
more stable the flow coefficients. The type of flow in which the
Reynolds’s number is small is called viscous or laminar. At the higher
ratio of flow at which the flow coefficient stabilizes, the flow is termed
Turbulent.
II. The turbulent flow will be obtained with certainty at high values of Re,
flow calculations based on this assumption should be accurate. If the
 flow rate is so low, the pipe diameter so large, the viscosity so high that
the value of Re is low enough to indicate that turbulent flow will not be
attained, the correction must be made, because the true ratio of
average speed to maximum speed will be less than that anticipated to
turbulent flow. Turbulent flow the particles of the fluid move in
haphazard fashion in all directions. If is impossible to trace the motion
of an individual particles.
III. In the laminar flow, the fluid particles moves along straight, parallel
layer or laminar. The magnitude of the viscosities of adjacent laminar or
not the same. Laminar flow is governed by the relating shear stress to
rate of angular deformation (i.e. the product of viscosity of the fluid and
velocity gradient or r = μdv /dy ¿. the viscosity of the fluid is dominant
and this suppresses any tendency to turbulent condition.

5.2 CONCLUSION
The proposed model for calculating reliability of water distribution
systems enables the determination of different reliability parameters for
system of different complexity. Mechanical and gathered mechanical-hydraulic
reliability can be calculated for a single network node as well as for a whole
network (probability of sufficient supply of all demand nodes in network). It
can also be easily used for determining the reliability of other technical
systems. Furthermore, the reliability evaluation model has been incorporated
in an optimization model (based on evolutionary programming).
This model can be used for water distribution system optimization (for
planning new systems or the reconstruction of an existing system). The
optimization objective is to increase system reliability, with minimum
investment in the system. The model was analyzed for different networks
(different optimization problems). In a number of cases the results were very
close or equal to the global optimum of analyzed optimization problem.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
The design of the domestic water supply system is done by the use of
sheet metals and angle bars. Although, there are other materials that could be
used for the design of this project but due to the cost and time factor, this was
not possible. Based on this fact, we therefore, recommend that the Academy
through the Federal Government or shipping parastatals, should work together
in order to build and train cadet/students in the Academy who are the future
leaders of the maritime sectors by supporting them in terms of finance or by
sponsoring the project work in order to have and obtain the best.
Also, the cadets should also learn how to motivate themselves by handling
project work which is related to their fields. Against the background that
imprudent is the only room that can never be occupied totally the domestic
fresh water distribution system can be improved upon by the following:
I. Employing a by-pass pipe connection from the service tank to the
accommodation, so that when maintenance is carried out in any of the
service tank water can still be transferred adequately to the
accommodation.
II. Ascertain the exact pressure suitable for a particular tank volume by
calculation. This was not carried out by us due to time constraint.
III. Treatment facilities can also be incorporated to the system for the
purpose of improving the quality of water supplied to the
accommodation.

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