STRENGTH OF MATERIALS at the positions indicated. Determine the stress in each section. ( Ans.

Al  2780 psi, comp. )

Stress – unit strength of materials. The stress n any member under loading is
𝑷
𝝈= 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝝈 = 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝑷 = 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆, 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑨
Normal stress – either tensile or compressive stress produced by force acting
perpendicular to the area
Shearing stress – is produced whenever the applied load causing sliding to the sections. It Solution:
is either a single shear or double shear.
Bearing stress – is the contact pressure between separate bodies Axial Diagram, (AD)
Assume positive (tension)
Problems

1. The homogeneous bar shown in the figure is supported by a pin at A and a cable
that runs from B to C around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if
its diameter is 0.6 in and the bar weighs 6 kips. 𝑷
𝝈 = =
𝑨⊥

𝟒
𝝈𝑩𝑹 = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒌𝒔𝒊 (𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝟏. 𝟐
𝟓
𝝈𝑨𝑳 = = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟖𝒌𝒔𝒊 (𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝟏. 𝟖
Solution:
F.B.D. 𝟕
𝝈𝑺𝑻 = = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒌𝒔𝒊 (𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟏. 𝟔
3. An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as
shown in the figure. Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress in
steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa or in bronze of 100 MPa. ( Ans.
P  10.0 kN. )

+ ∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎
𝟑 R
𝑻(𝟓) + 𝑻(𝟏𝟎) − 𝟔(𝟓) = 𝟎
√𝟑𝟒

𝑻 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟕𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 Solution:
𝑷 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟕𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝝈 = = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒌𝒔𝒊 → +∑𝑭 = 𝟎
𝑨⊥ 𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝝅(𝟎. 𝟔)𝟐
𝟒 = 𝟒 𝑹 − 𝑹 − 𝟒𝑷 + 𝑷 − 𝟐𝑷 = 𝟎
2. A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a 𝑹 = 𝟓𝑷
bronze section and a steel section as shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied
Axial Diagram, (AD)
Assume positive (tension)
a. maximum thickness of the plate from which a hole 2.5 in. in diameter can
be punched.
𝑷 𝟒𝑷
𝝈= =
𝑨⊥ 𝝅𝒅𝟐
𝑷 𝑽 𝑷
𝝈 = 𝝉= =
𝑨⊥ 𝑨∥ 𝝅𝒅𝒕
𝑷𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝟓𝑷(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 = =
𝑨𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝟐
𝑷 =70kN 𝝈𝝅 = 𝝉𝝅𝒅𝒕
𝑷𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 𝑷(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟒
𝟗𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 = = 𝟐. 𝟓
𝑨𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟎 ( ) = 𝟒𝟎(𝒕)
𝟒
𝑷 =36kN 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝑷𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆 𝟐𝑷(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 = =
𝑨𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆 𝟐𝟎𝟎 b. the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched
𝑷 =10kN
𝒅𝟐
Therefore use the smallest value of P 𝝈𝝅 = 𝝉𝝅𝒅𝒕
𝟒
P = 10Kn
𝒅
𝟓𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)
𝟒
𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉

4. A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The

compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum
thickness of the plate from which a hole 2.5 in. in diameter can be punched. (b)
If the plate is 0.25 in. thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can
be punched. ( Ans.t = 0.781 in, d = 0.800 in )
5. From the figure shown
6. A square post is made up of two parts glued at points a, b, c, and d. Plane a-b-c-d
is at an angle of 30° from the vertical axis. Axial load P = 36 kN.
Given: Allowable stresses in the glued joint.
Compressive stress = 5.2 MPa
Shear stress = 3.5 MPa
What is the minimum width w (mm) required to prevent failure in compression?
Determine w (mm) based on the allowable shear stress.
At what angle (degrees) will the maximum shear stress occur?

Calculate the tensile stress in the body of the bolt(70.5)

𝑷 𝟖𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈= = = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝑨 𝝅(𝟑𝟖)𝟐
𝟒
Calculate the tensile stress at the root of the threads(99.5)
𝑷 𝟖𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈= = = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟕𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝑨 𝝅(𝟑𝟐)𝟐
𝟒

Find the compressive stress at the head as the bolt bears on the surface to resist the
tensile load (40.3)
Solution:

𝟏𝟐(𝟑𝟎) 𝟑𝟎
𝑨 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏 = ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎° = 𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟒𝒎𝒎^𝟐
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎°

𝑷 𝟖𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈= = = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝑨 𝝅(𝟑𝟖)𝟐
𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟒 − 𝟒
a. minimum width w (mm) required to prevent failure in compression
𝑨𝟏
𝑨𝟐 =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎°

𝑨𝟏 = 𝒘𝟐

𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎°
𝝈𝒄
𝑨𝟐

𝟑𝟔(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎°
𝟓. 𝟐 =
𝒘𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎°

𝒘 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎

𝑨𝟏
b. minimum width w (mm) based on the allowable shear stress 𝑨𝟐 =
𝑷𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎° 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝝉=
𝑨𝟐
𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝟑𝟔(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎° 𝝉= =
𝟑. 𝟓 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏
𝒘𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎° 𝒅𝝉 𝑷
= [(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽(−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)] = 𝟎
𝒅𝜽 𝑨𝟏
𝒘 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟔𝟕𝒎𝒎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟎

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
c. angle (degrees) which the maximum shear stress occur
𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
7. The strut shown in the figure carries an axial load of P = 148 kN.
c. shearing stress in the bolts
𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝑷𝑽 = 𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟏𝟒𝟖(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎°
𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔, 𝒇𝒗 =
𝝅(𝟏𝟔𝟐)(𝟒)
𝟒

𝒇𝒗 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝑴𝒑𝒂

8. A member AB 3 m long is supported by a pin at A and a tensile rod BC at B (See

Fig. shown). The pin at A is under double shear while the pin at B is under single
Determine the bearing stress between the pin and the strut shear. The allowable shear stress for the pins is τallow = 90 MPa and the
Determine the shearing stress in the pin. allowable tensile stress for the rod is (σt)allow = 115 MPa.
Determine the shearing stress in the bolts

Solution:
a. bearing stress between the pin and the strut

𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂, 𝑨𝒑 = 𝟐(𝒅𝒑𝒊𝒏 )(𝒕𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒕 )

𝑨𝑷 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟔)(𝟏𝟎) = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎^𝟐 The smallest diameter of the pin at A is nearest to:

The smallest diameter of the pin at B is nearest to:
𝑷 𝟏𝟒𝟖(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝒇𝒑 = = = 𝟒𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝑴𝒑𝒂 The smallest diameter of the tension rod BC is nearest to:
𝑨𝒑 𝟑𝟐𝟎 SOLUTION:

b. shearing stress in the pin

shearing stress in pin: (double shear)

𝑷𝑽
𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝝉 =
𝑨𝑽

𝑷𝑽 𝟏𝟒𝟖(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝉= =
𝑨𝑽 𝝅𝟏𝟔𝟐
𝟐( )
𝟒

𝝉 = 𝟑𝟔𝟓. 𝟎𝟓𝑴𝒑𝒂
 a. smallest diameter of the pin at A 𝑷
𝝈 =
∑ 𝑴𝑩 = 𝟎 𝑨⊥
𝟐𝟎
𝑨𝑽 (𝟑) − 𝟔(𝟏) = 𝟎 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟏𝟏𝟓 = 𝟑
𝑨𝑽 = 𝟐 𝝅𝒅𝟐
∑ 𝑭𝑽 = 𝟎 𝟒
𝟑𝑷𝑩𝑪 𝒅 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟗𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟗𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝑽 − 𝟔 + =𝟎
𝟓
𝟐𝟎
𝑷𝑩𝑪 =
𝟑
∑𝑭𝒉 = 𝟎 9. The inclined member in the figure is subjected to a compressive force of 600 lb.
𝟒 Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact
𝑷 − 𝑨𝒉 = 𝟎 defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane
𝟓 𝑩𝑪
defined by DB. ( AB  240 psi, BC  160 psi, DB  80 psi )
𝟏𝟔
𝑨𝒉 =
𝟑
𝟏𝟔 𝟐
𝑹𝑨 = √( ) + 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝟑

𝑷
𝝈 =
𝑨⊥

𝟓. 𝟔𝟗(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟗𝟎 =
𝝅𝒅𝟐
(𝟐)
𝟒

𝒅 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟕𝒎𝒎

Smallest diameter of the pin at B

𝑷
𝝈 =
𝑨⊥
𝟐𝟎
(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟗𝟎 = 𝟑
𝝅𝒅𝟐
𝟒

𝒅 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟏𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎

smallest diameter of the tension rod BC

Solution: 10. If the allowable bearing stress for the material under the supports at A and B is
b allow  1.5 MPa, determine the size of square bearing plates required to support
the load. Dimension the plates to the nearest mm. The reactions at the supports
are vertical. (A=130 mm, B=300 mm)

Solution:

𝟑
𝟔𝟎𝟎( )
𝝈𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟏. 𝟓(𝟏)

𝟒 ∑ 𝑴𝒂 = 𝟎
𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝟓)
𝝈𝑩𝑪 = = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝟑𝑹𝒃 + 𝟒𝟎(𝟏. 𝟓)(𝟏. 𝟓/𝟐) − 𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝟒. 𝟓) = 𝟎
𝟏. 𝟓(𝟐)
𝑹𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝒌𝑵
𝟑 ∑ 𝑭𝑽 = 𝟎
𝟔𝟎𝟎( )
𝑫𝑩 = 𝟓 = 𝟖𝟎𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟏. 𝟓(𝟑)
𝑹𝒃 + 𝑹𝒂 + 𝟒𝟎(𝟏. 𝟓) + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎

𝑹𝒂 = 𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵

𝑷
Bearing stress, 𝝈𝒃 = 𝑨𝑩
𝑩
 𝟏𝟑𝟓(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈𝒃𝑨 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝑨𝟐

𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝟐𝟓(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈𝒃𝑩 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝑩𝟐

𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎

Solution :
The 20-kg chandelier is suspended from the wall and ceiling using rods AB and BC, which
a. Angle θ so that the average normal stress in both rods is the same
have diameters of 3 mm and 4 mm respectively.
Determine the angle θ so that the average normal stress in both rods is the same.
If θ = 450, determine the largest mass of the chandelier that can be supported if the
average normal stress in both rods is not allowed to exceed 150 MPa.
a. 148 kg c. 168 kg
b. 158 kg d. 178 kg

𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨

𝑷 = 𝝈𝑨
By sine law:
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟎 + 𝜽) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎°
= =
𝟐𝟎 𝑻𝑩𝑨 𝑻𝑩𝑪

𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎°
=
𝝈𝑨𝑩𝑨 𝝈𝑨𝑩𝑪
Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎°
=
𝝅𝟑𝟐 𝝅𝟒𝟐
𝝈 𝝈
𝟒 𝟒

𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟖𝟓°
the largest mass of the chandelier that can be supported if the average normal stress in Thin Walled Vessels
both rods is not allowed to exceed 150 MPa A spherical gas tank has an inner radius of 1.5 m. If it is subjected to an internal
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎° 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟎 + 𝜽) pressure of 300 kPa, determine its required thickness if the maximum normal
= =
𝝈𝑨𝑩𝑨 𝝈𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒎𝒈 stress is not to exceed 12 MPa. (18.8 mm)
Solution :
𝒊𝒇 𝝈𝑩𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟎 + 𝜽)
=
𝝈𝑩𝑨 𝑨𝑩𝑨 𝒎𝒈

𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟎 − 𝟒𝟓) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟎 + 𝟒𝟓)

=
𝝅𝟑𝟐 𝒎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟒
𝒎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝒌𝒈

𝒊𝒇 𝝈𝑩𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎° 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟎 + 𝜽)
=
𝝈𝑩𝒄 𝑨𝑩𝒄 𝒎𝒈

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎° 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟎 + 𝟒𝟓)

𝟐 =
𝝅𝟒 𝒎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) ∑𝑭 = 𝟎
𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝟒
𝒎 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝒌𝒈
𝑻−𝑭 = 𝟎
Therefore the largest mass, m = 147.64kg
𝝅𝒅𝟐
𝝅𝒅𝒕 = 𝝆
𝟒

𝝆𝒅
=
𝟒𝒕

𝟑𝟎𝟎
(𝟑)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝒕

𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎

A vertical cylindrical gasoline storage tank is 30 m in diameter and is filled to a depth

of 15 m with gasoline whose specific gravity is 0.74. If the yield point of the shell
plating is 250 MPa and a safety factor of 2.5 is adequate, calculate the required wall Consider section a-a
thickness at the bottom of the tank. (16.3 mm) ∑𝑭 = 𝟎

𝑻−𝑭 = 𝟎

𝝅𝒅𝟐
𝑳 𝝅𝒅𝒕 = 𝝆
𝟒

𝝆𝒅
𝑳 =
𝟒𝒕

A vertical cylindrical gasoline storage tank is 30 m in diameter and is filled to a depth

F.B.D. of 15 m with gasoline whose specific gravity is 0.74. If the yield point of the shell
plating is 250 MPa and a safety factor of 2.5 is adequate, calculate the required wall
thickness at the bottom of the tank. (16.3 mm)

𝝈𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑭𝑺 = = = 𝟐. 𝟓
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍

𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂

Wall thickness,t :
𝝆𝑫
𝝈𝑳 =
𝟐𝒕

𝟗. 𝟖𝟏(𝟎. 𝟕𝟒)(𝟏𝟓)
(𝟑𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Consider section b-b 𝟐𝒕
∑𝑭 = 𝟎
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝑻 − 𝑭 = 𝟎

𝟐𝝈𝒕 𝑳𝒕 = 𝝆𝑫𝑳
𝝆𝑫
𝝈𝒕 =
𝟐𝒕
The tank shown in the figure is fabricated from 1/8” steel plate. Calculate the maximum
Deformation of Members Under Axial Loading
longitudinal and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of 125 psi. (σL = 𝑷𝑳
6566 psi) 𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
Where
𝜹 = 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝑷 = 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆, 𝑨
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂, 𝑳 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉, 𝑬
= 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚

AXIAL DEFORMATION

∑𝑭 = 𝟎

𝟐𝑻 − 𝑭 = 𝟎

𝟐𝝈𝒕 𝑳(𝟏/𝟖") = 𝟏𝟐𝟓(𝟑. 𝟓)(𝟏𝟐)𝑳

𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒑𝒔𝒊
∑𝑭 = 𝟎
𝑻−𝑭 = 𝟎

𝟏 𝝅𝟏. 𝟓𝟐
𝑳 𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟐 ( ) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓
( )( ) [(𝟐)(𝟏. )
𝟓 + ] 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝟖 𝟒

𝝈𝑳 = 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒑𝒔𝒊
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit Alternate solution
mass of steel is 7,850 kg/m3 and E = 200 GPa, find the total elongation of the rod. (54.3
mm) 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟑𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟓𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑷𝒅𝒙 𝑾= = 𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓𝑵 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝒌𝑵
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
𝑳
𝑷𝒅𝒙 𝑷𝑳
𝜹=∫ = (𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑷)
𝟎 𝑨𝑬 𝑨𝑬

𝑾 = 𝜸𝑽𝒐𝒍 = 𝝆𝒈𝑨𝒙

𝑾𝒅𝒙
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
𝑳 𝑳
𝝆𝒈𝑨𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝝆𝒈𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝜹=∫ =∫
𝟎 𝑨𝑬 𝟎 𝑬

𝝆𝒈𝑳𝟐 𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎

( ) (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟓𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝜹= 𝟐
𝟐𝑬 𝜹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝟑𝟎𝟎(𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝑷𝑳 𝝆𝒈𝑳𝟐
𝜹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝜹𝑷 + 𝜹𝑾 = +
𝑨𝑬 𝟐𝑬

𝟐𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟓𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟏𝟓𝟎)𝟐 /𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝜹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = + = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝟑𝟎𝟎(𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟐(𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in the 𝑷𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆 𝟐𝑷(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆 = ; 𝟏𝟐𝟎 =
following figure. Axial loads are applied as indicated. Find the largest value of P that will 𝑨𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆 𝟔𝟓𝟎
not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the
steel, 120 MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝒌𝑵
suitably braced against buckling. Use Est  200 GPa , Eal  70 GPa , and Ebr  83 GPa . (12.8 kN)
𝑷𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 𝟐𝑷(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 = ; 𝟖𝟎 =
𝑨𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 𝟑𝟐𝟎

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝒌𝑵

Therefore use the smallest value of P = 12.8Kn

Solution: Rigid beam AB rests on the two short posts shown in the figure. AC is made of steel and
has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD is made of aluminum and has a diameter of 40 mm.
Draw Axial diagram Determine the displacement of point F if a vertical load of 90 kN is applied over this point.
Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa. (0.225 mm)

Based on allowable total deformation

𝑷𝑳
𝜹𝒕 = ∑
𝑨𝑬

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑷(𝟏. 𝟎) −𝟐𝑷(𝟐. 𝟎) 𝟐𝑷(𝟏. 𝟓)

𝟑. 𝟎 = [ + + ]
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟖𝟎(𝟐𝟎𝟎) 𝟔𝟓𝟎(𝟖𝟑) 𝟑𝟐𝟎(𝟕𝟎)

𝑷 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟑𝟒𝒌𝑵

Based on allowable stress ∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎

𝑷
𝝈= 𝟗𝟎(𝟎. 𝟐) − 𝑹𝑩 (𝟎. 𝟔) = 𝟎
𝑨
𝑷𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑷(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = ; 𝟏𝟒𝟎 = 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟑𝟎
𝑨𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝟒𝟖𝟎
∑ 𝑭𝑽 = 𝟎
𝑷 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟐𝒌𝑵 𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟗𝟎
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟔𝟎
 𝜹𝑭 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑
=
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝜹𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎
The rigid bars AB and CD are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine
the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 5
mm. Neglect weight of all members. ( Ans. P = 76.3 kN )

𝑷𝑳
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
𝑹𝑨 𝑳 𝟔𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟑𝟎𝟎)
𝜹𝑨 = =𝝅 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝑬 (𝟐𝟎𝟐 )(𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟒

𝑹𝑩 𝑳 𝟑𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟑𝟎𝟎)
𝜹𝑩 = =𝝅 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝑬 (𝟒𝟎 𝟐 )(𝟕𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟒

𝜹𝑭 − 𝜹𝑩 𝜹𝑨 − 𝜹𝑩
=
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎
Solution:

∑ 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟎
𝑷(𝟑) − 𝑷𝑺 (𝟔) = 𝟎

𝑷
𝑷𝑺 =
𝟐
 As shown in the figure, two aluminum rods AB and BC, hinged to rigid supports are
∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎 pinned together at B to carry a vertical load P = 6000 lb. If each rod has a cross sectional
area of 0.6 in2 and E  10  106 psi , compute the elongation of each rod and the horizontal
𝑷𝑨 (𝟑) − 𝑷𝑺 (𝟔) = 𝟎
and vertical displacements of point B. ( h  0.0023 ft , v  0.016 ft )
𝑷𝑨 = 𝑷

Deformation relationship

Solution:

𝜹𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 𝜹𝑩
=
𝟑 𝟔
𝜹𝑷 𝜹𝑩+ 𝜹𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍
=
𝟑 𝟔

𝜹𝑷 𝟐𝜹𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 + 𝜹𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍
=
𝟑 𝟔
𝜹𝑷 ≤ 𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝜹𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 By sine law
𝑷 𝑷𝑨𝑩 𝑷𝑩𝑪
𝑷(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑷/𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎) = =
𝟓 𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟎(𝟕𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) + 𝟑𝟎𝟎(𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎° 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎° 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎°
=
𝟑 𝟔 𝑷𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷𝑩𝑪 = 𝑷 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒍𝒃
Compatibility Equation
𝑷 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟔𝒌𝑵
𝑷𝑳
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
𝑷𝑳
𝜹𝑨𝑩 =
𝑨𝑬
 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏𝟎)(𝟏𝟐) 𝜷 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟐°
𝜹𝑨𝑩 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝟎. 𝟔(𝟏𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟔 )
𝜹𝒉
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 =
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟔)(𝟏𝟐) 𝒚
𝜹𝑨𝑩 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝟎. 𝟔(𝟏𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟔 )
𝜹𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟕𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒇𝒕
F.B.D.-Deformation
𝜹𝒗
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 =
𝒚

𝜹𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝒇𝒕

A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial

compressive load of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the
allowable stresses are 6 MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Ec
= 14 GPa and Es = 200 GPa. (1,400 mm2)

𝟎. 𝟏𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝒚

𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐/𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟐𝟎 − 𝜽) =
𝒚
𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐/𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟐𝟎 − 𝜽)

𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐
=
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟐𝟎 − 𝜽)
𝜽 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟖° 𝑷 = 𝑷𝑺 + 𝑷𝑪

𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟒" 𝜹𝑺 = 𝜹𝑪 = 𝜹

𝟏𝟐𝟎 − 𝜽 = 𝜷 + 𝟔𝟎
 𝑷𝑳 𝑷𝑳 The composite rod in the figure is stress-free before the axial loads are applied.
( ) =( )
𝑨𝑬 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑨𝑬 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the stress in each material if P1 = 150 kN
and P2 = 90 kN. ( Ans. Al = 86.2 MPa )
𝝈𝒔 𝝈𝒄
=
𝑬𝑺 𝑬𝑪
If 𝝈𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂, 𝝈𝑪 =?
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝝈𝑪
=
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟒

𝝈𝑪 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝑴𝒑𝒂 > 𝟔𝑴𝒑𝒂, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝑶𝑲

If 𝝈𝑪 = 𝟔𝑴𝒑𝒂, 𝝈𝒔 =?
𝝈𝒔 𝟔 Solution:
=
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟒

𝝈𝒔 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝑴𝒑𝒂 < 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒌

𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝝈𝒔 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝑴𝒑𝒂, 𝝈𝑪 = 𝟔𝑴𝒑𝒂

From P1 = 150
𝑷 = 𝑷𝑺 + 𝑷𝑪
P2 = 90kN
𝟐
𝝅𝟐𝟎𝟎 Assume R >240
𝟑𝟎𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝟒(𝑨𝑺 ) + 𝟔( − 𝑨𝑺 )
𝟒
Assume → +(𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)
𝟐
𝑨𝑺 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝒎𝒎

Since rigid support:

𝑷𝑳
𝜹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = ∑ =𝟎
𝑨𝑬

𝜹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝜹𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 + 𝜹𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 + 𝜹𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆 = 𝟎

𝑹(𝟓𝟎𝟎) (𝑹 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎)(𝟐𝟓𝟎) (𝑹 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎)(𝟑𝟓𝟎

+ + =𝟎
𝟗𝟎𝟎(𝟕𝟎) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟐𝟎𝟎) 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝟖𝟑)
 𝑹 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑵 ∑ 𝑭𝑽 = 𝟎
Therefore:
𝑷𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 = 𝑹 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑵 (𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝟑
𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑩 + 𝑹𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖 ( ) = 𝟐𝟕 (𝒆𝒒𝟏)
𝑷𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = (𝑹 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎) = −𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝒌𝑵 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝒌𝑵 (𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝟐
∑ 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟎
𝑷𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆 = (𝑹 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎) = −𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝒌𝑵 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝒌𝑵 (𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝟏𝟖(𝟑) 𝟑
( ) − 𝑹𝑩 (𝟏) − 𝑹𝑨 (𝟑) = 𝟎
𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟎𝟓(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 = = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟐𝟕 (𝒆𝒒𝟐)
𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 Deformation:
𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝈𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎

The horizontal beam is assumed to be rigid and supports the distributed load shown. Compatibility Eq.
Determine the angle of tilt of the beam after the load is applied. Each support consists of
a wooden post having a diameter of 120 mm and an unloaded (original) length of 1.40 m. By similar triangle
Take Ew = 12 GPa. (1.14x10-3°) (𝜹𝑩 − 𝜹𝑨 ) (𝜹𝑪 − 𝜹𝑨 )
=
𝟐 𝟑
Same material, length and area
(𝑷𝑩 − 𝑷𝑨 ) (𝑷𝑪 − 𝑷𝑨 )
=
𝟐 𝟑

𝑷 𝑨 𝑷𝑩 𝑷𝑪
− + = 𝟎 (𝒆𝒒𝟑)
𝟔 𝟐 𝟑

𝟖𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝟖𝟏
Solution: 𝑷𝑨 = , 𝑷𝑩 = , 𝑷𝑪 =
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒 𝟕

Angle of tilt:
𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝟖𝟏
(𝜹𝑩 − 𝜹𝑨 ) ( 𝟏𝟒 − 𝟏𝟒) (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟏. 𝟒)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = = 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐( 𝟒 )(𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟐 )(𝟏𝟐)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝜽 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒°
Three rods, each of area 250 mm2, jointly supports a 7.5 kN load as shown in the figure.
Deformation :
Assuming that there is no slack or stress in the rods before the load was applied, find the
stress in each rod. Use Est  200 GPa and Ebr  83 GPa . (σs = 18.53 MPa)

𝟐. 𝟕𝟓
Solution: 𝑷𝑩 𝑳𝑩 𝑷𝑩 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟓°) (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝜹𝑩 = =
𝑨(𝟖𝟑)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑨(𝟖𝟑)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝑷𝑺 𝑳𝑺 𝑷𝑺 (𝟐. 𝟕𝟓)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝜹𝑺 = =
𝑨(𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑨(𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝜹𝑩
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟓° =
𝜹𝑺

𝟐. 𝟕𝟓
𝑷𝑩 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟓°) (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑷𝑺 (𝟐. 𝟕𝟓)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
= (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟓°)
𝑨(𝟖𝟑)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑨(𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
∑ 𝑭𝑽 = 𝟎
𝑷𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟗𝑷𝒔
𝑷𝑺 + 𝟐𝑷𝑩 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟓°) − 𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟎 From
𝑷𝑺 + 𝟐𝑷𝑩 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟓°) − 𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟎

𝑷𝑺 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟗𝑷𝒔 (𝟐)(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟓°) − 𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟎

𝑷𝑺 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟕𝒌𝑵
𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟕(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝜹𝑺 = = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟒𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝟐𝟓𝟎
 Solution:
Thermal Stress:
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N
at 20°C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at –20°C, what is the
minimum diameter of the rod? Assume   11.7m / m  C  and Est  200 GPa . (13.2 mm)

𝜹𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝜹𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 + 𝜹𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆

𝝈𝑳 𝑷𝑳
= + 𝑲𝑳∆𝑻 𝑷
𝑬 𝑨𝑬 𝝈=
𝑨
𝑷 𝑷𝑩
𝝈= + 𝑲𝑬∆𝑻 𝝈𝑩 =
𝑨 𝑨𝑩
𝑷𝑩 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟗𝟎 =
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝝈= + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕(𝟏𝟎)−𝟔 (𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟐𝟎 − −𝟐𝟎) = 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝑷𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝝅𝒅𝟐
𝟒
∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎
The rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown. If the
system is initially stress free, calculate the temperature change that will cause a tensile 𝟑𝑷𝑪 − 𝟓𝑷𝑩 = 𝟎
stress of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are subjected to the change in
temperature. Coefficients of linear expansion are 18.7m / m  C  for brass and 16.8m / m  C  𝑷𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒌𝑵
for copper. (56.01°C) Compatibility Eq.
Relax support for brass and assume temperature increase
 Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar shown if the temperature increases
−𝜹𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 − 𝜹𝑷 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝜹𝑻 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 + 𝜹𝑷 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 by 100°F. Assume that the supports are unyielding and that the bar is suitably braced against buckling.
=
𝟑 𝟓

𝑷𝑪 𝑳𝑪 𝑷 𝑳
−𝑲𝑪 𝑳𝑪 ∆𝑻 −
𝑨𝑪 𝑬𝑪 𝑲𝑩 𝑳𝑩 ∆𝑻 + 𝑨 𝑩𝑬𝑩
𝑩 𝑩
=
𝟑 𝟓

𝟏𝟖𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎)
−𝟏𝟔. 𝟖(𝟏𝟎)−𝟔 (𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎)∆𝑻 −
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎(𝟏𝟐𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟏𝟖. 𝟕(𝟏𝟎)−𝟔 (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)∆𝑻 + Solution:
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
= Due to pull
𝟓

−𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟒∆𝑻 − 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟔(𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟒∆𝑻 + 𝟏. 𝟖)

∆𝑻 = −𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟏°C

∆𝑻 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟏°C (decrease)

Due to temperature:
Assume temperature increase

𝑷𝑳
∑ =𝟎
𝑨𝑬
𝜹𝑷 𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 + 𝜹𝑷 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 + 𝜹𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 + 𝜹𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟎
−𝑹(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎) −𝑹(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟓)
+ + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 (𝟏𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎) + 𝟔. 𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 (𝟏𝟓)(𝟏𝟎𝟎)
𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 ) 𝟏. 𝟓(𝟐𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 ) The composite bar is firmly attached to unyielding supports. The bar is stress free at 60 0F.
=𝟎 compute the stress in each material after the 50kip force is applied and the temperature
is increased to 1200F. Use  = 6.5x10^-6/0F for steel and  = 12.8x10^-6/0F for aluminum.
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐
𝝈𝒂𝒍 = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝒔𝒊, 𝝈𝒔𝒕 = = 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝒔𝒊
𝟐 𝟏. 𝟓

Solution:
Assume R > 50
→+

Compatibility Equation:
Temperature increase

𝑃𝐿
∑ =0
𝐴𝐸
 𝛿𝑇𝐴 + 𝛿𝑇𝑆 + 𝛿𝑃𝐴 + 𝛿𝑃𝑆 = 0
𝐑(𝟏𝟓)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) TORSION:
𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟔 (𝟏𝟓)(𝟏𝟐𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎) + 𝟔. 𝟓𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟔 (𝟏𝟎)(𝟏𝟐𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎) + 𝑻𝝆
𝟐(𝟏𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟔 )
𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝝉 =
(𝐑 − 𝟓𝟎)(𝟏𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑱
+ =𝟎
𝟑(𝟐𝟗)(𝟏𝟎𝟔 ) For solid shaft,
𝑹 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝑫
𝝆= =𝑹
𝟐
𝝅𝒅𝟒
𝑷𝑨𝑳𝑼𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑼𝑴 = 𝑹 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝑰𝒙 = = 𝑰𝒚
𝟔𝟒
𝝅𝒅𝟒
𝑱 = 𝑰𝒙 + 𝑰𝒚 =
𝑷𝑨𝑳𝑼𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑼𝑴 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 (𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝟑𝟐
𝑫
𝑻𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝑻
𝑷𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = (𝑹 − 𝟓𝟎) = −𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = =
𝝅𝑫𝟒 𝝅𝑫𝟑
𝟑𝟐
For hollow shaft:
𝑷𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 (𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝑫
𝝆= 𝟐
=𝑹

𝑷𝑨𝑳𝑼𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑰𝑴 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝝅𝑫𝟒 𝝅𝒅𝟒

𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 = = = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟗𝒌𝒔𝒊 𝑰𝒙 = − = 𝑰𝒚
𝑨𝑨𝑳𝑼𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑼𝑴 𝟐 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒
𝑷𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝝅(𝑫𝟒 − 𝒅𝟒 )
𝝈𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = = = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝒌𝒔𝒊 𝑱 = 𝑰𝒙 + 𝑰𝒚 =
𝑨𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝟑 𝟑𝟐
𝑫
𝑻𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝑻𝑫
𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒 𝟒 =
𝝅(𝑫 − 𝒅 ) 𝝅(𝑫𝟒 − 𝒅𝟒 )
𝟑𝟐
Angle of twist, :
𝑻𝑳
𝜽=
𝑱𝑮
 (𝑇1 − 10)(1.5) 5.424(1.0)(1000)
𝜏𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = = = 3452.85𝑝𝑠𝑖
Two solid shafts of different materials are rigidly fastened together and attached to rigid 𝜋34 𝜋24
supports as shown. The torque, T = 10 kip-in, is applied at the junction of the two 32 32
segments. Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in the assembly. ( Ans. A shaft composed of bronze, aluminum and steel segments is fastened to rigid supports
St  3450 psi ) and loaded as shown the figure. For bronze, G = 35 GPa; for aluminum, G = 28 GPa, and
for steel, G = 83 GPa. Determine the maximum shearing stress developed in each
segment.

Solution:
Solution:
Assume T>1000

For rigid connection:

𝑇𝐿
∑ =0
𝐽𝐺
𝑻𝟏 (𝟔)(𝟏𝟐)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) (𝑻𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎)(𝟑)(𝟏𝟐)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) For rigid connection:
+ =𝟎
𝝅𝟑𝟒 𝝅𝟐𝟒 𝑇𝐿
( ) (𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 ) ( ) (𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 ) ∑ =0
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝐽𝐺
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝟔𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 − 𝒊𝒏 𝑻(𝟏. 𝟓) (𝑻 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎)(𝟐. 𝟎) (𝑻 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟐. 𝟓)
𝟒 + + =𝟎
𝑻𝝆 (
𝝅 𝟐𝟓 ) 𝝅(𝟓𝟎)𝟒 𝝅(𝟐𝟓)𝟒
𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝝉 = 𝟑𝟐 (𝟑𝟓) 𝟑𝟐 (𝟐𝟖) 𝟑𝟐 (𝟖𝟑)
𝑱
𝑇1 (1.5) 4.576 (1.5)(1000) 𝑻 = 𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝑵 − 𝒎
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = = = 863.2𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜋34 𝜋34 Shearing stress:
32 32 𝑻𝝆 𝟏𝟔𝑻
𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝝉 = = (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕)
𝑱 𝝅𝒅𝟑
 𝟏𝟔(𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟕)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝒊𝒇 𝝉𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟖𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝝉𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒛𝒆 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟏𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝝅𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝟏𝟔(𝑻𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 )𝟓𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟏𝟔(𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟕)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟖𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂 =
𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒎 = = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝑴𝒑𝒂 𝝅(𝟓𝟎𝟒 − 𝟒𝟎𝟒 )
𝝅𝟓𝟎𝟑
𝑻𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟕 − 𝒎
𝟏𝟔(𝟓𝟗𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝟑)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝉𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝟕𝑴𝒑𝒂 𝟑𝟔𝟗
𝝅𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝑻𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝑻
𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝑻𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝟑𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟖𝟑𝑵 − 𝒎
𝟏𝟔𝑻𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝟓𝟎) 𝟏𝟔(𝟑𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟖𝟑(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
A composite shaft is manufactured by shrink-fitting a steel sleeve over a brass core so 𝑻𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 = = = 𝟐𝟖𝑴𝒑𝒂 < 𝟒𝟖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒌
𝝅(𝟒𝟎𝟑 ) 𝝅(𝟒𝟎𝟑 )
that the two parts act as a single solid bar in torsion. The outer diameters of the two
parts are db = 40 mm for the brass core and ds = 50 mm for the steel sleeve. The shear
moduli of elasticity are Gb = 35 GPa for the brass and Gs = 80 GPa for the steel. Allowable 𝑻 = 𝑻𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 + 𝑻𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟕 + 𝟑𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟖𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝑵 − 𝒎
shear stresses in the brass and steel are 48 MPa and 80 MPa, respectively. Determine the
maximum permissible torque in N-m that may be applied to the shaft. (1,521)
𝜽𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝜽𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝑻𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑳 𝑻𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑳
=
𝑱𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑮𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑱𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑮𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝑻𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑻𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔
=
𝝅(𝟓𝟎𝟒 − 𝟒𝟎 )𝟒 𝝅(𝟒𝟎𝟒 )
(𝟖𝟎) (𝟑𝟓)
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐

𝟑𝟔𝟗
𝑻𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝑻
𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒊𝒇 𝝉𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝟒𝟖𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝟏𝟔𝑻𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟒𝟖𝑴𝒑𝒂 =
𝝅(𝟒𝟎𝟑 )
𝑻𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝑵 − 𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟗
𝑻𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝑻
𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝑻𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝑵 − 𝒎
𝟏𝟔(𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟖)𝟓𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝉𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟏𝟒𝑴𝒑𝒂 > 𝟖𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒌
𝝅(𝟓𝟎𝟒 − 𝟒𝟎𝟒)