ASME B30.3 (96) Torre Gruas de Construccion PDF

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The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
A N A M E R I C A N A T I O N A S
L T A N D A R D
CONSTRUCTION
TOWER CRANES
ASME B30.3-1996
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(RtViSiOI Of ANSI/ASME 630.3-1110)

SAFETY STANDARD FOR CABLEWAYS, CRANES, DERRICKS, HOISTS, HOOKS, JACKS, AND SUNH
at 303-397-2295.
Date of Issuance: April 30, 1997
The 1996 edition of thisStandard is being issued with an automatic addenda

subscription service. The use of an addenda allows revisions made in
responseto public review comments or committee actions to be publishedon
a regular yearly basis; revisions publishedin addenda will become effective 1
year after the Date of Issuance of the addenda. The next edition of this
Standard is scheduled for publication in 2001.
ASME issues written replies t o inquiries concerning interpretations of

technical aspects of this Standard. The interpretations will be included with
the above addenda service. Interpretations are not part of the addenda to
the Standard.
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ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
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345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017
Copyright 0 1997 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
at 303-397-2295.
FOREWORD
(This Foreword is not part of ASME 830.3-1996.1
This American National Standard, Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,
Hooks,Jacks,andSlings,hasbeendevelopedundertheproceduresaccredited by the
AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(formerlythe United StatesofAmericaStandards
Institute). This Standard had its beginning in December 1916 whenan eight-page Code of
Safety Standards for Cranes, preparedby an ASME Committee on the Protection of Industrial
Workers, waspresentedtotheannualmeeting of the ASME.
Meetings and discussions regarding safety on cranes, derricks, and hoists were held from
1920 to 1925, involvingtheASMESafety Code CorrelatingCommittee, the Association
ofIronandSteelElectricalEngineers,theAmericanMuseum of Safety,the American
EngineeringStandardsCommittee(laterchangedtoAmericanStandardsAssociationand
subsequently’to the USA Standards Institute), Department ofLabor-StateofNewJersey,
Department of LaborandIndustry-State of Pennsylvania,andtheLocomotiveCrane
Manufacturers Association. On June11, 1925, the American Engineering Standards Committee
approved the ASME Safety Code Correlating Committee’s recommendation and authorized
the project with the U.S. Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, and ASME
assponsors.
InMarch 1926, invitations were issued to 50 organizations to appoint representatives to
a Sectional Committee. The call for organization of this Sectional Committee was sent out
October 2,1926, andthecommitteeorganizedNovember 4, 1926, with 57 members
representing 29 nationalorganizations.TheSafetyCodeforCranes,Derricks,andHoists,
ASA B30.2-1943, was created fromthe eight-page document referred to in the first paragraph.
Thisdocumentwas reaffìmed in 1952 andwidelyaccepted as asafetystandard.
Due to changes in design, advancement in techniques, and general interest of labor and
industry in safety, the Sectional Committee, under the joint sponsorship of ASME and the
NavalFacilitiesEngineeringCommand, US. Department of theNavy,wasreorganized as
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an AmericanNationalStandardsCommitteeonJanuary 31, 1962, with 39 members
representing 27 nationalorganizations.
Theformatofthepreviouscodewaschangedsothatseparatevolumes(eachcomplete
astoconstructionandinstallation;inspection,testing,andmaintenance;andoperation)
would cover the different types of equipment included in the scope of B30.
In 1982, theCommitteewasreorganized as anAccreditedOrganizationCommittee,
operating under procedures developed byASME and accredited by the American National
Standards Institute.
This Standard presents a coordinated set of rules that may serve as a guide to government
andotherregulatorybodiesandmunicipalauthoritiesresponsiblefortheguardingand
inspectionoftheequipmentfallingwithinitsscope.Thesuggestionsleading to accident
preventionaregivenbothasmandatoryandadvisoryprovisions;compliancewithboth
types may be required by employers of their employees.
In case of practical difficulties, new developments, or unnecessary hardship, the administra-
tive or regulatory authority may grant variances from the literal requirements or permit the
use of otherdevicesormethods,butonly whenitisclearlyevidentthatanequivalent
...
U1
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degree of protectionistherebysecured. To secureuniformapplicationandinterpretation
ofthis Standard,administrative or regulatoryauthoritiesareurged to consult the B30
Committee., in accordance with the format described in SectionIII, before rendering decisions
on disputed points.
This volume of the Standard, which was approved by the B30 Committee and by ASME,
was approved by ANSI and designated as an American National Standard on June 19, 1996.
Safetycodesandstandardsareintendedtoenhancepublicsafety.Revisionsresult from
committee consideration of factors such as technological advances, new data, and changing
environmentalandindustryneeds.Revisionsdonotimplythatpreviouseditionswere
inadequate.
iv
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ASME B30 COMMlTfEE
Safety Standards for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks,
Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings
(The following is a roster of the Committee at the time ofapproval of this Standard.)
OFFICERS
P. S. Zorich, Chair
B. D. Closson, Vice Chair
J. Pang, Secretary
COMMllTEE PERSONNEL*
ALLIANCE OF AMERICAN INSURERS
T. A. Christensen, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.
ASSOCIATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MANAGERS
H. E. Livermore, Bechtel Leasing, Inc.
J.C. Ryan, Alternate, Boh Bros. Construction Co.
ASSOCIATED GENERAL CONTRACTORSOF AMERICA
C. L. Huneycutt, Jones Group, Inc.
ASSOCIATED WIRE ROPE FABRICATORS
D. Sayenga, Associated Wire Rope Fabricators
D. J. Bishop, Alternate, Bishop Lifting Products, Inc.
ASSOCIATION OF IRON AND STEEL ENGINEERS
J. W. Rowland. Bethlehem Steel
C. A. Totten, Alternate, Bethlehem Steel
EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS INSTITUTE
D. N. Wolff, National Crane Corp.
J. H. Crowley, Alternate, Equipment Manufacturers Institute
FORGING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
G. F. Hoffa. Columbus McKinnon Corp.
E. K. H. Marburg, Alternate, Columbus McKinnon Corp.
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OPERATING ENGINEERS
W. J. Smith, Jr., International Union of Operating Engineers
S. C.Buck, Alternate, International Union of Operating
Engineers, Local 150
MOTOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
R. W. Parry, General Motors Corp.
NATIONAL CONSTRUCTORS ASSOCIATION
M. Ernhart, Leonard Construction Co.
R. E. Peterson, Alternate, ABB C-E Services, Inc.
* The members listed, except for those listed undertheheading for individual members, were nominated by their
respective organizations.
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NATIONAL ERECTORS ASSOCIATION
B. E. Weir, Jr., Norris Brothers Co., Inc.
J. Conant, Alternate, Conant Crane Rental Co.
POWER, CRANE, AND SHOVEL ASSOCIATION BUREAU O f
THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION (CIMA)
N. C. Hargreaves. Keohring Cranes & Excavators
D. G.Quinn, Alternate, FMC Construction Equipment Corp.
SPECIALIZED CARRIERS AND RIGGING ASSOCIATION
H. 1. Shapiro, Howard 1. Shapiro & Associates
B. DeBenedctis, Alternate, Bob DeBenedictis,Inc.
STEEL PLATE FABRICATORS ASSOCIATION
D.W. Langlinais, Chicago Bridge & Iron Co.
W. Romos, Alternate, Brown-Minneapolis Tank
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
E. E. Rudy, Department of Defense, US Army
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE N A W
P. L. Malone, Naval Facilities Engineering Command
J. E. Richardson, Alternate, Naval Facilities Engineering
Command
WIRE ROPE TECHNICAL BOARD
L D. Means, Wire Rope Corp., of America, Inc.
D. A. tienninger, Alternate, Pauken Wire Rope Corp.
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS
B. D. Closson, NA Crane Bureau West
T. L. Blanton, Alternate, NA Crane Bureau
R. J. Bolen. E.I. DuPont
K. J. Chlad, Material Handling Crane Systems
J. W. Downs, Jr., Alternate, Downs Crane & Hoist Co.
D. W. Edcstine, Grove Worldwide
J. L. Franks, South Carolina State Port Authority
J. J. Headley, Crane Institute of America, Inc.
W.C. Dickinson, Alternate, Crane Institute of America, Inc.
J. D. Heppner, Liftex, Inc.
R.A. Hoff, 3M Co.
G. H.O'Gary, Alternate, 3M Co.
C. W. Ireland, Amclyde Engineered Products
I L S. Johnson, American Equipment
J. M. Klibert, Lift-All Co., Inc.
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H.G. Leidich, Ingersoll-Rand

T. S. McKosky, Consultant
R. R. Reisinger, FKI Industries, Inc.
R. F. Sauger, U.S. Department of Labor - OSHA
P. L. Rossi, Alternate, U.S. Department of Labor - OSHA
A.R. Toth, Harnischfeger Industries, Inc.
D. B. Gamble, Alternate, Harnischfeger Industries, Inc.
R. C. Wild, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
R. E. Scott, Alternate, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. S. Zorich, R.Z.P. International Limited
vi
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ASME B30.3-1996
The 1996 Edition of ASMEB30.3includeseditorialchanges,revisions, and corrections introduced in

B30.3a-1991, B30.3b-1994, and B30.3~-1995,as well as the following changes identified by (96).
Page Change
1 (1) Under B30 volume listing
(a) B30.23, B30.24, and B30.25 Added
(b) B30.3 title revised
(2) Footnote 1 added
5, 6 Section 3-0.2.1 Definition of permunently mounted tower
crune revised
- Section3-0.2.2 Definition of boum (jib), climbing,
counterweight (jib), and designated revised
8 Section 3-0.3 Revised
9 Fig. 1 Revised
18 Section 3-1.1.2(1) Revised
Section 3-1.1.3(d) Corrected by Errata
23 Section 3-1.5.5(0 Revised
25 Section 3-1.12.2 Revised
26 Section 3-1.14.1 Revised
27 Section 3-1.16.1 (d) Revised
28 Section 3-1.17.2(b) Revised
40 Section 3-3.2.2(b)(5) Revised
vii
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~~
S T D - A S M E B30.3-ENGL L77b 0757b70 058Ub07 4 3 T m
CONTENTS
Foreword ....................................................................... iii

Committee Roster ............................................................... V
Summary of Changes ............................................................ vií
Introduction
General ........................................................................
Section
I scope ...........................................................
Section
Purpose
II .........................................................
Section
Interpretations
III ...................................................
SectionIV
New and
Existing
Installations ...................................
Section V Mandatory
and
AdvisoryRules ...................................
Section VI Metric
Conversions ..............................................
Chapter 3-0 Scope,Definitions,andReferences
Section 3-0.1 Scope of B30.3 ................................................. 5
Section 3-0.2 Definitions ...................................................... 5
Section 3-0.3 Reference to OtherCodesandStandards ......................... 8
Chapter 3-1 Erection and Dismantling.Characteristics.and
Construction
Section 3-1.1 SitePreparationandErection .................................... 17
Section 3-1.2 Load Ratings .................................................... 20
Section 3-1.3 Stability ........................................................ 20
Section 3- 1.4 Documentation .................................................. 21
Section 3-1.5 LoadHoistingandBoomLuffing (Boom Hoist)Equipment ........ 22
Section 3-1.6 Slewing(Swing)Mechanism ..................................... 23
Section 3-1:7 TravelEquipment ............................................... 24
Section 3-1.8 TelescopingandClimbingEquipment ............................. 24
Section 3-1.9 Load Trolleys ................................................... 24
Section 3-1.10 Brakes .......................................................... 25
Section 3-1.11 LimitingDevices ................................................ 25
Section 3-1.12 Pendants,StayRopes,and Guys ................................. 25
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Section 3-1.13 ReevingAccessories ............................................. 25

Section 3-1.14 CounterweightsandBallast ...................................... 26
Section 3-1.15 Controls ........................................................ 26
Section 3-1.16 Electical Equipment ............................................. 27
Section 3-1.17 Operator'sCabs ................................................. 27
Section 3-1.18 GeneralRequirements ............................................ 28
Chapter 3-2 Inspection,Testing,andMaintenance
Section 3-2.1 Inspection ....................................................... 31
Section 3-2.2 Testing ......................................................... 32
Section 3-2.3 Maintenance ..................................................... 33
Section 3-2.4 RopeInspection,Replacement,andMaintenance ................... 33
ix
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Chapter 3-3 Operation
Section 3-3.1 Qualification for andConduct of Operators and Operating
Practices ...................................................... 31
Section 3-3.2 OperatingPractices .............................................. 38
Section 3-3.3 Signals ......................................................... 40
Section 3-3.4 Miscellaneous ................................................... 40
Figures
1 HammerheadTowerCrane . Static Base, Free Standing
Crane ........................................................ 9
2 LuffingTowerCrane . StaticBase.FreeStandingCrane ......... 10
3 TravelBaseforFreeStandingCrane ............................. 11
4 TypesofFixedBases ........................................... 12
5 GuyedTowerCrane ............................................. 13
6 BracedTelescopingCrane ....................................... 14
7 ClimbingCrane ................................................. 15
8 DeadEndingRopeinaSocket .................................. 26
9 CoreFailure in RotationResistantRope .......................... 34
10 StandardHandSignalsforControllingConstructionTower
Cranes ........................................................ 41
11 DangerZoneforCranesandLiftedLoadsOperatingNearElectrical
TransmissionLines ............................................ 42
Table
1 Required Clearance for Normal Voltage in Operation Near
HighVoltage Power Lines ..................................... 43
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ASME 830.3-1996
SAFETY STANDARD FOR CABLEWAYS, CRANES, DERRICKS,

HOISTS, HQOKS, JACKS, AND SLINGS
INTRODUCTION
General B30.21ManuallyLeverOperatedHoists
B30.22ArticulatingBoomCranes
This Standard is one of a series of safety standards
B30.23PersonnelLiftingSystemst
on various subjects which have been formulated under
B30.24
ContainerCranest
the general auspicesof the American National Standards
B30.25ScrapandMaterialHandlerst
Institute.Onepurpose of the Standardistoserveas
a guide to governmental authorities having jurisdiction Ifadoptedforgovernmentaluse,thereferencesto
oversubjectswithinthescope of theStandard. It is other national codes and standards in the specific vol-
expected, however, that the Standard will find a major umesmay bechangedtorefertothecorresponding
application in industry, serving as a guide to manufactur- regulations of the governmental authorities.
ers, purchasers, and users of the equipment. The use of cableways, cranes, derricks, hoists, hooks,
Fortheconvenienceoftheuser,the Standard has jacks,andslingsissubjecttocertainhazardsthat
been divided into separate volumes: cannot be met by mechanicalmeansbutonlyby the
exercise of intelligence, care, and common sense. It is
B30.1 Jacks
thereforeessentialtohavepersonnelinvolvedinthe
B30.2 OverheadandGantryCranes(TopRunning
useandoperation of equipmentwhoarecompetent,
Bridge,SingleorMultipleGirder,Top
careful,physically and mentallyqualified,andtrained
RunningTrolleyHoist)
in the safe operation of the equipment and the handling
B30.3 Construction Tower Cranes
of the loads. Serious hazards are overloading, dropping
B30.4 Portal,Tower,andPedestalCranes
orslipping of theloadcaused by improperhitching
B30.5 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes
or slinging,obstructing the free passageoftheload,
B30.6 Derricks
andusingequipmentforapurposeforwhichitwas
B30.7 Base Mounted Drum Hoists
not intended or designed.
B30.8 FloatingCranesandFloatingDerricks
TheStandardsCommitteefullyrealizestheirnpor-
B30.9 Slings
tance of proper design factors, minimum or maximum
B30.10 Hooks
sizes,andotherlimitingdimensionsofwireropeor
B30.11 MonorailsandUnderhungCranes
chainandtheirfastenings,sheaves,sprockets, drums,
B30.12 HandlingLoadsSuspendedFromRotorcraft
and similar equipment covered by the Standard, all of
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B30.13 StorageRetrieval (SR) Machinesand
which are closely connected with safety. Sizes, strengths,
Associated Equipment
andsimilarcriteria are dependent onmany different
B30.14 Side BoomTractors
factors,oftenvaryingwiththeinstallationanduses.
B30.15 MobileHydraulicCranes
These factors depend on the conditionof the equipment
Note:B30.15-1973hasbeenwithdrawn.
or material; on the loads; on the acceleration or speed
The revision ofB30.15isincludedinthe
of the ropes, chains, sheaves, sprockets, or d r u m s ; on
latest edition of B30.5.
thetype of attachments;onthenumber,size,and
B30.16 OverheadHoists(Underhung)
arrangement of sheaves or other parts; on environmental
B30.17 Overheadand Gantry Cranes(TopRunning
conditionscausingcorrosionorwear;and onmany
Bridge,SingleGirder,UnderhungHoist)
variablesthatmust be consideredineachindividual
B30.18 Stacker Cranes (Top or UnderRunning
case. The rules given in the Standard must be interpreted
Bridge, Multiple Girder With Top or
Under Running Trolley Hoist)
B30.19 Cableways
B30.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices B30.23, B30.24, and B30.25 are in the developmental stage.
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S T D - A S M E B30-3-ENGL 1 7 7 b
ASME 830.3-1996 CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES
accordingly,andjudgmentusedindeterminingtheir Section 111: Interpretations

application.
Uponrequest,the B30 Committeewillrender an
TheStandardsCommitteewill be gladtoreceive
interpretation of any requirementof the Standard. Inter-
criticisms ofthisStandard’srequirementsandsugges-
pretations can only be rendered in response to a written
tionsforitsimprovement,especiallythosebased on
request sent totheSecretaryoftheB30Committee,
actual experience in application of the rules.
ASME, 345East47thStreet.,New York, NY 10017.
SuggestionsforchangestotheStandardshould be
Therequestforinterpretationshould be clearand
submittedtotheSecretary of the B30 Committee,
unambiguous. It is further recommended that the inquirer
ASME, 345 East 47th Street, NewYork, NY 10017,
submit his requestutilizingthefollowingformat.
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and should be in accordance with the following format:

(a) citethespecificparagraphdesignation of the Subject: Citetheapplicableparagraphnumber@)
pertinent volume; and provide a concise description.
(6) .indicate the suggested change (addition, deletion, Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the pertinent
revision,etc.);
volume for which the interpretation is being
(c) brieflystatethereason andor evidenceforthe
requested.
suggested change;
(d) submit suggested changes to more than one para- Question: Phrasethequestion as arequestfor an
graphintheorderthattheparagraphsappearinthe interpretation of a specific requirement suit-
volume. able for general understanding and use, not
TheB30Committeewillconsidereachsuggested as a request for approval of a proprietary
changeina timely manner in accordancewith’its design or situation. The inquirer may also
procedures. includeanyplansordrawingswhich are
necessary to explain the question; however,
theyshouldnotcontainanyproprietary
Section I: Scope names or information.
This Standard applies to the construction, installation, Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten
operation, inspection, and maintenanceof jacks; power- in this format by the committee prior to being answered,
operated cranes, monorails, and crane runways; power- which could change the intent of the original request.
operatedandmanuallyoperatedderricksandhoists; ASME procedures provide for reconsiderationof any
liftingdevices,hooks,andslings;andcableways. interpretation when or if additional information which
This Standard does not apply to track and automotive mightaffectaninterpretation is available.Further,
jacks, railway or automobile wrecking cranes, shipboard personsaggrieved byan interpretationmayappealto
cranes, shipboard cargo-handling equipment., welldrill- the cognizant ASME Committee or Subcommittee.
ing derricks, skip hoists, mine hoists, truck body hoists, ASME doesnot“approve,”“certify,”“rate,”or“en-
car or barge pullers, conveyors, excavating equipment, dorse” any item,construction,proprietarydevice,or
or equipment coming within the scope of the following activity.
Committees: Alo, A17,A90,A92,A120,B20, B56,
and B77. Section IV: New andExistingInstallations
(a) Effective Date. The effective date of this volume
for the purposeof defining new andexisting installations
Section II: Purpose
shall be 1 yearafteritsdate of issuance.
This Standard is &signedto: (6) New Installations. Construction,installation,in-
(a) guardagainstandminimize injury toworkers, spection, testing, maintenance, and operation of equip
and otherwise provide for the protection of life, limb, ment manufactured and facilities constructed after the
andpropertybyprescribingsafetyrequirements; effectivedate ofthisvolumeshallconformwiththe
(6) provide direction to owners, employers, supervi- mandatoryrequirements ofthisvolume.
sors, and others concerned with, or responsible for, its (c) Existing Znsrullations. Inspection, testing, mainte-
application;and nance,andoperationofequipmentmanufacturedand
(c) guidegovernmentsandotherregulatorybodies facilities constructed prior to the effective date of this
in the development, promulgation, and enforcement of volume shall be done, as applicable, in accordance with
appropriatesafetydirectives. the requirements ofthisvolume.
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CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES ASME 830.3-1996
of this volume to require retrofitting

It is not the intent
of existing equipment. However, when an item is being
modified, its performance requirement shall be reviewed
relative to the current volume. If the perfomance differs
substantially, the need to meet the current requirement
shall be evaluatedbyaqualifiedpersonselectedby
the owner (user). Recommended changes shallbe made
by theowner(user)within 1 year.
Section V: Mandatory and Advisory Rules

Mandatory rules of this volume are characterized by
use of the word shall. If a provision is of an advisory
nature, it is indicated byuseof the word should and
is a recommendation to be considered, the advisability
of whichdependsonthefactsineachsituation.
Section VI: Metric Conversions

The values stated in U.S. Customary units are to be
regarded as thestandard.
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CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES
Chapter 3-0
Scope, Definitions, and References
Section3-0.1:Scope of B30.3 hoistingtackleatitsouterend,andwithahoist

mechanismtoraiseorlowertheboominavertical
Withinthegeneralscope as definedinSection I,
planetochangeloadradius (see Figs. 2 and 6 )
B30.3 appliestoconstructiontowercranes,powered
by electric motors or internal combustion engines, and permanentlymounted tower
crane: a hammerhead, (96)
any variations thereof which retain the same fundamen- luffing or other type of tower crane that is erected for
tal characteristics.Thescopeincludescranes of the longer term use at one location, (five years or more).
above type that adjust operating radius bymeansof a Theconfigurationofthecraneusuallyremainsun-
boomluffingmechanism,orbymeansofatrolley changedduringtheentireinstallation period. Perma-
traversing a horizontal boom, or by means of a combina- nently mounted tower cranes are covered under ASME
tion of thetwo.Constructiontowercranesmaybe B30.4.
mounted on fixed or traveling bases. Additional mount-
ingmeans may includearrangementsthatpermitthe 3-0.2.2General
crane toclimbinthestructurebeingbuilt,orthat accessory: a secondary part or assembly of parts that
permit increasing the tower height as the structure rises contributes to the overall function and usefulness of a
andutilizingbracesattachedto the hoststructureas machine
needed.
The requirements of this volume are applicable only administrative or regulatoryauthority: governmental
tocraneswhenusedinliftingwork.Permanently agency, or the employer in the absenceof governmental
mountedtowercranes(referto ASME B30.4) and jurisdiction
mobile crane tower attachments (refer to ASME B30.5) appointed: assigned
specific
responsibilities
by
the
arenotwithinthescope of thisvolume. employer or theemployer'srepresentative
authorized: approved as satisfactory by a duly consti-
Section 3-0.2:Definitions
tutedadministrativeorregulatoryauthority
3-0.2.1Types of Cranes axis of rotation: the vertical line about which a crane
constructiontowercrane: ahammerhead,luffing,or swings
other type oftower crane that is regularly assembled balance: the condition of.the superstructure of a tower
and disassembled for use at various sites. It it usually crane necessary for telescoping and climbing; the load
characterized by provisionstofacilitateerectionand or the boom is positioned at that radius which causes
dismantling andmay include features to permit climbing theverticalmoment of thesuperstructureaboutthe
or telescoping. balance point to go tozero
hammerheadtowercrane: a tower crane withahori- ballast: weightaddedtoacranebasetocreateaddi-
zontal boom and a load trolley that traverse the boom tional stability;it does not rotate when the crane swings.
tochangeloadradiusandthatcontainsthesheaves Also used to refer to materials placed under rails, such
andappurtancesthatcomprise the upperloadblock as crushedstone,tosupporttherailtiesorsleepers,
(see Figs.1and 5) to provide drainage, and to distribute the applied loads.
luffing tower crane: acranewitha boompinnedto base, anchorbolt: acranebasethatisboltedto a
the superstructure at its inner end and containing load footing[seeFig.4(a)]
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
buse,expendable: forstatic-mountedcranes,astyle clutch: ameansforengagementordisengagementof

of bottom mast section or member that is cast into a power
concretefootingblock;allorpart of thiscomponent
counterweight: weights added to a crane superstructure
islosttofutureinstallations [see Fig.4(b)]
tocreateadditionalstability or to countertheeffects
buse, $xed: a crane base that does not travel. It may of the lifted load;theyrotatewiththecrane as it
be expendable, knee braced, or anchor bolted [see Fig. swings
4(a),(b),or (41. counterjib(counterweight jib): ahorizontalmember
buse, knee brace: acranebasethatusesdiagonal of acraneonwhichthecounterweightsandusually
memberstospreadtheloading [see Fig. 4(c)] thehoistingmachinery are mounted
buse, tower crane: thelowermostsupportingcompo- crane: in this volume,theuseofthewordcrane
nent of the crane referstoconstructiontowercranes,whicharelifting
machines consistingof a tower (mast) with a superstruc-
buse,travel: a crane base that is a ballasted platform turethatrotatesandincludesaloadboom(jib)and,
mountedontrucksthat ride alongrails (see Fig. 3) on some cranes, a counterjib extending in the opposite
direction to the load boom (jib)
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
bogie: anassemblyoftwo ormoreaxlesarranged
topermitbothverticalwheeldisplacementandan crune,standby: acranethatisnotinregularservice
equalization of loading on the wheels but thatis used occasionally or intermittently as required
boom (jib): onhammerheadtowercranes,thehori- crossover points: points of ropecontactwhereone
zontal structural member attached to the rotating super- layer of rope on a rope drum crosses over the previ-
structure of a crane on which the load trolley travels ouslayer
when changing load radius; on luffing and other types
designated person: apersonselectedorassignedby
of tower crane, a member hinged to the rotating super-
structureandusedforsupportingthehoistingtackle the employer or the employer’s representative as being
competent to performspecificduties
brace, tower: astructuralattachmentplacedbetween
drum: thecylindricalmemberaroundwhichrope is
a cranetowerand an adjacent structure to pass loads
woundforliftingorloweringaload
totheadjacentstructureandpermitthecranetobe
erected to greater than free standing height (see Fig. 6 ) dynamicloading: loadsintroducedintothemachine
oritscomponents by forcesinmotion
brake: a device, other than a motor, used for retarding
or stopping motion by frictionorpowermeans equalizer: a devicethatcompensates for unequal
lengthorstretchofarope
brakingmeans: a methodordeviceforretardingor
stopping motion flangepoint: thepoint of contactbetweentherope
and drum flange where the rope changes layers on a
bufer: an energy absorbing device for reducing impact rope drum
when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its
permitted travel free standingheight: thatheight of acranewhich is
supported by the tower (mast) alone without assistance
c&: ahousingprovidedfortheoperatorandcon- from braces, guys, or other means
tainingthecranecontrols
guge,track: the horizontal distance between two rails
climbing: the process whereby an entire crane is raised measuredperpendiculartothedirection of travel
onorwithin astructurewhichisunderconstruction
as the height of that structure increases (see Fig. 7) guy rope: a fixed lengthsupportingropeintendedto
maintainanominallyfixeddistancebetweenthetwo
climbing frame: aframeusedwithclimbingcranes pointsofattachment;may also be called a stay rope,
totransmitoperationalandclimbingreactionstothe standing rope, or pendant (see Fig. 5 )
hostbuildingframe
highstrength (traction) bolts: highstrengthtensile
climbingladder: a steelmemberwithcrossbars(used bolts used in the assembly of crane sections. The bolts
in pairs)suspendedfromaclimbingframeandused areinstalledintension, bytorquing orothermeans,
asjackingsupportpointswhensomecranesclimb atalevelgreaterthanthatproducedbyin-orout-of-
at 303-397-2295.
S T D ASME
CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES ASME B30.3-1996
service loads for the purpose of reducing the likelihood railclamp: adeviceforfasteningatravelingcrane
of bolt fatigue failure. to its rails tolimitwindinducedtravel
in-service: thecondition of crane
a readyforor ratedload (load rating): the maximum allowable
engaged in work; an operator is at the controls workingloaddesignatedby themanufacturer;rated
loadsareexpressedinpounds,kilograms,shorttons,
jib (boom): see boom (jib)
or metric tons
jib point: theoutwardendoftheloadbearing jib
remotecontrolstation: alocation,not on thecrane,
limiting device: a mechanical device which is operated fromwhichtheoperatorcancontrolallthecrane
by some part of a power driven machine or equipment movements
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
to control loads, or motions
of the machine or equipment
rope: referstowireropeunlessotherwisespecified
load: the total superimposed weight on the load block
or hook rotationresistant rope: wire ropeconsisting of an
inner layer of strands laid in one direction covered by
load, working: theexternalloadappliedtothecrane alayer of strandslaidintheoppositedirection; this
including the weight of load attaching equipment such has the effect of counteracting torque by reducing the
as ropes, shackles, hooks, slings, and load blocks (unless tendency of the finished rope to rotate
theloadblockisconsideredapartoftheratingby
themanufacturer) service, heavy: service that involves operating at 85%
to 100% of the rated load or in excess of 10 lift cycles
loadblock, lower: theassemblyofhookorshackle, per hour as a regular specified procedure; some cranes
swivel,sheaves,pins,andframesuspended bythe operating at material yards or in industrial applications
hoisting rope may fallintothiscategory
loadblock,upper: the assembly of sheaves, pins, and service, light: service that involves irregular operation
frameattachedtotheboomormounted in theload with loads generally about one-half or less of the rated
trolley load; a service crane at a storage yard or building site
load hoist: ahoist drum andropereevingsystem would be anexample
usedforhoistingandloweringloads service, normal: servicethatinvolvesoperatingocca-
mast: see tower sionallyatratedloadbutnormallyatlessthan 85%
of the rated load and not more than 10 lift cycles per
our-of-service: the condition of a crane when unloaded, hour,exceptforisolatedinstances;acraneusedfor
withoutpowerandwiththecontrolsunattended,and concreteplacement at abuildingsitewould be an
preparedtoendurewindsabovethein-servicelevel example
parkingtrack: for r i 1 mountedcranes,asectionof service life: thetime,expressed as thesum ofthe
tracksupported so that it iscapable of sustaining periods of operation, over which a stressed component
storminducedbogieloads; it isprovidedwithstorm canfunctionwithoutundue risk of failurewhenthe
anchorages when required crane is operated in accordance with the manufacturer’s
pitch diameter: the diameter of a sheave or rope drum instructions under either light, normal, or heavy service
measuredat the line of the rope shall: thiswordindicatesthattheruleismandatory
qualified person: apersonwho,bypossession of a andmustbefollowed
recognized degree or certificateof professional standing, sheave: agroovedwheelorpulleyusedwitharope
or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and experi- tochangethedirectionandpoint of application of a
ence, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve pullingforce
or resolve problems relating to the subject matter
andwork should: thiswordindicatesthattheruleisarecom-
mendation, the advisability ofwhichdependsonthe
radius (load): the horizontal distance from a projection factsineachsituation
of the axis of rotation to the base of the crane, before
loading, to the center of the vertical hoist line or tackle stabilizers: auxiliarydevicesforincreasingstability
withloadapplied of acrane,suchasguys,forexample
at 303-397-2295.
strucmrul competence: the ability of the machine and Section 3-0.3: Reference to OtherCodesand (96'
itscomponentstowithstand the stressesimposed by Standards
applied rated and dynamic loads
Within the text, references are made to the following
superstrucrure: thatportion of thecranethatrotates publications,copies ofwhich may be obtainedfrom
thepublishers as indicated.
swing (slew): rotation of the superstructure for move-
ment of loads in a horizontal direction about the axis ANSI A14.3-1992, Safety Requirements for Ladders -
of rotation Fixed'
ANSIA1264.1-1995,SafetyRequirementsforWork-
telescoping: a process whereby the height of a travel- place Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs, and Railings
ingorfixedbasecraneisincreasedwithoutremoval Systems'
of thesuperstructure. This may beaccomplishedby Publisher: American Society of Safety Engineers, 1800
raising the superstructure (by means of a special tele- EastOaktonStreet,DesPlaines, IL 60018-2187
scopingsection)andaddingtower(mast)sectionsat
the top, by raising an inner tower and the superstructure ANSI 226.1-1990,SafetyCodeforSafetyGlazing
(bymeansofspecial jackingequipment) and then Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicles Operating on
addingsectionsatthetop ofanoutertower,orby Land Highways
raisingthesuperstructureandtower(bymeans of a Publisher: American National Standards Institute, Inc.,
special base section) and adding sections to the tower 11 West42ndStreet, NewYork, NY 10036
frombelow. ANSUASCE 7-93, Minimum Design Loads for Build-
tower (mast): averticalstructuralframeconsisting of ingsandOtherStructures'
columns and bracing capable of supporting a superstruc- Publisher: AmericanSociety of CivilEngineers,1801
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ture with its working and dynamic loads and transmitting Alexander BellDrive,Reston, VA20191
themtothesupportingsurfaceorstructure ANSUAWS Dl.1-94, Structural WeldingCode- Steel'
traction (high strength) bolts: see highstrengthbolts ANSI/AWS D14.3-93, Specification for WeldingEarth-
moving and Construction Equipment'
rrolley: the device that travels along the load jib and Publisher:AmericanWeldingSociety, 550 N.W. Le
contains the upper load block JeuneRoad,Miami, FL 33135
trolleying: themotion of thetrolleyonthe jib to ASMEB30.10-1993,Hooks'
locate the load hoisting mechanism at a working radius Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers, 345 East 47th Street, NewYork, NY 10017;
truck, travel: the assembly that includes a pivot, fiame
ASME Order Department, 22 Law Drive, Box 2300,
axle@, and wheel(s) o,nwhich a crane rides on rails;
Fairfìeld, NJ 07007-2300
see also bogie
ANSI/NEMA Publication ICs-3-1988, Industrial
two-blocking: the condition when the lower load block systems'
orhookassemblycomesin contactwiththeupper
Publisher: National Electrical Manufacturers Association,
load block
1300 N. 17th Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209
unanended: acondition in whichtheoperator of a ANSIRVFPA 70-1993,NationalElectricalCode'
craneisnotattheoperatingcontrols
Publisher:NationalFireProtectionAssociationBat-
weathervaning: windinducedrotation of acranesu- terymarchPark,Quincy, MA 02269
perstructure,whenout-of-service, to expose minimal ANSI/SAEJ185 - JUN81:AccessSystemsfor Off
surface area to the wind Road Machines'
wedge: a tapered wood or steel device used to provide Publisher:Society of AutomotiveEngineers,Inc.400
stabilitytocranesduringuse as aclimber.Whenthe CommonwealthDrive,Warrendale,PA15096
wedges are tightened against the four main legs of the
tower, they convert overturning moments into horizontal
forces to be resisted by the floor framing or slab (see ' May also be obtained from American National Standards Institute,
11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036.
Fig. 7).
at 303-397-2295.
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Boom (jib) pendants
Lower load block
Concrete footing
(96) FIG. 1 HAMMERHEAD

TOWER
CRANE - STATICBASE,FREESTANDINGCRANE
at 303-397-2295.
ASME B3031996 CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES
Boom hoist ropes
Concrete footing
FIG. 2 LUFFING TOWER CRANE - STATIC BASE,FREE STANDING CRANE
10
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Tower (mast)
Bogie
r Knee brace
Ballast
I
Ra" II
Sleeper 7 L
FIG.3 TRAVELBASE FOR FREE STANDING CRANE
11
at 303-397-2295.
ASME B30.3-1996 CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES
- (mast) Tower
Concrete footing 1
1 I (mast)
Tower
r
Expendable
anchorage members
(a) Anchor Bolt Base
/ rConcrete footing
-
(b) Expendable Base
1 (mast) Tower
Knee brace
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
beams
Tie down -,Cross
(when required) I
Footlng block
(c) Knee B r a d Base (Ballast May Also Be Used)
FIG. 4 TYPES OF FIXED BASES
12
at 303-397-2295.
GENERAL NOTE: Three or more guys to be provided, symmetrically arranged.
FIG. 5 GUYED TOWER CRANE
13
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
S T D - A S M E B30-3-ENGL L 9 9 b 075’7b70 0580b23 BOT H
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(b)Plan View at Brace Level
(al Elevation
FIG. 6 BRACEDTELESCOPINGCRANE *
14
at 303-397-2295.
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Tower (mast)
Cllmblng frame or
ladder support frame
II
il -Temporary shores
Cltmblng frame or
support beams
FIG. 7 CLIMBINGCRANE
15
at 303-397-2295.
Chapter 3-1
Erection and Dismantling, Characteristics, and Construction
Section 3-1.1: Site Preparation and Erection dismantling work commences to implement the erection/
dismantling instructions and to adapt them to the particu-
3-1.1.1 Crane Supports larneedsofthesite.Theneedfortemporaryor
(a) Allloadbearingfoundations,supports,andrail permanentguyingorbracingshould be considered.
tracksshall be constructedorinstalledtosupportthe (d) Sincecrane masts orothercomponentsutilize
crane loads and to transmit them to the soil or other connections with special devices or high strength bolts,
support medium. In addition to supporting vertical load, a qualified person shall instruct the erection personnel
foundations and supports, rail supports excepted, should in the means of identifying and installing these special
be designed to provide a moment resisting overturning devicesandhighstrengthbolts.
equal to a minimum of 150% of the maximum crane (e) Whenassemblingmastsectionsconnected by
overturning moment. This requirement may be met by highstrength(traction)bolts,theboltsshouldnotbe
meansofstructuralanchorsorballast. tensionedtoprovidefullprestressuntilthecraneis
(b) Anchorageblocksforguys,whenused,should completelyerected,unlessthemanufacturer’sinstruc-
be arranged so that resistance to sliding or other lateral tionsstateotherwise. At thattime,beforefullyten-
movement, to pullout, and to overturning is a minimum sioning bolts in any one mast leg, the crane superstruc-
of 150%ofthe forceapplied,orshall be structurally ture should be rotated to place the counterweight above
anchored. thatleg.
(c) Railsshall be attachedtotheirsupportsina
(fl Beforereusingbolts,pins,orotherconnection
mannercapable ofresistingtheapplicablehorizontal parts,theyshould be inspectedforcondition.Visible
loads determined by the manufacturer or by a qualified
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
cracks, difficulty in threading a nut by hand, or visible

person. necking down of the shank are indications of yielding
(d) Splicesinrailtracks(boltedorwelded)shall or damage and reason for rejection.
have smooth joints.
(g) Before crane components are erected, they shall
(e) When required, a designated straight portion of
be visuallyinspectedfordamagefromshippingand
thetrackshould be arrangedandconstructedasan
handling.Dented,bent,tom,gouged,orotherwise
out-of-service parking area complete with means needed
damaged structural members shall not be erected until
for supporting the crane against storm wind effects and
repairedinaccordancewith the manufacturer’sora
anchoringitagainstunwantedmovementalongthe
qualified person’s instructions, or replaced.
track;theparkingtrackshouldbeinplacebefore
(h) Slings and lifting accessories should be selected
erectioncommences.
v) Thecranemanufactureroraqualifiedperson and arranged so as to avoid damaging or marring crane
members duringerectionanddismantling.
shallprovidemaximumresultingloadsatthebase of
thecrane, orwheel loads,foruseindesignofthe (i) Wind velocity at the site at the time of erection/
supports [see para. 3-1.4.1(a)(l)J. dismantling should beconsideredasalimitingfactor
that could require suspending the erection/dismantling
3-1.1.2 GeneralErection andDismantling operation.
Requirements 0) Crane masts should be erected plumb to a toler-
(a) When cranes are erectddismantled, written in- ance of 1:500 (about 1 in. in 40 ft) unless the manufac-
structions by the manufacturer or qualified person and turer specifies otherwise.
a list of the weights of each sub-assembly tobe erected/ (k) Cranesrequired toweathervanewhenout-of-
dismantled shall be at the site. service shall be installed with clearance for boom (jib)
(b) Erection and dismantling shall be performed un- and superstructure to swing through a full 360 deg. arc
der the supervision of a qualified person. without striking any fixed object or other weathervaning
(c) Proceduresshall be establishedbeforeerection/ crane.
17
at 303-397-2295.
STD-ASME B30-3-ENGL 1776 0757b70 0580b2b 519
(96) (1) Advertisingsignsorsimilarpanelsshallnotbe the supervision of a qualified person and in accordance

--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
installed on booms (‘jibs) or counterjibs (counterweight with themanufacturer’sinstructions.Theinstructions

jib) unless size and positioning satisfy the manufactur- should be at the site.
er’s or a qualified person’s limitations. (k) Beforetelescoping,cranesshallbebalancedin
accordance with the manufacturer’s or a qualified per-
3-1.1.3FreeStandingCranes son’s instructions and wind velocity should not exceed
( U ) Cranes shall be mounted to bases in compliance the limit set by the manufacturer, or 20 mph (9 d s )
with the manufacturer’s or a qualified person’s instruc- at the crane superstructure if no such limit has been set.
tions.Unlessinstructedotherwise,levelingnutsshall (1) Before telescoping, an inspection shall be made
notbeusedunderbaseplateswhentheanchorbolts to determine that there are no obstructions to the free
aretobeprestressed.Theanchorboltsshouldbe movementofthetower (mast).Telescopingshallnot
checked and torqued in accordance with the manufactur- bedoneifanyobstructions are observed.
er’s or a qualified person’s instructions, or tensioning
shouldproceedasinpara.3-1.1.2(e). 3-1.1.4 Guyed orBracedCranes
(b) Expendabletype basesshouldbeinstalledlevel (a) A bracing schedule shouldbe prepared in advance
to a tolerance of 1:500 (about ‘/4 in. in 10 ft)or better. oftheinstallation.Thescheduleshouldindicateeach
It is recommendedthatlooseexpendablebaseleg level at which the crane is to be braced, the maximum
sectionsbeinstalledwhileboltedorpinnedtothe tower height to be erected above each brace, and the
lowermosttower(mast)section.Thebaseshouldbe maximum height to which construction can be carried
securelyheldinplacebeforethefoundationconcrete beforethecranemustbeincreasedinheight.
is poured. (b) The vertical spacing between the braces and the
(c) Cranes shall be erected free standing to no greater free standingheightof thecraneabovethetopmost
height than that recommended by the manufacturer or braceshallbeinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’s
by a qualified person; wind conditions of the geographic or a qualified person’s recommendations; wind condi-
area per ANSUASCE 7 should be considered. tions of the geographic area per ANSUASCE 7 should
(96) (d) If themanufacturer’srecommendationsindicate be considered.
erection of counterweight before the boom (jib) is in (c) Braces should be designed and anchored to the
place, care should be taken both to limit impact during bracingstructuretoresisttheforcesgiven by the r
setting counterweights and to install no more counter- manufacturer or by a qualified person when applied in
weightatthistimethanthetower(mast)orother anyhorizontaldirection.
componentscansupport. (d) Cranes should not be guyed when prohibited by
(e) Travelingcranebasesshall be ballasted,inac- themanufacturer.
cordancewiththemanufacturer’sinstructions,before (e) Guys shall be preloaded to a predetermined force
erecting those portions of the crane above the tower. level and means to verify preload should be provided.
cf) Provisionsshallbemadetopreventtraveling Guysshallincludemeanstoadjusttensionandto
basesfromrollingonthetrack in theeventofhigh plumbthecranetower(mast)(balancedandincalm
winds. air). Installations requiring guys should be designed by
(g) Rails should be level and straight, unless specifi- a qualified person.
cally designed for curves or grades, and properly spaced Flags or markers of high visibility color should
for the crane trucks in accordance with the manufactur- be placed on guys to make them visible to the operator.
er’s specifications. The track and support system should (g) Guyattachmentatthetower(mast)shallbe
havesufficientrigiditytolimitdynamicoscillations made so as not to damage tower (mast) members, not
and deviations from plumb. to introduce eccentric loadings, nor to distort the tower
(h) Railsshallbeelectricallygroundedwhenthey (mast)crosssection.Crossbracing, ifused,shallbe
carry cranes electrically powered from an outside source. attached in a manner that will not permit dislodgement
(i) Bothendsofalltracksshall be providedwith from elastic movements of the tower (mast).
stops or buffers adjusted for simultaneous contact with (h) Guysshallbeattached at theirlowerendsto
both sides of thetravelbase.Stopsattachedtorails anchorages[seepara.3-1.1.1(b)].
shallbemounted not lessthan3 ft (1m)inboardof (i) For telescoping, see paras. 3-1.1.3(‘j), (k), and (I).
the last rail support [see para. 3-1.7.l(a) for additional
requirements]. 3-1.1.5ClimbingCranes
0) Telescoping operations shall be performed under (a) A climbingscheduleshouldbepreparedinad-
18
at 303-397-2295.
vance of the installation. The schedule should indicate 3-1.1.6 Pre-OperationProcedures

eachlevelatwhichthecranewillbemountedfor (a) Initially, and after each climbing or telescoping
operationgiving the locationsofsupportsforboth Operation, before placing the crane in service all func-
horizontal and vertical crane reactions and the maximum tionalmotions,limitingdevices,andbrakesshall be
height to which construction can be carried before the checked for operation.
cranemustclimbagain. (b) Whencranes are erected,limitingdevicesshall
(b) The means of transferring horizontal and vertical be checked for proper setting and operation before the
crane reactions to the host structure shall be reviewed craneisplacedinservice.
byaqualifiedperson.Windeffectsfortheheightof (c) After erection, the supports shall be tested before
cranemountingshouldbeconsidered. placing the crane in service. The test shall be conducted
(c) Cranes shall not be climbed in concrete structures withtheratedloadplacedatthemaximumradius
until the concrete at the levels at which horizontal and permitted by siteconditions.Forotherthantraveling
vertical supports are to be placed has reached sufficient cranes,thesuperstructureshall be rotatedthrough 90
strength to resist the crane reactions. mayIt be necessary degwith 10 min stopsatthestartingpositionandat
totestconcretecylindersorcoresortouseon-site each 45 deg position. Displacement of the supports is
testingtechniquesfor this purpose. reason to refrain from operation until an evaluation is
(d) When climbing cranes are used, the integrity of made by aqualifiedperson.
thehoststructureshall be reviewed by .a qualified (d) For traveling cranes, the load test shall be con-
person, for the effects of crane, load, and wind forces ductedwiththeboom(jib)inthepositioncausing
at each level of the structure. maximum loading on one rail. The test shall comprise
(e) Wedging systems, when used to plumb the crane traveling the entire length of the runway, then returning
and to transmit horizontal reactions, shall be provided with the same load on the other rail. Displacement of
with means to prevent the wedges fi-om working loose. a sleeper or support is reason to refrain from operation
Wooden wedges shall not be used unless recommended untilanevaluation is made by aqualifiedpersonor
by the manufacturer. When wooden wedges are used, until track ballast has been reset and a satisfactory test
they shall be ofhardwood. perfOMled.
(f,, Wedges shall be installed only at those portions (e) Initial functional motion tests, shall be performed
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
of the tower that are designed to receive them or where at rated load. Functional motion tests made after climb-
provisions have been made for wedging in accordance ing ortelescopingmay be performedwithoutload.
with the manufacturer’s or a qualified person’s instruc- Each test shall include:
tions. See para. 3-1.4.1(0(6). ( 1 ) loadhoistingandlowering;
(g) Initially,and after eachclimb,thecraneshall (2) boom hoisting and lowering, or traversing the
be plumbed while balanced and then held in the plumbedtrolley;
condition bywedges orothermeans.Cranesshould (3) swingmotion;
be plumbedto 1 5 0 0 (about 1 in.in 40 fi). (4) brakesandclutches;
(h) Writtenclimbinginstructionsshouldbekeptat (5) limit,locking,andsafetydevices.
the site and all climbing operations shall be performed
under the supervision of a qualified person. The test should continue until all controls, drives, and
(i) Beforeinitialuseand before eachclimb,load braking means have been engaged and they shall have
bearingmembersoftheclimbingandsupportsystem functioned correctly.
shall be inspected.Defectsimpairingtheabilityofa (f) Theorderinwhichtests of anewlyerected
member to support load shall be repaired, or the member crane are to be performedisasfollows:
replaced. (1) functionalmotiontestswithoutload;
0) Beforeclimbing,cranesshallbebalancedin (2) functional motion tests at rated load (for other
accordance with the manufacturer’s or a qualified per- than traveling cranes, this may be combined with tests
son’s instructions. Wind velocity should not exceed the of supports);
limitset by themanufacturer,or 20 mph (9 d s ) at (3) tests of supportsperclause(c).
the crane superstructure if no such limit has been set.
(k) Before climbing, an inspection shall be made to During functional motion tests, the crane supports shall
determinethattherearenoobstructionstothe free be checked.Anyobserveddisplacementisreason to
movement of the tower (mast). Climbing shall not be refrainfromcontinuingtestinguntilanevaluation is
doneifanyobstructionsareobserved. made by aqualifiedperson.
19
at 303-397-2295.
Section3-1.2:LoadRatings effectsassociatedwithhoistingandslewingshallbe
considered and wind shallbe taken in the least favorable
3-1.2.1 Load Ratings Where Stability Governs directionandatthemaximumin-servicevelocity, as
L i n g Performance specified by the manufacturer or a qualified person.
(a) Foreachstipulatedoperatingradius,theload (b) Underanyconditionofloading,stresses may
rating is established by taking a percentage of the load also be affected by boom (jib)length,counterweight
which by calculation produces a condition of incipient arrangement, tower (mast) height and arrangement, hoist
tippingwhentheboom(jib)isintheleaststable linereeving,andhoisting s p e e d range.Therefore,the
direction. Under static conditions, load ratings shall not manufacturer or a qualified person shall evaluate struc-
exceed 63% of the calculated tipping loads. When wind turalcompetencefortheleastfavorableconfiguration
isconsidered,thecombinedeffects of static,inertial, and operating conditions covered by given load ratings.
and wind loads shall not exceed 77% of the tipping load. (c) For cranes designed to travel with load, inertial
(b) For a loadatanyoperatingradius,stabilityis forcesandforcesinducedbythemaximumallowable
affected by the length of boom (jib) mounted, counter- track variation from level, as specified by the manufac-
weightarrangementandtower(mast) height andar- tureroraqualifiedperson,shall be consideredin
rangement; the manufacturer shall take these conditions establishingstructuralcompetence.
into account when establishing load ratings. Each load (d) In addition to the above, the following stipulations
rating shall therefore be determined for the least stable shallapply to proofof competence determinations:
permittedconfigurationcoveredbytherating. (1) thecraneismountedlevel,exceptasin(c)
(c) Wind forces should be determined in accordance above,butforthosecranesthatexhibitsignificant
with ANSI/ASCE 7 using the maximum in-service wind elastic deformation due to dead, live, wind, or dynamic
velocity, as specified by themanufactureror by a loads, the effects ofsuchdeformationsshall be taken
qualified person, applied in the direction least favorable intoaccount;
to stability. (2) lifting attachments which are a permanent part
(d) For cranes designed to travel with load, inertial of the cranein its working condition shall be considered
forces and forces induced by the maximum allowable part of the load for rating calculation purposes whether
track variation from level, as specified by the manufac- ornotsuchattachments are partofpublishedload
turer or by a qualiíìed person, shall be consideredin ratings.
establishing load ratings.
(e) In addition to the above, the following stipulations 3-1.2.3 Load Rating Chart. A durable rating chart
shallapplyto the establishment of loadratings: with legible letters and figures shall be provided with
( I ) incipient tipping exists when the algebraic sum each craneandattachedinalocationvisible to the
of theoverturning(tipping)momentsequalsthe sum operatorwhileseatedatthecontrolsandatremote
of the stabilizing moments; controlstations.Thecontent of thesechartsshallin-
(2) thecraneismountedlevel,exceptasin(d) clude, but not be limited to, the following:
(a) a full and complete range of crane load ratings
above,butforthosecranes that exhibitsignificant
elastic deformation due to dead, live, wind, or dynamic at all statedoperatingradii,boomGib)lengths,hoist
line reevings, and where appropriate, for each available
loads, the effect of such deformations on stability shall
hoist line speed range and recommended counterweight
be takenintoaccount;
arrangement;
(3) lifting attachments which are a permanent part
(b) precautionary or warning notes relative to limita-
of the crane in its working condition shallbe considered
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tionsonequipment,andoperatingprocedures;
part oftheloadforstabilitycalculationswhetheror
(c) maximum permissible in-service wind velocity;
not such attachments are part of published load ratings;
(d) advice that slings and lifting attachments are part
(4) themanufactureror a qualifiedperson may
of the load Ifthelowerloadblock isconsidered as
specify use of stabilizers or ballast to achieve stability.
partof the load, the rating chart shall so state.
3-1.2.2LoadRatingsWhereStructural Section 3-1.3 Stability
CompetenceGoverns Lifting Performance
(a) For each stipulated operating radius, the manufac- 3-1.3.1 Backward Stability. The manufacturer or
turer or a qualified person shall ascertain that the crane a qualified person shall demonstrate by calculation that
is capable of supportingratedloadswithoutstresses in each recommended configuration an unloaded crane
exceedingpredeterminedacceptablevalues.Dynamic exposedtoin-servicewindforcesintheunfavorable
at 303-397-2295.
direction,andtoanupwardforceattheloadtrolley manufacturer and the owner should retain the drawings

or boom (jib) tipequalto 30% of theloadratingat andspecifications.
anyoperatingradius,willnottipoverbackwards. (3) The alteration or modificationshallcomply
Additionally, a calculation using 90% of the weight of with the applicable requirements of this volume.
the boom (jib) plus the fixed load handling attachments, (4) The crane shall be tested in accordance with
andthefullunfavorablein-servicewind,shallnot para. 3-2.2.l(a) withrecordskept.Therecordsshall
indicate instability. Stabilizers or ballast may be speci- include a descriptionof the testsperformed, the rationale
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
fied toachievebackwardstability. for selecting those test conditions, the date and weather
conditions at the time of testing, and the signature of
3-1.3.2 Out-Of-SWviCe Stability the qualifiedpersonwhosupervisedthetests.
(a) Themanufactureroraqualifiedpersonshall
demonstrate by calculation that in each recommended Section3-1.4:Documentation
configuration traveling cranes shall not become unstable
whenexposedto120%oftheforceinduced by out- 3-1.4.1 Each crane shall be provided with informa-
of-service winds. For weathervaning booms (jibs), the tionalliteraturewritten in Englishincluding,butnot
boom shall be taken in the attitude dictated by its wind limitedto,thefollowing.
areabalance.Nonweathervaningboom (jibs) shallbe (a) Installation preparation instructions which should
takenintheleastfavorableattitude.Travelingcranes provide:
shallalsoresistdesignwindlevelinducedsliding. (1) vertical and horizontal forces and torsional and
(b) The design out-of-service wind velocity shall be overturning moments applicable to each recommended
specified.Recommendations on permitted configura- configuration; the data should indicate whether govern-
tionsatseveralwindvelocitylevelsshould be given ing forces are dueto in-service or out-of-service winds,
[see 3-1,4.1(a)(2)]. the applicable wind velocity, and whether the wind has
(c) Out-of-service stability requirements may be sat- been takenperpendicularordiagonaltothetower
isfiedbyusingstabilizersorballast,whennecessary, (mast);fortravelingcranes,the data can be stated in
butrailclampsshallnot be usedfor this purpose. terms ofwheel or bogieloads;
(2) data or tower (mast) height limitations based
3-1.3.3Stabilizers on several wind velocity levels for out-of-service condi-
(a) When stabilizers are required, the manufacturer’s tions;
documentation for the crane shall describe the type of (3) maximumwindvelocityforwhichtraveling
stabilizerto be installed,themeans to installthem, cranespossessadequateresistancetoslidingineach
andwhethertheyarerequiredforin-service,out-of- permittedconfigurationandprecautionsthatmust be
service,orbackwardstabilityneeds. takentosecurecranesinstalledingeographicalareas
(b) Inthedesignofstabilizersforout-of-service of higher wind velocity;
protectionwhichareintendedto be installedbefore (4) stabilizer or ballast requirements, when appli-
impendingstorms,andthatwillnot remain inplace cable;
duringoperations,considerationshallbegiven to the (5) the minimum distance between horizontal reac-
time required for installation. tion supportlevelsforclimbingcranes;
(6) railtrackinstallationrequirementsandtoler-
3-1.3.4 Altered or Modified Cranes ancesfortravelingcranes;
(a) Thefollowingrequirementsshall bemetwhen (7) anchoragearrangementsforcranestobein-
cranesarealteredormodified: stalled on fixed bases;
(1) Thealteration or modificationshall be done (8) cranedimensional data.
by or under the direction of the original manufacturer (b) Erection and dismantling instructions which
orunderthedirectionofaqualifiedperson. should provide:
(2) If doneunderthedirectionof a qualified (1) weight anddimensionsforcomponentsand
person,signedanddatedcopiesofthecalculations, subassemblies;
drawings, and other documents prepared for the alter- (2) recommendedliftingattachmentpoints;
ation or modification shall be maintained by the owner (3) center of gravity location for nonunifonn com-
of the crane. If done by the original manufacturer, the ponentsandsubassemblies;
manufacturershouldretain the records. If doneunder (4) the methodandrecommendedsequenceof
thedirection of theoriginalmanufacturer,boththe assembly and disassembly of components and subassem-
at 303-397-2295.
S T D - A S M E B 3 0 - 3 - E N G L 1 7 7 b W 0757b70 0580b30 T V T m
blies; warnings shouldbe given alerting erection person- cylinderboomhoists,shall be capable ofraisingthe
nel when member strength or stability requires particular boom, holding it stationary (without attention from the
methods or sequencing; operator)andloweringitonlywhencoupledtoits
(5) details,includingdiagramswherenecessary, prime mover or a retarder, or under hydraulic cylinder
of critical component connections describing and identi- control. Cylinders shallbe furnished with check valves.
fying bolts, pins, and other parts needed, the method (c) Unless directly coupled to electric or hydraulic
ofassemblingthejoint,thetorque or tensionto be drives,theloadhoistand/orboomhoistdrivesshall
applied to prestressed (traction) bolts, the point in time be providedwithaclutchingorpowerdisengaging
in the erection process for applying torque or tension, device.
and the means for retaining pins, etc.; (d) Electric motor operated cranes whichare capable
(6) means forinstallingstabilizers(seepara.3- of overspeeding the power plant shall be provided with
1.3.3). overspeed protection.
(c) Operatinginstructions,limitations,andprecau- (e) Hooks shall be equipped with latches unless the
tions. applicationmakestheuseofthelatchimpractical.
(d) Maintenance requirements and recommendations When provided, the latch shall bridge the throat of the
including identification of those members or locations hookforthepurposeofretainingslings,chains,etc.
that should be periodically observed, or tested, for the underslackconditions.Referto ASME B30.10.
purpose of detectingtheonset ofmetalfatigue,the Boomstopsshall be providedtoresistluffing
loosening of prestressed (traction) bolts, or wear affect- booms fallingbackwards.Boomstopsshould be of
ing the ability of the crane to support rated loads. one of the following types:
(e) Repair recommendations including advice on (I) afixedortelescopingbumper;
welding procedures. The type of metal used for load (2) ashockabsorbingbumper;
sustainingmembersshall be identified(seepara. 3- (3) hydraulicboomelevationcylinder(s).
1.18.5). (g) A boomhoistdisconnect,shutoff,orhydraulic
(f) Designcharacteristicsaffectingsafety,such as: relief shall be provided to automatically stop the boom
( I ) location, proper settings and adjustments, and hoistwhenluffingboomsreachapredeterminedhigh
functioning of limiting and indicating devices; angle. Similar limiting devices shallbe furnished where
(2) high and low ambient temperature limitations; necessarytoguardagainstlowangledamage.
(3) permitted variationsinelectricalsupplyand
circuit parameters; 3-1.5.2 Hoist Drums
(4) location and required settings of hydraulic or (a) No less than two full wraps of rope shall remain
pneumatic pressure relief valves and locationsof points on theloadhoistdrum(s) whenthehook is inits
wherecircuitpressurescan be checked (see para. 3- extreme low position and on the boom hoist drum(s)
1.18.9). when the boom is in its lowest position.
(5) limitations on servicelife of loadbearing (b) Thedrumend of theropeshall be attached
membersandmechanismsincludingrecommendations tothedrum as recommended by thecraneorrope
of frequency of inspection as a function of severity of manufacturer or by a qualified person.
service; (c) The drumflangesshallextendaminimumof
(6) forclimbingcranes,identificationofthose 1/2 in. (13 mm) over the top of the rope during operation.
portions of the tower (mast) intended to accommodate (d) The diameter of the drum shall be sufficient to
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
wedgereactions, or means to be employedatwedge provideafirstlayerropepitchdiameterofnotless

reaction points. than 18 times the nominal diameter of the rope used.
(e) Load hoist d ru&and boom hoistdrumsshall
Section 3-1.5:Load Hoisting and Boom be providedwithpositiveholdingdevices,such as
Luffing(BoomHoist) ratchets and pawls, unless directly coupled to electric
Equipment or hydraulic drives. The positive holding devices shall
be controllablefromtheoperator’sstation,holdthe
3-1.5.1 General Requirements drums from rotating in the lowering direction, and be
(a) When using recommended reeving, the load hoist capable of holding therated load indefinitely, or holding
shall be capable ofhoisting and lowering rated loads. the boom andratedloadindefinitely, as applicable,
(b) With ratedloadsuspended,rope boomhoist without further attention from the operator.
systemsusingrecommendedreeving,andhydraulic 03 Exceptfordrumspoweredby directly coupled
22
at 303-397-2295.
electricorhydraulicmotors, drum rotationindicators guards or other suitable devices to guide the rope back
should be provided and located so as to afford a sensing into the groove when a load is reapplied.
meansfortheoperator. (c) All sheave bearings shall be provided with m e a n s
for lubrication, except for those with permanently lubri-
catedbearings.
3-1.5.3Hoist Brakes
(d) The pitch diameters of the upper and lower load
(a) Boomhoiststhatutilizeropes,andloadhoist,
blocksheavesshallnotbeless than 18 and 16 times
shall be equipped with at least one braking means that
thenominaldiameteroftheropeused,respectively.
is capable of providing 125% or more of the full load
The pitch diameters of boom hoists sheaves shall not
hoisting torque at the point where the braking is applied.
be lessthan 15 timesthenominaldiameterofthe
(b) Each load hoist and boom hoist mechanism shall
rope used.
be equipped with braking means capable of providing
(e) The sheaves in thelowerloadblockshallbe
controlledloweringspeeds.Worm-gearedhoistswith
equipped with close-fitting guards that will guard against
a worm angleadequatetopreventtheload(or the
ropes becoming fouled when the block is lying on the
boomandload,in the case ofboomhoists)from
ground with ropes loose.
accelerating in theloweringdirectionareexempted
from this requirement.
(c) When power operated brakes having no continu- 3-1.5.5Hoist Ropes
ous mechanical linkage between the actuating and the (a) Hoisting ropes (both boom hoist and load hoist)
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
brakingmeansare used for controlling the load hoist shall be of constructions recommended for their service
or the boom hoist, an automatic means shall be provided by therope or cranemanufactureror by aqualified
tostopandholdtheload(orthe boom andload,in person.Thedesignfactorforloadhoistropesshall
thecase oftheboomhoist)intheeventoflossof not be lessthan 5 . Thedesignfactorforboomhoist
brakeactuatingpower. ropes shallnot be less than 3.55. Designfactorsshall
(d) When directly coupled electric or hydraulic mo- be the totalnominalbreakingstrengthsofallthe
tor(s)areusedforcontrolling the loadhoistorthe supporting ropesdivided by the staticloadimposed
boomhoist,anautomatic means shall be providedto on those ropes when supporting their maximum loads.
stopandholdtheload(or the boomandload in the (b) For ambient temperatures at the rope in excess
case of boom hoists) in the event of loss of power or of 180°F (82"C), ropehaving anindependent wire
pressure. rope or wire strand core, or other temperature damage
' (e) Whenautomaticbrakingmeans are provided,a resistant core, shall be used.
means,suchasamanualrelease,should be furnished (c) If a load is supported by more than one part of
to permit controlled lowering of the load (or the boom rope, thetensioninthepartsshall be equalized.
andload in thecase of a boomhoist), in theevent (d) Rotation resistantrope shall be givenspecial
of loss of power or pressure. care during installation asitismore easily damaged
cf) If provided, foot brake pedals shallbe constructed thanotherrope.
so that the operator's feet will not readily slip off, and (e) Socketing shall be done in the manner specified
ameansshall be providedforholdingthebrakesin by the manufacturer of thewireropeorfitting.
theappliedpositionwithoutfurtherattention by the (f) Rotationresistantropes, if used, shall be used (96)
operator. only for load hoistsystems. Rotation resistant ropes
shallnot be usedforboom(luffing)hoists.
3-1.5.4HoistSheaves
(a) Sheave grooves shall be free from surface defects Section3-1.6: Slewing (Swing) Mechanism
whichcouldcauseropedamage.Thecross-sectional
radius at the bottom of the groove should be such as 3-1.6.1 General Requirements
to form a close-fitting saddle for the size of rope used. (a) The swing mechanism shallbe capable of smooth
The sides of the groove shall be tapered outward and starts andstops,and ofprovidingvarying degrees of
roundedattherimtofacilitateentrance of therope accelerationanddeceleration.
intothegroove. Hange rimsshallruntrueaboutthe (b) Cranesrequiredtoweathervanewhenout-of-
axis of rotation. service shall be equipped with means controllable from
(6) Sheavescarryingropeswhichcanbecomemo- the operator's station that render the rotating superstruc-
mentarily unloaded shall be provided with close-fitting ture free to rotate.
23
at 303-397-2295.
3-1.6.2 Slewing Brakes. A braking means with Section 3-1.8 Telescoping and Climbing
holding
power in both directions
shall be provided
to Equipment
prevent movement of the rotating superstructure during
operation,and shall be capable of W i g set in the 3-1.8.1 Cranesthatclimbortelescopeonladders
shall be providedwithguidestoholdtheladdersin
holding position and remaining so without further action
position for engagement of the climbing dogs.
on the part of the operator.
3-1.8.2 Hydrauliccylinders,whenused,shall be
equipped with check valvesmanged to hold the portion
of thecranebeing raised or lowered in the event of
Section 3-1.7: Travel Equipment power or pressure failure or of a ruptured line. There
shall be no flexible hose lines between the check valve
3-1.7.1 General Requirements and the cylinder. The hydraulic system shall be provided
with pressure gauge(s) and overpressure relief valve(s).
(a) Cranes shall be equipped with means to prevent
runningintothebuffersorstopswhileunderpower. 3-1.8.3 Positivemeansshall be providedtohold
(b) Drives shall be capable ofsmooth starts and theraisedportionofthecraneinpositionatthe
stops, and of providing varying degrees of ac&eration completion of aclimbingortelescopingintermediate
and deceleration. stepandatthepositionwherethecranewill be put
(c) An audiblesignal shall automatically sound back into
wheneverthecranetravels in order to warn persons 3-1.8.4 Steel wedges, when used, shall be provided
in the vicinity. with means to hold them in the engaged position and
prevent their dropping when disengaged.
3-1.7.2TravelTrucks 3-1.8.5 Ropes, when used for or in conjunction with
(a) Crane trucks shallbe fitted with sweeps extending climbing or telescoping, shall have a nominal breaking
belowthetopof therail,unless the constructionof strength not less than three and one half times the load
the rail foundation prohibits such extension, and placed applied to the rope. Means shall be provided to minimize
in front of the leading wheels in either direction, the possibility of the crane jamming during raising and
lowering or to protect the rope from being excessively
(b) Truckwheelsshall be guarded
loaded.
(c) Means shall be providedto limit thedrop of
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
truck frames in case ofwheelor axle breakagetoa Section3-1.9:LoadTrolleys
distance that willnotcausethecrane to overturn.
3-1.9.1 Loadtrolleysshall be undercontrolwhen
traversingtheboom(jib)duringoperations.
3-1.7.3TravelBrakes
3-1.9.2 Thebody orframe of the trolleyshall be
( U ) Brakingmeansshallbeprovidedtoholdthe
fittedwith means to restrain the trolley from becoming
crane in positionwhennottravelingand to lockthe detached from its guide rai@) in the event oftrolley
wheels against rotation to resist the effects of in-ser- wheel or axle breakage or side loading.
vicewindandoperationalforces.
(b) Brakesshallautomaticallyengageonlossof 3-1.9.3 Thetrolleyshall be provided,withanop-
poweroractuatingpressuretothebrake,andwhen erating brake capable of stopping the trolley in either
power is not applied to the travel drive. direction. The system shall include means for holding
(c) When a crane is out-of-service, means shall be thetrolleywithoutfurtheractiononthepart of the
providedtolockthewheelsagainstrotationtoresist operator,andshallengageautomatically if poweror
pressure to the brake is lost.
the effects of wind as stipulated by themanufacturer
or a qualified person. In the event that friction between 3-1.9.4 In addition to the operating brake, the trolley
lockedwheelsand rails isinsufficienttorestrainthe shall be equippedwith an automaticbrakingdevice
crane from movement, other means shallbeprovided capable of stopping the outward movement of the load
or recommendedby themanufactureroraqualified trolleyintheeventoftrolley drive rope breakage, if
person. such ropes are used.
24
at 303-397-2295.
3-1.9.5 The jib point sheave, if provided, shall have Section3-1.12:Pendants, Stay Ropes, and
atleastonebroadstripeofbright,contrastingcolor Guys
painted on eachside so that it can be determined
whether or not the sheave is turning. 3-1.12.1 Forstandingropes,theminimumdesign
factorshall be 3.0. Fibercore ropes withswaged
fittings and rotationresistantropesshallnot be used
Section3-1.10:Brakes
forpendants,stayropes,orguys.
3-1.10.1 Brakes shall be arranged to permit adjust-
mentwherenecessarytocompensateforliningwear
and tomaintainforceinsprings,whereused. 3-1.12.2 Standingropesthat are used as liveropes (96)
duringerection, andboomhoistrunningropes,shall
haveaminimumdesignfactorof3.0fortheloads
3-1.10.2 Brakingmeans,whetherfunctioningme- occuringduringerection,butshallcomplywith3-
chanically, pneumatically, hydraulically, or electrically, 1.12.1 for the erected condition. Rotation resistant ropes
shallhaveheatdissipationcapabilityconsistentwith shallnotbeusedforboom(luffing)hoists.
serviceneeds.
3-1.10.3 Brakes shall be protected from the weather 3-1.12.3 Thedesignfactorsinparas.3-1.12.1and

and fromlubricants,hydraulicfluid,orothersuch 3-1.12.2shall be thetotalnominalbreakingstrengths
liquids, and dirt. of allthesupportingropesdivided bythe staticload
imposedonthose ropes whensupportingtheirmaxi-
3-1.10.4 Where springs comprise partof the braking mum loads.
mechanism, they shall be subject to compression only.
3-1.12.4 Sheaves used during erection and disman-

Section 3-1.11: Limiting Devices tlingthatremaininthesupportsystem shall comply
with 3-1 5 4 .
3-1.11.1 Limiting devices shall be provided to:
(a) limit trolley aavel at both ends of the boom (jib);
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(b) stop boomluffingatlowerand/orupperlimits

ofboommovement [see 3-1.5.1(f)]; Section 3-1.13:ReevingAccessories
(c) stop load block upward motion before two-
blockingoccursorwarnofanimpendingtwo-block
3-1.13.1 Eyesplicesshall be madeinamanner
condition;
recommended by theropeorcranemanufacturerand
(d) limitcranetravelatbothends oftherunway
ropethimblesshould be usedin the eye.
tracks;
(e) limit lifted load;
cf) limitoperatingradiusinaccordancewithlifted
3-1.13.2 Wire rope clips shall be drop-forged steel
load;and
of thesinglesaddle(U-bolt)ordoublesaddletype
(g) limit pressures in hydraulic or pneumatic circuits
clip.Malleablecastironclipsshallnot be used.For
(see para.3-1.18.9).
spacing,number of clips,andtorquevalues,referto
theclipmanufacturer’srecommendation.Wirerope
3-1.11.2 Loadlimitingdevices,andacceleration/ clips attached with U-bolts shall have the U-bolt over
deceleration limiters when provided, shall be installed the dead end of the rope and the live rope resting in
inenclosuresthatcan be lockedorsealedtoinhibit the clip saddle. Clips shall be tightened evenly to the
tamperingandunauthorizedadjustment. recommendedtorque.Aftertheinitialloadisapplied
totherope,theclipnutsshall be retightened to the
3-1.11.3 Motion limiting devices, such as in paras. recommendedtorquetocompensatefor any decrease
3-1.11.1(a),(b), (c), and(d), may be providedwith inropediametercaused by theload.Ropeclipnuts
meanstopermittheoperatorto ovemde themunder shouldberetightenedperiodicallytocompensatefor
controlled conditions. any further decrease in rope diameter during usage.
25
at 303-397-2295.
(a) Loop back m e t h o d (b) E x t r a piece of same size rope

is clipped to m a i n rope
FIG. 8 DEAD ENDING ROPE IN ASOCKET
3-1.13.3 Swaged, compressed, or wedge socket fit- (b) Controlsshall be labeledinwordsorsymbols

tingsshall be applied as recommendedbytherope, toindicatetheirfunction,andwhereappropriate,the
crane,orfittingmanufacturer. direction of the motion imparted.
(c) Controls for hoisting, trolleying, luffing, slewing,
3-1.13.4 Wireropeclipsusedinconjunctionwith and travel shall discontinue operating motions when
wedgesocketsshall be attached ‘0 *e unloadeddeadengagementpressureisreleased. controls thatarenot
end oftheropeonly (see Fig. 8). provided with an interlock that prevents restart unless
in the neutral position shall return to the neutral position
Section3-1.14:CounterweightsandBallast when released unless intentionally restrained for func-
(96) 3-1.14.1 Superstructures and
counterjibs
(counter- tionalpurposes.
weight jib) shall be arranged to receive counterweights, (d) Remote operated cranes shall function so that if
made in accordancewiththecranemanufacturer’s the control signal forany crane motion becomes ineffec-
specifications,and to holdtheminposition.Means tive,thatcranemotionshallstop.
shall be provided to guardagainstshiftingor dis- (e) Electric motor operated cranes shall be provided
lodgement during crane operation. withadevicewhichwilldisconnect all motorsfrom
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the line on failure ofpowerandwillnotpermitany
3-1.14.2 Movable counterweights, if provided, shall motor to berestarteduntilthecontrolisbroughtto
either move automatically or shall be equipped with a the oflposition, or a reset switch or button is operated.
positionindicatorwithreadoutattheoperator’s sta- cf) Electric motor operated cranes shall be provided
tion(s).Whencounterweightposition is controlled by with means for the operator to interruptthe main power
ropes, means shall be provided to prevent uncontrolled circuit from the operating position.
movementin the event of rope breakage. (g) Remote control stations shall include provisions
for emergency stop in the event aofdevice malfunction.
3-1.14.3 Forcranesutilizingballast,basesshall
(h) Provisions shall be made to prevent simultaneous
include provisions to support and position the ballast.
activationofcontrolswhenmorethanoneoperator’s
Meansshall be providedtoguardagainstshiftingor
station(remotecontrol)isprovided.
dislodgement during crane operation.
(i) Where cranes are powered by hydraulic motors,
Section3-1.15:Controls means shall be provided to automatically stop the power
plantonloss of hydraulicpressure.
3-1.15.1 CraneFunctionControls
(a) At the operator’s station, all controls used during
the crane operating cycle shall be located within reach 3-1.15.2PowerPlantControls
of the operator. (a) Controls for operatingthepower plant shallbe
26
at 303-397-2295.
withinreach of the operatorandshallinclude,as othermeans are providedtopreventdamagetothe

applicable: electricalconductors.
(I) means to statt and stop with provision to lock (g) Individual overload protection shall be provided
inthe stop position; for each motor.
(2) means to control speed of internal combustion (h) Lightningprotectionshall be provided.
engines;
(3) meanstostopinternalcombustionengines 3-1.16.2Resistors
underemergencyconditions;and ( U ) Resistor units shallbesupportedtominimize
(4) means forshiftingselectivetransmissions. vibration effect.
(6) Allcranespoweredbyinternalcombustionen- (6) Provisions shall be made to prevent broken parts
gines with a direct mechanical or hydrodynamic (such ormoltenmetalfallingontheoperatororfromthe
as atorqueconverterorfluidcoupling)drivetoany crane.
crane function shall be provided with a clutch or other (c) If ventilated or nonventilated resistor enclosures
meansfordisengagingpower.Thecontrolshall be are provided, the enclosures shall be installed so as to
withinreachfromtheoperator’sstation. minimizetheaccumulation of combustiblematter.
3-1.15.3ControlForcesandMovements
(a) Forcestooperateshallnot be greaterthan35 Section3-1.17:Operator‘sCabs
lb (156 N) on hand levers and not greater than 50 Ib
(225 N) norless than 8 lb(35 N) on foot pedals. 3-1.17.1Construction
(b) Travel distance on hand levers shall be notgreater ( U ) Cabs shall be provided for the operator’s stations
than 14 in.(360 mm) fromtheneutralpositionon ofallconstructiontowercranes.Theyshall be con-

two-wayleversandshallnot be greater than 24 in. structed of material which will not support combustion
(610 mm) on one-way levers. Travel distance on foot andshallhavemeansforventilation.
pedals shallnot be greaterthan 10 in. (260 mm). (b) An adjustable operator’s seat with backrest shall
be provided.Theseatshould be arrangedandcon-
structedtominimizeoperatorfatigue.
Section 3-1.16 ElectricalEquipment (c) Where necessary, areas of the cab roof shall be
capable of supporting,withoutpermanentdistortion,
3-1.16.1GeneralRequirements the weight of a 200 lb (90kg) person.
( U ) Eachelectricallypoweredmaneshallhavea (d) Cabdoors,whether oftheslidingorswinging
main disconnect switch mounted at or near the initial type, shall be restrained from inadvertently opening or
base of thecrane.Thisswitchshallhaveprovisions closingduringtraveloroperationof the crane.
for locking in the o - position. (e) Allcabglazingshall be safetyglazingmaterial
(6) Electrical equipmentshallbe so located or as defined in ANSI 226.1. Windows shall be provided
guarded that live parts are not exposed to inadvertent in the front and on both sides of the cab for visibility
contactundernormaloperatingconditions. forwardandtobothsides.Forwardvisibilityshould
(c) Electrical equipment shallbe protected from dirt, includeboththetrolleyandpick-uppoints on the
grease, oil, and moisture. Fixtures, wiring, and connec- ground. Windows provided with openable portions shall
tionsexposed to theweathershall be ofweather be arranged to prevent inadvertent closure during opera-
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
resistant type. tion.Awindshieldwipershould be providedon the

(d) Wiring shall comply with the provisions of ANSI/ front window.
NFPA 70 for temporary wiring.Motors,controls, cf) Meansshall be providedforcleaningwindows
switches,andotherelectricalequipmentshallmeet from inside the cab unless exterior platfonns are pro-
the applicable requirements of ANSIINFTA 70. Hoist, vided.
swing,trolley,andtravelcontrollersshallconformto (g) Cablighting,eithernaturalorartificial,shall
ANSINEMA publicationsICs-3. provide a level of illumination that enables the operator
(e) Provision shallbe made to guard against reversing toobservetheoperatingcontrols.
of each motor due to reversed phase connections. (h) Theoperator’scabshall be mountedon the
V, Electrical circuits between the fixed and rotating rotating portion of the crane. When applicable, it shall
portionsofthecraneshallpassthroughconnections be positioned so as to protect the operator and be clear
that pennit continuous rotation in either direction unless of the boom (jib) when lowered to vertical.
27
at 303-397-2295.
STD.ASME B30.3-ENGL 199b m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0580b3b qb8 H
3-1.17.2 Access kg) person without permanent distortion. Holding lines

(a) Access ladders to the cab, machinery platforms, should be installed so as not to deflect laterally more
and tower (mast) shall be provided and shall conform than 6 in.(150 mm) whena 200 lb (900 N) lateral
to ANSI A14.3orto SAE J185, as applicable. force is applied.
(b) Outsideplatformsshallhavewalkingsurfaces
of a skid resistant type, shall be provided with standard 3-1.18.2 Guards for Moving Parts
handrails, and shallconformtoANSIA1264.1. (a) Exposed moving parts such as gears, projecting
(c) When it is necessary to climb more than 120 ft setscrewsandkeys,drivechainsandsprockets,and
(37 m)of vertical ladder in the crane tower to reach reciprocating or rotating parts, which might constitute
the cabormachinerydeck,considerationshould be ahazardundernormaloperatingconditions,shallbe
giventoprovidingapoweredmeansofaccessin guarded.
addition to ladders. (b) Eachguardshall be capable of supportingthe
(d) Whenaccess to theoperator’scabrequiresa weight of a 200 lb (90 kg) person without permanent
climb of100 ft (30 m)ormore, sanitary facilities distortionunlesstheguard is locatedwhereitisnot
should be provided. reasonable to expect a person to step during operation
or maintenance.
3-1.17.3 Tool Box. A metalreceptacleshould be
provided for the storage
of small hand tools and lubricat-
ing equipment. It should be secured in the cab or on 3-1.18.3LubricationPoints. Lubricationpoints
themachineryplatform. should be accessible without the necessity of removing
guardsorotherpartswithtoolsunlessequippedfor
3-1.17.4 Fire Extinguisher. A portable fire extin- centralized lubrication.
guisher,withabasicminimumextinguisherratingof
10 BC, shall be installed in the cab or at the machinery
3-1.18.4Exhaust Gases. Engineexhaustgases
housing.
shall be piped and discharged away from the operator.
3-1.17.5 Signai Device. An audible signal device Exhaust pipes shall be guarded or insulated to prevent
should be providedwiththecontrollocatedwithin contact by personnelwhenperformingnormalduties.
reach of the operator.
3-1.18.5 Welded Construction. Weldingproce-
Section3-1.18:GeneralRequirements duresandweldingoperatorqualificationsforusein
repairoralteration ofloadsustainingmembersshall
3-1.18.1 Footwalks andLadders be inaccordancewith ANSYAWS D14.3or ANSI/
(a) To provideaccesstotheboom(jib)andits AWS Dl. 1. Where special steels or other materials are
attachmentssuchas connections, limiting devices, used,themanufacturer or’ aqualifiedpersonshall
sheaves, rope, and fittings, a footwalk with slip resistant provideweldingprocedureinstructions.Thetypeof
surface and withhandrailsorholdinglinesshall be metal used for load sustaining members shall be identi-
provided.Othermeansforaccessshould be provided fied by themanufacturer [see para.3-1.4.1(e)].
on booms(jibs)too s m a l l forfootwalks;booms(jibs)
thatcan be readilyloweredtoprovideaccessfor
inspection need not be provided with footwalks. Foot- 3-1.18.6ClutchProtection and Adjustment
(a) Dry frictionclutchesshall be protectedagainst
walks, whenprovided,should be 18 in. (450 mm) or
rain andotherliquidssuch as oil andlubricants.
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
more in width.
(b) When top towers or gantries include items requir- (b) Clutches shall be arranged to permit adjustments
ing inspection or require access for erectioddisassembly, where necessary to compensate forwear.
ladders,handgrips,and, if necessary,platformswith
slipresistantsurfacesandrailingsshall be provided. 3-1.18.7 Wind Velocity Device. A wind velocity
(c) When itisnecessarytocheckoradjustthe indicating device shall be mountedat or near the top
tension of slewing ring bearing attachment bolts, access ofthecrane.Avelocityreadoutshall be providedat
shall be provided including work platforms with railings, the operator’s station inthe cab, and a visible or audible
where needed. alarmshall be triggeredinthecaband at remote
(d) Footwalks, platforms, ladders, and railings shall control stations when a preset wind velocity has been
be capable of supportingtheweight of a 200 Ib (90 exceeded.
28
at 303-397-2295.
3-1.18.8Fuel Filler Pipes. Fuel tank fillerpipes drivenpump in order to limitthemaximumpressure

shall be located or protected so as not to allow spillage in the circuit. The magnitude of the relief settings shall
or overflow to run onto the engine, exhaust, or electrical pennit operation under rated load conditions, and means
equipment of themachinebeingfueled. shall be providedtopreventunauthorizedadjustment
or tampering.
3-1.18.9HydraulicandPneumaticPressures (b) Means shall be provided for checking manufactur-
(a) Relief valves shall be provided in hydraulic and er’s specified pressuresettingsineachcircuit.
by a power
pneumatic circuits carrying fluid pressurized
29
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Chapter 3-2
Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
Section 3-2.1:Inspection (b) allcontrolmechanismsforexcessivewearof

componentsandcontamination by lubricantsorother
3-2.1.1General. Themanufacturershallfurnish foreign matter;
operationandmaintenanceinformation[seeparas. 3- (c) all crane function operating mechanisms for mal-
1.4.1(c)to (01. adjustment interfering with proper operation and exces-
sivewearofcomponents;
3-2.1.2InspectionClassification (d) motion limiting devices for proper Operation with
( a ) InitialInspection. Priortoinitialuse,allnew, the crane unloaded; each motion should be inched into
reinstalled, altered, ormodified construction tower itslimitingdeviceorruninatslow speed withcare
cranesshall be inspected by aqualifiedpersonto exercised;
verify compliance with the applicable provisionsof this ( e ) loadlimitingdevicesforproperoperationand
volume. accuracy of settings;
(b) RegularInspection. Inspectionproceduresfor cf) allhydraulic and pneumatichoses,particularly
cranes in regular service are divided into two general thosethatflexinnormaloperation;
classifications basedon the intervals at which inspection (9) electricalapparatusformalfunctioning,signsof
should be performed. The intervalsin turn are dependent excessive deterioration,dirt,and moisture accumulation.
upon the nature of the critical components of the crane (h) hooks and latches for deformation, chemical dam-
and the degree of their exposure to wear, deterioration, age,cracks,andwear.Referto ASME B30.10.
ormalfunction.Thetwogeneralclassifications are ( i ) wedgesandsupportsofclimbingcranesfor
designatedas frequent and periodic withrespective looseness or dislocation - daily, wheninuse;
intervalsbetweeninspection as definedbelow. (j) bracesorguyssupportingcrane masts (towers)
(1) Frequent Inspection. Visualexamination by and anchor bolt base connections for looseness or loss
the operator or otherdesignatedpersonwithrecords of preload; braces and bolts after the first day and the
not required: firstweekofoperationandthenmonthly;guysdaily
(a) light service - monthly; until preload stabilizes, then weekly until preload stabil-
(b) normal service - weeklytomonthly; ityindicatesthatmonthlycheckingwill be adequate;
(c) heavyservice - dailytoweekly. (k) hydraulic system for proper fluid level - daily,
( 2 ) Periodic Inspection. Visualinspection by an wheninuse.
appointedpersonat1 to 12 monthintervalsoras
specificallyrecommendedbythemanufacturerorby
aqualifiedperson.Recordsshallbekeptofapparent 3-2.1.4PeriodicInspection
externalconditionstoprovideabasisforcontinuing (a) Complete inspections of the crane shall be per-
evaluation. formedatintervals,asgenerallydefinedinpara. 3-
2.1.2(b)(2)dependingupon its activity,severity of
3-2.1.3 FrequentInspection. Itemssuch as the service,andenvironment,or as specificallyindicated
followingshall be inspectedatintervalsdefinedin below:
para. 3-2.1.2(b)(1) or as specifically indicated, including ( I ) light service - annually;
observationduringoperationforanydeficienciesthat ( 2 ) normalservice - semi-annually to annually;
mightappearbetweenregularinspections.Anydefi- (3) heavy service - quarterly.
ciencies shall be examined and determination made by
adesignatedpersonastowhethertheyconstitutea
hazard: Theseinspectionsshallincludetherequirements of
( a ) allcontrolmechanismsformaladjustmentin- para. 3-2.1.3 and, in addition, items such as the follow-
terfering with proper operation - daily, when in use; ing. Any deficiencies,such as listedbelow,shall be
31
at 303-397-2295.
ASME 830.3-1996 CRANES TOWER CONSTRUCTION
examinedanddeterminationmadebyadesignated recommendationsofthemanufacturerinthisregard
person as towhethertheyconstitutea hazard shallbeconsidered.
(I) deformed,cracked,orcorrodedmembersin (d) High strength (traction) bolts used in mast (tower)
thecranestructureandboom (jib); connections and in connection of the slewing bearing
(2) looseboltsorrivets; shall be checked for proper tension (torque) at intervals
(3) cracked or wornsheavesanddrums; recommendedbythemanufacturer or as suggested in
(4) worn, cracked, or distorted parts such as pins, (a) above.Boltsthatloosenshouldbecheckedfor
bearings,shafts,gears,rollers,lockingandclamping permanent deformation or other damage. Visible cracks,
devices,sprockets,anddrivechainsorbelts; difficultyinthreadingorunthreadinga nut by hand,
(5) excessivewearonbrakeandclutchsystem or observable necking are reasonsforreplacement.
parts,linings,pawls,andratchets; (e) Sheavesusedintheloadandboomhoisting
(6) load,wind,andotherindicatorsforinaccura- systems shall be checked for cracks in the flanges and
cies outside the tolerances recommended by the manu- spokes. When external evidence of possible damage is
facturer; found, it may be necessary to remove the sheave from
(7) power plants for performance and compliance itsmountingfor this purpose.
withsafetyrequirements;
(8) electricalapparatusforsigns of deterioration 3-2.1.5Cranes Not in RegularUse
incontrollers,masterswitches,contacts,limitingde- (a) A cranethathasbeenidleforaperiodof 1
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
vices,andcontrols; month or
more,but less than 6
months,shall be
(9) cranehooksinspected per ASME B30.10; inspectedinaccordancewithparas.3-2.1.3and 3-
(10) travelmechanismsformalfunction,excessive 2.4.2(a) before beingplaced inservice.
wearordamage; (b) A cranethathasbeenidle for morethan 6
(11) hydraulicandpneumaticpumps,motors, months shallbe inspectedinaccordance with paras.
valves,hoses,fittings,andtubingforexcessivewear 3-2.1.4and3-2.4.2(b)beforebeingplacedinservice.
or damage. (c) Standbycranes,beforebeingused,shallbein-
(b) Forcranesusedinserviceinvolvingperiodic spected inaccordancewiththerequirementsofpara.
reerection,advantagecanbetaken of
the ease of 3-2.1.5(a) or (b), depending on the interval since they
performingdetailedinspection when the crane is were last used.Whensuchcranesareexposedto
disassembled. During visual inspection of members and adverse environments, theyshould be inspectedmore
their connections [see para. 3-1.4.1(d)], observed signs frequently.
ofpossibledamagemayindicatetheneedtoremove
paint or to use other than visual nondestructive examina- Section3-2.2:Testing
tiontechniquestopermitdetermination as to whether 3-2.2.1OperationalTests
ahazardexists.Forcraneswith 5 ormoreyearsof (a) Prior toinitialuse,newlyerectedcranesshall
service,otherthanlightservice,suchdisassembled betestedinaccordancewithpara.3-1.1.6.Alteredor
inspection at nominally semiannual to annual intervals modified cranes shall be tested, under the direction of
is recommended unless the manufacturer recommends a qualified person, to verify compliance with the applica-
other intervals. bleportionsof this volume, including functional tests
(c) For cranes that are permanently installed, visual inaccordancewithpara.3-1.1.6(a),and(e).
inspection of members and their connections [see para. (b) The trip setting of hoist limit devices should be
3-1.4.1(d)], shall be performed at intervals specified in determined by tests,with anemptyhook,comprising
(a)above.Observedsignsofpossibledamagemay a series of runs each at increasing hook speed upto
indicate the need to remove paint or to use other than themaximumspeed.Theactuatingmechanismofthe
visual nondestructive examination techniques to permit limitdeviceshall be located so thatitwilltripthe
determination as to whether a hazard exists. For cranes device, under all conditions, in sufficient time to prevent
with 5 or more years of service, other than light service, contactofthelowerloadblockwiththeupperload
a visual inspection, in place of an inspection specified blockorboompointsheaves.
in (a) above, should be performed by a qualified person
atannualintervals.Theadditionalpurposeofthis 3-2.2.2 Load Limit Device Test. Load limitde-
inspection is to consider whether the observed condition vice settings shall be verified by means of a static test
of the crane calls for the useof more stringent examina- usingtestloadsof102.5%to110%oftheapplicable
tion techniques, such as disassembly of the crane. The ratings as recommendedby thecranemanufacturer.
32
at 303-397-2295.
Testloadsare to be liftedatcreep speed until just (2) limitdevices

clear of the ground. (3) controlsystems
(4) brakingsystems
3-2.2.3Test Records. Datedtestrecordsshould (5) powerplants
be madefor all testsrequiredunderparas.3-2.2.1(a) (c) Repairs or replacementsshall be providedas
and3-2.2.2,andkeptavailable. neededforoperation. The followingareexamples:
( I ) crane hooks showing defects described in para.
Section 3-2.3: Maintenance 3-2.1.3(h)shall be takenoutofservice;repairsby
weldingorreshapingarenotrecommended;
3-2.3.1PreventiveMaintenance
(2) critical parts which are cracked, broken, bent,
(a) A preventivemaintenanceprogrambasedon
orexcessivelyworn or corroded;
thecranemanufacturer’srecommendationsshouldbe
(3) pitted or burned electrical contacts should be
established.Datedrecordsshould be keptavailable.
correctedonlybyreplacementandinsets.Controller
(6) Replacement parts should ordinarily be obtained partsshould be lubricatedasrecommended by the
from the original equipment manufacturer. Replacement
manufacturer.
parts shallbe at least equal to the original manufacturer’s (d) Remote control stations shall be kept clean with
specifications. functionidentificationlabelslegible.
3-2.3.2MaintenanceProcedure
(a) Before major adjustments or repairs are started, 3-2.3.4Lubrication
thefollowingprecautionsshall be taken. (a) All moving parts of the crane, for which lubrica-
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(1) Atraveling-typecraneto be repairedshould tion is specified, should be regularly lubricated. Lubri-
be movedto a locationwhere it willcausetheleast cating systems should be checked for delivery of lubri-
interference with other cranes and operations in the area. cant. Care should be takentofollowmanufacturer’s
(2) All controllers should be at the ofs position. recommendations astopoints of lubrication,mainte-
( 3 ) The main or emergency switch shall be open nance of lubricant levels,andtypesoflubricantto
and locked in the open position, except for test purposes. be used.
(4) Warning or Ouf of Order signs shall be placed (b) Machineryshall be stationarywhilelubricants
by appointedpersonnel. are being applied and protection provided as called for
(5) Whereothercranesareinoperationonthe in paras. 3-2.3.2(a)(l) through (6), unless equipped for
samerunway,railstopsorothersuitablemeansshall automatic lubrication.
be provided to prevent interference with the idle crane.
(6) Where temporary protective rail stops are not Section3-2.4:RopeInspection,Replacement,
available,orpractical,asignalpersonshallbeplaced and Maintenance
at a visualvantagepointforobserving the approach
of an activecraneandwarningitsoperator. 3-2.4.1General. Duetopracticalcranedesign
(6) Afteradjustments or repairshavebeenmade, configuration requirements,sheavesdiameters,drum
thecraneshallnotbereturnedtoserviceuntilall diameters, and rope design factors are limited. Because
guards have been reinstalled, limit and protective devices of these limited design parameters, inspection in accord-
reactivated, trappedair removed Erom hydraulic systems, ance with para. 3-2.4.2todetectdeterioration,and
and maintenance equipment removed. Warning or Out timely replacement inaccordancewithpara.3-2.4.3,
of Order signs shall be removed by appointed person- is essential.
nelonly.
3-2.4.2Inspection
3-2.3.3AdjustmentsandRepairs (a) FrequentInspection
(a) Any hazardous condition disclosed by the inspec- ( I ) Loadhoistandboomhoistropeshouldbe
tionrequirements of Section3-2.1shall be corrected visually inspectedonceeachworkingday.
before operation of the crane is resumed. Adjustments (2) The load trolley rope, and counterweight move-
andrepairsshall be performedonly by designated ment ropes ifprovided,shouldbevisuallyinspected
personnel. at least once a month.
(b) Adjustments shall be maintained to ensure correct
functioning of components. The followingare examples: A visual inspection shall consist of observation of all
(1) functionaloperatingmechanisms ropewhichcanreasonablybeexpectedtobeinuse
33
at 303-397-2295.
Core broken
1
L Note the lengthening lay and

reduction of diameter
FIG. 9 CORE FAILURE IN ROTATION RESISTANT ROPE
during the day’s operations. These visual observations the end of its useful life. However, this inspection shall
should be concernedwithdiscovering gross damage, bemade at least annually.
suchaslistedbelow,which may beanimmediate (2) Periodic inspections shall be performed by an
hazard.Whensuchdamage is discovered,therope appointed or authorized person. These inspections shall
shall either be removedfromserviceorinspected as cover the entire length of the rope. Any deterioration
outlined in para. 3-2.4.2(b): resulting in appreciable loss of original strength, such
(a) distortion of the rope such as kinking, crush- as describedbelow,shall be notedanddetermination
ing, unstranding, birdcaging, main strand displacement, made as towhetherfurtheruse ofthe ropewould
orcoreprotrusion;loss ofropediameterinashort constitute a hazard:
ropelengthorunevenness of outerstrandsprovide (a) pointslistedinpara.3-2.4.2(a);
evidence that rope replacement should be considered; (6) reduction of ropediameterbelownominal
(b) generalcorrosion; diameter due to lossof core support, internal or external
(c) brokenorcutstrands; corrosion, or wear of outside wires;
(d) number,distribution,andtype of visible (c) severelycorroded or brokenwiresatend
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
broken wires [see paras. 3-2.4.3(b)(l), (2), and (7) for connections;
further guidance]; (d) severelycorroded,cracked, bent, worn, or
(e) core failure in rotation resistant ropes (see improperlyappliedendconnections.
Fig. 9). (3) Care shall be takenwheninspectingrope
(3) Particular care shall be taken when inspecting sectionssubject to rapiddeterioration,such as the
sections of rope subject to rapid deterioration such as following:
flange points, crossoverpoints,andrepetitivepickup (U) sectionsincontactwithsaddles,equalizer
pointson drums. sheaves, or other sheaves where rope travel is limited;
(4) Particular care shall be taken when inspecting (b) sections of the rope at or near tenninal ends
rotationresistantropesbecause of theirsusceptibility where corroded or broken wires may protrude;
to damage from handling and misuse and potential for (c) sectionssubjecttoreversebends;
deterioration when usedon equipmentwithlimited (d) sections of rope which are normally hidden
design parameters. during routine visual inspection, such as parts passing
over sheaves.
Internaldeterioration ofrotation resistantropes may
not be readily observable. 3-2.4.3 RopeReplacement
(b) periodic Inspection (a) No precise rules can be given for determination
( I ) Inspectionfrequencyshall be determined by oftheexacttimeforropereplacement,sincemany
a qualified person and shall be based on such factors variable factors are involved. Once a rope reaches any
as: expected rope life as determined by experience on one of the specified removal criteria, it may be allowed
the particular installation or similar installations, severity tooperateto the end of thework shift, basedonthe
of environment, percentage of lifts at maximum rating, judgement of a qualifiedperson.Theropeshall be
frequencyrates of operation,andexposuretoshock replaced after that work shift, at the end ofthe day,
loads. Inspections need not be at equal calendar intervals or at the latest prior to theequipmentbeingused by
andshould be morefrequent as theropeapproaches thenextwork shift.
34
at 303-397-2295.
(b) Removalcriteriaforropereplacementshall beenidleforaperiodofamonthorbe more dueto

asfollows: shutdown or storage of the crane on which itis installed
( I ) in running ropes, 12 randomly distributed bro- shall be inspected in
accordance withpara.
3-2.1.5
kenwiresin1lay,or 4 brokenwiresin 1 strandin before it is placed in service. Inspections under para.
1 lay; 3-2.1.5(b) shall be for all typesofdeteriorationand
(2) in rotation resistant ropes, 4 randomly disttib- shall be performed by an appointed or authorized person.
utedbrokenwiresin 1 lay,or2brokenwiresin 1 cf3 InspectionRecords
strandin 1 lay; ( I ) Frequentinspection - norecordsrequired.
(3) 1 outer wire broken at the contact point with (2) Periodic inspection- in order to establishdata
the core of the rope indicated by an externally protruding as a basis for judging the proper time for replacement, a
wire or loop ofloosewires; dated report of rope conditionat each periodic inspection
(4) wear of one-thirdtheoriginaldiameter of shall be kept on file. This report shall cover points of
outside individual wires; deterioration listedin para. 3-2.4.2(b)(2).Iftherope
(5) kinking,crushing,birdcaging,or any other isreplaced,onlythatfactneedberecorded.
damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure; (g) A long range inspection program should be estab-
(6) evidence ofheatdamagefromanycause; lished toincluderecordsonexamination ofropes
(7) reductions from nominal diameter greater than removed from service to establish a relationship between
thoseshownbelow: visual observation and actual condition of the internal
structure.
Maximum Allowable 3-2.4.4 Rope Maintenance
Reduction from (a) Ropeshould be stored in suchamannerasto
DiameterRope Nominal Diameter
minimizedamageordeterioration.
up to 5/,a in. (8 mm) '/M in. (0.4 mm) (b) Unreeling or uncoiling of rope shall be done as
Over 5/16 in. to in. (13 mm) 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) recommended by the rope manufacturer and with care
Over '/2 in. to 3/4 in. (19 mm) 3/ain. (1.2 mm)
toavoidkinkingorinducingtwist.
Over 3/4 in. to l'/B in. (29 mm) '116 in. (1.6 m)
Over I'/* in. to 1'/2 in. (38 mm) '132 in. (2.4 mm )
(c) Before cutting rope, seizings shall be placedon
each side of the place where the rope is to be cut to
preventunlayingofthestrands.
(8) attentionshall be giventoendconnections. (d) Duringinstallation,careshouldbeexercisedto
Upon development of more than 2 broken wires adjacent avoid dragging the rope in dirt or around objects which
to a socketed end connection, the rope shall be resock- willscrape,nick,crush,orinduce sharp bendsinit.
etedorreplaced.Resocketingshallnotbeattempted (e) Ropeshould be maintained in a well-lubricated
if theresultingropelengthwill be insufficientfor condition. Lubricant applied as part of amaintenance
proper operation. program shall be compatible with the original lubricant
(c) Broken wire removal criteria cited in this volume and to this end the rope manufacturer should be con-
applyto wireropeoperatingon steel sheavesand sulted;lubricantshall be of atypewhichdoesnot
drums. Theusershallcontactaqualifiedperson, the hinder visual inspection. Those sections of rope which
sheave, drum or cranemanufacturerforbrokenwire arelocatedoversheavesorotherwisehiddenduring
removalcriteriaforwireropesoperating on sheaves inspectionandmaintenancerequirespecialattention
and drums made of material other than steel. during lubrication. The object of rope lubrication is to
(d) Replacement rope and connections shall have a reduceinternalfrictionandtoinhibitcorrosion.
strengthratingatleastasgreatastheoriginalrope Ifl When an operatingropeshowsgreaterwearat
andconnectionsfurnished by themanufacturer.Any well-definedlocalizedareasthanontheremainder of
deviation from the original size, grade, or construction the rope, rope life canbeextended,incaseswherea
shall be specified by aropemanufacturer,thehoist reduced rope length is adequate,by cutting off a section
manufacturer,oraqualifiedperson. at the worn end and thus shifting the wear to different
(e) Ropes Not in Regular Use. Allropewhichhas areas of therope.
35
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
Chapter 3-3
Operation
Section 3-3.1: Qualifications for and Conduct izedclinical or medicaljudgments and tests may be
of Operators and Operating required.
Practices (d) Evidence that an operator is subject to seizures
orloss ofphysicalcontrolshallbesufficientreason
3-3.1.1 Operators fordisqualification.Specializedmedicaltests may be
(a) Cranesshall be operatedonly by thefollowing requiredtodeterminetheseconditions.
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
qualifiedpersonnel: (e) Operators and operator trainees should have good

(1) designatedpersons; depth perception, field of vision, reaction time, manual
(2) trainees under the direct supervision of a desig- dexterity,coordination,andnotendenciestodizziness
natedperson; or similar characteristics.
(3) maintenanceandtestpersonnel,when it is
necessaryintheperformanceoftheir duties;
(4) inspectors(crane). 3-3.1.3 Conduct of Operators
(b) No one,otherthanpersonnelspecifiedinpara. (a) The operatorshallnotengageinanypractice
3-3.1.1(a),shallenteracranecabwiththeexception which might divert attention while actually engaged in
of persons such as oilers, supervisors, and those specific operatingthecrane.
persons authorized by supervisors whose duties require (b) Whenphysicallyormentallyunfìt,anoperator
them todo so, andthenonlyinthe performance of shall not engage in the operation of the equipment.
their duties and with the knowledge of the operator or (c) The operatorshallrespond to signalsfromthe
otherappointedperson. person who is directing the lift, or anappointed
signalperson.Whenasignalpersonisnotrequiredas
3-3.1.2 Qualifications for Operators part of the crane operation, the operator is then responsi-
(a) Operatorsshall be required by the employerto bleforthelifts.However,theoperatorshallobeya
pass apracticaloperatingexaminationunlessableto stopsignalatalltimes,nomatterwhogivesit.
furnish satisfactory evidence of qualifications and expe- (d) Eachoperatorshall be responsibleforthose
rience.Qualificationsshall be limitedtothespecific operations under the operator’s direct control. Whenever
typeofequipmentwhichwill be operated. thereisanydoubt as tosafety,theoperatorshall
(b) Operatorsandoperatortraineesshallmeetthe consult with the supervisor before handling the loads.
following physical qualifications: (e) Beforeleavingthecraneunattended,theopera-
( I ) havevisionofat least 20130 Snelleninone tor shall:
eye,and 20/50 Snellen in theother,withorwithout (1) land any load, bucket, lifting magnet, or other
corrective lenses; device;
(2) be abletodistinguishcolors,regardless of (2) settrolleybrakesandotherlockingdevices
position, if color differentiation is required for operation; andbringthehooktothehighestposition;
(3) hearing, with or without hearing aid, must be (3) disconnect power or disengage the master
adequateforthespecificoperation; clutch, as applicable;
(4) have sufficient strength, endurance, agility, co- (4) place all controls in the ofs or neutral position;
ordination, and speed of reaction to meet the demands (5) securethecraneagainstinadvertenttravel;
of equipment operation. (6) stoptheinternalcombustionengine,when
(c) Evidence of physical defects, or emotional insta- provided;
bilitywhichcouldposeahazardtotheoperatoror (7) leave thesuperstructure free toweathervane
others, or which in the opinion of the examiner could unless provisions for nonweathervaning have been speci-
interfere with the operator’s performance, may be suffi- fied by themanufacturerorbyaqualifiedperson;
cient cause for disqualification. In such cases, special- (8) restrain the crane from travel with rail clamps,
37
at 303-397-2295.
or other means provided, when a wind alarm is given Section 3-3.2 Operating Practices
oronleavingthecraneovernight.
3-3.2.1 Handling the Load
Anexceptiontopara.3-3.1.3(e)(6)mayexistwhen (a) Size of Load
crane operation is frequently interrupted during a shift. (1) No craneshall be loadedbeyondtherated
under these circumstances the crane may remain’ run- loads given in the rating chart except for test purposes
ningwhiletheoperatorremainsonthecranesuper- as providedinparas.3-1.1.6and3-2.2.2.
structure. (2) The load to be lifted is to be within the rated
(J) If there is a warning sign on the power discon- load of the crane in its existing configuration.
nectingmeansorstartingcontrols,theoperatorshall (3) For lifts where the load weight is not accurately
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
notclose the circuitor start theequipmentuntilthe known, the person responsible for the lift shall ascertain
warning sign has been removedby an appointed person. that the weight of the load does not exceed the crane
(g) Beforeclosingthepowerdisconnectingmeans ratings at the radius at which the load is to be lifted.
or startingtheequipment,theoperatorshallseethat (b) Attaching the Load
all controls are in the off or neurral position and that (1) Thehoistropeshallnot be wrappedaround
all personnel are in the clear. the load.
(h) If power fails during operation, the operator shall: (2) The loadshall be attachedtothehook by
(1) set trolley, hoist, and travel brakes and locking means of slings or other devices of adequate capacity.
devices, as applicable; (c) Holdingthe Load
(2) moveallclutchorotherpowercontrolsto ( I ) The operator shall not leave the controls while
the off or neutral position; the load issuspended.
(3) if practical,thesuspendedloadshouldbe (2) No personshould be permitted tostandor
landedunderbrakecontrol. pass under asuspendedload.
( i ) The operator shallbe familiar with the equipment (3) If theloadmustremainsuspendedforany
and its proper care. If adjustments or repairs are neces- considerable length oftime, theoperatorshallkeep
s a r y , theoperatorshallreporttheconditionpromptly the drum from rotatingintheloweringdirection by
to the appointed person, and shall also notify the next activating the drum holding &vice, if a separate nonau-
operator. tomaticdevicehasbeenprovided.
fj) Allcontrolsshall betestedbytheoperatorat (4) As an exception to (c)(l) above, where a load
the start of a new shift. Ifany controls do not operate is to be held suspended for a period of time exceeding
properly,theyshall be adjustedorrepairedbefore normal lifting operations,theoperatormayleavethe
operations are begun. controls, provided that prior to that time, the appointed
(k) Cranes shall not be operated when wind speeds individual and operator shall establish the requirements
exceed the maximumvelocityrecommendedbythe for restraining theload, swing, travel,andtrolleying
manufacturer. functions, and provide barricades, orwhateverother
( I ) Cranes shall not be raised (climbed or telescoped) precautions may be necessary.
to a new operating level when wind speed at thetop (d) Movingthe h ad
of the crane exceeds20 mph (9 d s ) or as recommended (I) The person directing the lift shall see that:
by themanufacturer. (a) proper slings or other liftingattachments
(m)Thecraneoperatorshould be presentduring are being used;
climbingortelescopingoperations. (b) theloadiswellsecuredandbalanced in
(n) Climbingoperationsshallnot be commenced the sling or lifting device before it is lifted more than
until all support provisions required at the new support a fewinches;
level are in place and as specified by a qualified person. (c) the lift and swing path is clear of obstruc-
(o) Operations undertaken during weather conditions tions.
thatproduceicing of thecranestructureorreduced (2) Before starting to lift, the following conditions
visibility should be performed at reduced function should be noted:
speeds and withsignalingmeansappropriatetothe (a) hoistropeshallnotbe kink&,
situation. (b) multiple part lines shall not be twisted
(P) For night operations, lighting shall be adequate around each other;
toilluminatetheworkingareaswhilenotinterfering (c) the hook shall be brought over the load in
withtheoperator’svision. such a manner as to minimize swinging;
38
at 303-397-2295.
(d) if thereisaslackropecondition, it shall

shall be inspected daily in accordance with the require-
be determined that the rope is seated on the drum and mentsofparas.3-2.1.3and3-2.4.2(a).
in the sheaves, as theslack is removed; (4) The lifting and supporting shall be made under
(e) the effect ofwindon theloadandon the controlledconditionsandunderthedirectionofan
crane. appointedsignalperson.
ff) theloadis free to be lifted; itisneither (5) A meetingattendedby thecraneoperator,
caughtonnorattachedtootherobjects. signalperson,person(s)to be lifted,andthepersons
(3) Duringlifting,careshallbetakenthat: responsible for the task to be performed shall be held
(a) there is no sudden acceleration or decelera- dailytoplanandreviewprocedurestobefollowed,
tionofthemovingload; including procedures for entering and leaving the per-
(b) the load does not contact any obstructions. sonnelplatformandthepoints at whichpersonswill
(4) Sideloadingof booms (jibs) shall be limited enter and leave the personnel platform.
tofreelysuspendedloads.Cranesshouldnotbe used (6) Theoperatorandsignalpersonshallconduct
for dragging loads. a test lift with the empty personnel platform or basket.
(5) The operator should avoid carrying loads over (7) Communicationbetweenthecraneoperator,
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
people. signalperson, and person(s) being lifted shall be main-
(6) Theoperatorshalltestthebrakeseachtime tained.
a load approaching the rated load is handled by lifting (8) When hook supported personnel platforms are
it a few inches and applying the brakes. lifted, a two-block damage prevention feature shall be
(7) The load shall not be lowered below the point provided.
wherelessthan two full wrapsof roperemainon (9) Thecraneshall be operated so thatlowering
the drum. motion will be power-controlled lowering (no free-fall).
(8) Whenswingingtheboom(jib),trolleyinga (10) When welding is done by personnel from the
load,ortravelingthecrane,sudden starts andstops platform or basket, the electrode holders shall be pro-
shallbeavoided.Swingandtravel tectedfromcontactwithmetalcomponentsof
s p e e d s shall be the
such that the load does not swing out beyond the radius personnelplatformorbasket.
at which it canbecontrolled. A tagorrestraintline (11) Personnel being lifted or supported shall wear
shall be used when swinging of the load is hazardous. safety belts with lanyards attached to designated anchor
(9) Considerationshould be giventotheeffects point(s).
ofwindonloadswith large sail area. (12) The operator shall remain at the controls when
the personnel platform is occupied.
3-3.2.2 Personnel Lifting. This volume recognizes (13) Movement of the personnel platform shall be
that construction tower cranes are designed and intended doneinaslow,controlled,cautiousmanner withno
for handling materials and not personnel. Personnel are sudden movements of the crane or personnel platform.
onlypermitted to rideinapersonnelplatform as The lifting or lowering speed shall not exceed 100 ft/
described in para. 3-3.2.2(b) supported from the crane's min (0.51 d s ) .
hook.Thecraneshallnot be used for other purposes (14) The personnel being lifted or positioned shall
whilehandlingpersonnel. remainincontinuoussightorincommunicationwith
(a) Thefollowingspecialproceduresshallbefol- theoperatororsignalperson.
lowedwhenpersonnelaretobelifted. (15) The total weight of the lifted load (including
(1) Thepersonspecificallyresponsibleforthe personnel)shallnotexceed 50% ofthecranerating
overall work function to be performed shall determine undertheplannedconditionsofuse.
that there is no practical alternate way to perform the (16) Suspendedpersonnelplatformsshall be used
neededworkorgainaccesstothearea,andshall only for personnel, their tools, and sufficient materials
authorizeitsusage. to do their work. They shall notbe used for transporting
(2) For each personnel lifting procedure, the person bulk materials.
responsible for the task shall attest to the need for the (17) Personnelshallkeepallparts of thebody
operation by issuing a statement describing the proce- inside the suspended personnel platform during raising,
dure and its timeframe.Thestatement,afterbeing lowering, and positioning to avoid pinch points. Person-
approvedbytheauthorizer,shallberetainedatthe nel shall not stand on or work fromthe top rail, midrail,
jobsite. ortoeboardofthesuspendedpersonnelplatform.
(3) Whenusedforliftingpersonnel,thecrane (18) If the personnel platform cannot be landed, it
39
at 303-397-2295.
should be tied to the structure before personnel get off (c) SuspendedPersonnelPlatformTesting and In-
or on. spection.
(19) Personnelplatformsshouldnot be usedin ( I ) prior to use each working shift, the personnel
winds in excess of 15 mph (25 lun/h), electric storms, platform and rigging shall be inspected.
snow,ice,sleet,orotheradverseweatherconditions (2) At each new jobsite, and atleastannually,
whichcouldaffectthesafetyofpersonnel. prior to hoisting personnel in the suspended personnel
(20) Afterpositioning of thepersonnelplatform, platform,thepersonnelplatform,rigging,andhook
all brakes and locks of the lift crane shall be set before blockshall be prooftestedtotwicethepersonnel
personnel perform any work. platform’s rated capacity by holding it in a suspended
(b) A personnelplatformwhichisdesignedand position for 5 min with the test load suitably distributed
constructedinaccordancewith the followingshall on the personnel platform. After prooftesting, any defi-
be used. cienciesrevealed by inspection by aqualifiedperson
(1) Thepersonnelplatformshall be designed by shall be correctedandanotherprooftestshall be
aqualifiedperson. conducted. Anymodification topersonnelplatformor
(2) Thepersonnelplatformshall be limitedtoa rigging shall require retestingof the personnel platform.
capacity ofsixpersons.
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(3) The personnel platform and attaching devices Section 3-3.3:Signals
shall have a minimum design factor of 5.
(4) Thepersonnelplatformshallhaveaplate 3-3.3.1 Standard Signals. Standard signals to the
specifying the weight of the empty personnel platform operatorshall be inaccordancewiththe standards
andthemaximumnumberofpersonsandweightfor prescribed in para. 3-3.3.2, unless voice communication
which the personnel platform is rated. equipment (telephone, radio, or equivalent) is utilized.
(96) (5) The
personnel
platformshall
havestandard Signals shall be discernible or audible at all times. No
railing as definedinANSIA1264.1. crane motion shall be made unless signals are clearly
(6) A grab rail shall be provided inside the sus- understood.
pended personnel platform to minimize hand exposure. 3-3.3.2 Hand Signals. Handsignalsshall be in
(7) Thesides of the personnelplatformshall be accordancewithFig. 10 andshallbepostedatthe
enclosed from floor to mid-rail. work site.
(8) If accessdoors are installed, theyshallopen
only to the interior of the personnel platform. Access 3-3.3.3 Special Signals. Foroperationsnotcov-
doors shall be equipped with a device to restrain the ered bypara.3-3.3.2, orforspecialconditionsthat
door from inadvertent opening. occur from time to time, additions to or modifications
(9) The personnel platform shall be easily identifi- of the staudard signals may be required. In such cases,
able byhighvisibilitycolorormarking. thesespecialsignalsshall be agreedupon in advance
(10) Thepersonnelplatformshallbeattached by by theoperatorandthesignalpersonandshouldnot
means such as, but not limited to, a bolt type shackle be inconflictwithstandardsignals.
withnutandcotterpin,hook(latchedormoused),or
wedgeandsocketattachment. A wedgeandsocket 3-3.3.4Instructions to the Operator. If it is
attachmentshallhaveacliponthefreeendofthe desired to give instructions to the operator, other than
loadline (see Fig. 8). those provided by the established signal system, crane
(II) The suspension system shall minimize inclina- motionsshall be stopped.
tion ofthepersonnelplatform due tothemovement
of personnel on the personnel platform. Section 3-3.4: Miscellaneous
(12) Allroughedgesshall -be ground smooth. 3-3.4.1RailClamps. Rail
clamps,
if
used,
should
(I3) Au procedures and Operatorhave
slack
between
the
point of attachment
the
rail
to
qualificationsshall be inaccordancewithANSVAWSand the end fastened to the crane. Rail clamps shall
D1.l whenwelding is to be performedonloadsustaining not be used as a means of restraining tipping of a
members.Wherespecialsteelsorothermaterialsare crane.
used, the manufactureroraqualifiedpersonshall
procedures.
welding
provide or
Ballast
3-3.4.2 Counterweight.shall
Cranes
(14) Allweldingshall be performed by acertifiednot be operatedwithouttheballastorcounterweight
welder. in place as specified
specific
manufacturer.
Under
by the
40
at 303-397-2295.
k
HOIST.
t
Wlth forearm vertcal,
f o r e t l n g e r p o t n t l n gup. m o v e h a n d
in small horizontal c i r c l e
LOWER.with arm extended
downward, forefinger polnting
d o w n , m o v e h a n d in small
horizontal circles.
TOWER T R A V E L . A r m
extended forward, hand open and
slightly raised, make pushing
motion in d i r e c t i o n of travel.
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
TROLLEY TRAVEL. STOP. Arm extended, palm EMERGENCY STOP.eoth

Palm up, tingers closed, thumb down, move arm back and forth arms extended. Palms down, m o v e
p o i n t i n g in d i r e c t i o n of m o t i o n , arms back and forth.
jerk hand horizontally.
MOVE SLOWLY. Use one

DOG EVERYTH1NG.clas.p
SWING. A r m e x t e n d e d p o i n t hand to glve any motlon s~gnal and
h a n d s In f r o n t of b o d y .
w i t h f i n g e r in d t r e c t i o n of s w i n g o f Place other hand motlonless In
boom. front of hand gwlng the motlon
slgnal (Hots1 s l o w l y s h o w n as
example I
L
FIG. 10 STANDARD HAND SIGNALS FOR CONTROLLING CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES
41
at 303-397-2295.
This area should be avoided.
I
t
I
I
Y
[Note (111
-
W-
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE:
( 1 ) For minimum radial distance of danger zone, see para. 3-3.4.3.
FIG. 11 DANGER ZONE FOR CRANES AND LIFTED LOADS OPERATING NEAR ELECTRICAL
TRANSMISSION LINES
42
at 303-397-2295.
TABLE 1 operator is notinthebestpositiontojudgedistance

REQUIRED CLEARANCE FOR NORMAL between the power line and the crane or its protuber-
VOLTAGE IN OPERATION NEAR HIGH ances.
VOLTAGE POWER LINES (6) If cage-typeboomguards,insulatinglinks,or
Minimum proximity warningdevicesareusedoncranes,such
Required devices shall not be asubstitutefortherequirements
Normal Voltage, kV Clearance, ofpara. 3-3.4.3(a),evenifsuchdevices are required
(Phase to Phasel ft (ml by law or regulation. In view of the complex, invisible,
Operation Near High Voltage Power Lines and lethal nature of the electrical hazard involved, and
to lessen the potential of false security, limitations of
to 50 10 ( 3.05) such devices, if used, shall be understood by operating
Over 50 to 200 15 ( 4.60) personnel and testedinthemannerandinintervals
Over 200 to 20 350 ( 6.10)
prescribed by the manufacturer of the device. Compli-
Over 350 to 500 25 ( 7,621
Over WO to 750 35 (10.67)
ance with para. 3-3.4.3(a) is the recommended practice
(13.72) Over45 750 to 1000 of thisvolumeindeterminingpermissibleproximity
of the crane and its protuberances, including load and
load lines to electrical power lines.
conditions, such as during crane assembly or disassem- (c) Beforethecommencementofoperationsnear
bly, the manufacturer’s recommendations for the amount electrical lines, the person responsible for the job shall
of partial ballast or counterweight shall be adhered to. notify the
owners ofthelinesortheirauthorized
The maximumballast orcounterweightapproved by representatives, providing them with all pertinent infor-
themanufacturerfor use on agivencraneshallnot mation and requesting theircooperation.
be exceeded Unauthorized addition of ballast or coun- (d) Any overhead wire shall be considered to be an
terweightconstitutesahazardin two ways: energized line unless and until the person owning such
(a) thestructuralcompetence of thevariousparts line or the electrical utility authorities verify that it is
of thecrane maybe exceeded,causingfailure; not an energized line.
(b) the manufacturer’s margin of backward stability (e) Exceptions to this procedure, if approved by the
owner of theelectricallines, maybegrantedbythe
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
may be exceededandthecranemayturnoverback-
wards. administrative orregulatoryauthority if thealternate
procedure provides protection andis set forth in writing.
3-3.4.3OperatingNearElectric Power Lines V, When a crane is installed in proximity to power
(a) Cranes shall be operated so that no part of the lines, durable signs shall be installed at the operator’s
craneorloadentersintothedangerzoneshownin stationandonthebase of thecrane,warningthat
Fig. 11. electrocution or serious bodily injury may occur unless
aminimumclearanceof 10 ft (3 m)is maintained
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) Thedangerzonemay be entered if the electtical distribution
between the
crane or
theload beinghandled,and
and transmission l i e s have been &-energized and visibly grounded energized power lines. Greater clearances are required
atthe point of work; or because of highervoltage,asstated in para. 3-
(2) The danger zone may be entered if insulating baniers (not a 3.4.3(a)(l). Thesesignsshallberevisedwhenlocal
part of nor an attachment to the crane) have been erected to prevent jurisdiction requires greater clearances.
physicalcontactwiththe lines.
( I ) For linesrated 50 kV orbelow,minimum

3-3.4.4 Cabs
clearance between the lines and any part of the crane
(a) Necessary clothing and personal belongings shall
or load (including handling appendages) shall be 10 ft
bestored in such a manner as to notinterferewith
(3m).Forhighervoltages, s e e Table 1.
access or operation.
(2) Caution shall be excercised when working near
(b) Tools, oilcans, waste, and other necessary articles,
overhead lines because they can move horizontally or
shall be stored in the toolbox, and shallnot be permitted
vertically due to wind, moving the danger zone to new
to lielooseinoraboutthecab.
positions.
(3) A qualifiedsignalpersonshall be assignedto
observe the clearance when the crane moves to within 3-3.4.5Refueling
aboom’s (jib’s) lengthoftheTable 1 limits.The (a) Whenrefuelingwithgasolineusingaportable
43
at 303-397-2295.
container, it shall be a safety-type can equipped with

automaticclosingcapandflamearrester.
(b) Machinesshallnotberefueledwith the engine
running.
(c) Smokingor open flamesshall be prohibitedin
the refueling area.
3-3.4.6 FireExtinguishers
(a) A class ABC portable fire extinguisher shall be
keptinthecab or on the machineryplatformofthe
crane.
(b) Operatingandmaintenancepersonnelshall be
familiar with the use and care of the fire extinguishers
--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
provided.
at 303-397-2295.

ASME B30.3 (96) Torre Gruas de Construccion PDF

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--`,,`,,,,`,`,,`,,,`,``,,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(RtViSiOI Of ANSI/ASME 630.3-1110)

The 1996 edition of thisStandard is being issued with an automatic addenda

ASME issues written replies t o inquiries concerning interpretations of

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

H.G. Leidich, Ingersoll-Rand

The 1996 Edition of ASMEB30.3includeseditorialchanges,revisions, and corrections introduced in

S T D - A S M E B30.3-ENGL L77b 0757b70 058Ub07 4 3 T m

Foreword ....................................................................... iii

Section 3-1.13 ReevingAccessories ............................................. 25

SAFETY STANDARD FOR CABLEWAYS, CRANES, DERRICKS,

ASME 830.3-1996 CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES

accordingly,andjudgmentusedindeterminingtheir Section 111: Interpretations

and should be in accordance with the following format:

of this volume to require retrofitting

Section V: Mandatory and Advisory Rules

Section VI: Metric Conversions

CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES

Section3-0.1:Scope of B30.3 hoistingtackleatitsouterend,andwithahoist

buse,expendable: forstatic-mountedcranes,astyle clutch: ameansforengagementordisengagementof

CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES ASME B30.3-1996

Boom (jib) pendants

Lower load block

(96) FIG. 1 HAMMERHEAD

Boom hoist ropes

FIG. 2 LUFFING TOWER CRANE - STATIC BASE,FREE STANDING CRANE

FIG.3 TRAVELBASE FOR FREE STANDING CRANE

(c) Knee B r a d Base (Ballast May Also Be Used)

FIG. 4 TYPES OF FIXED BASES

GENERAL NOTE: Three or more guys to be provided, symmetrically arranged.

FIG. 5 GUYED TOWER CRANE

ASME B30.3-1996 CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES

(b)Plan View at Brace Level

cracks, difficulty in threading a nut by hand, or visible

ASME 830.3-1996 CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES

(96) (1) Advertisingsignsorsimilarpanelsshallnotbe the supervision of a qualified person and in accordance

installed on booms (‘jibs) or counterjibs (counterweight with themanufacturer’sinstructions.Theinstructions

vance of the installation. The schedule should indicate 3-1.1.6 Pre-OperationProcedures

direction,andtoanupwardforceattheloadtrolley manufacturer and the owner should retain the drawings

ASME B30.3-1996 CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES

wedgereactions, or means to be employedatwedge provideafirstlayerropepitchdiameterofnotless

3-1.10.3 Brakes shall be protected from the weather 3-1.12.3 Thedesignfactorsinparas.3-1.12.1and

3-1.12.4 Sheaves used during erection and disman-

(b) stop boomluffingatlowerand/orupperlimits

(a) Loop back m e t h o d (b) E x t r a piece of same size rope

FIG. 8 DEAD ENDING ROPE IN ASOCKET

3-1.13.3 Swaged, compressed, or wedge socket fit- (b) Controlsshall be labeledinwordsorsymbols

withinreach of the operatorandshallinclude,as othermeans are providedtopreventdamagetothe

than 14 in.(360 mm) fromtheneutralpositionon ofallconstructiontowercranes.Theyshall be con-

resistant type. tion.Awindshieldwipershould be providedon the

ASME 830.3-1996 CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANES

3-1.17.2 Access kg) person without permanent distortion. Holding lines

3-1.18.8Fuel Filler Pipes. Fuel tank fillerpipes drivenpump in order to limitthemaximumpressure

Section 3-2.1:Inspection (b) allcontrolmechanismsforexcessivewearof

Testloadsare to be liftedatcreep speed until just (2) limitdevices

L Note the lengthening lay and

FIG. 9 CORE FAILURE IN ROTATION RESISTANT ROPE

(b) Removalcriteriaforropereplacementshall beenidleforaperiodofamonthorbe more dueto

qualifiedpersonnel: (e) Operators and operator trainees should have good

(d) if thereisaslackropecondition, it shall

TROLLEY TRAVEL. STOP. Arm extended, palm EMERGENCY STOP.eoth

MOVE SLOWLY. Use one